Journal of Legal Sciences

Islam is the first that recognized the thought of dual judiciary and has manifested it practically to ensure the respectability of the principle of Islamic legitimacy through imposes the effective control on the administrative authority. This kind of judiciary in Islam obtainsits roots and origins from the Islamic Legitimacy itself, ( Holy Qur'an and in particular the Sunnah) in which injustice and arbitrariness are prohibited and rejected and to lay claim to justice and equality . Despite of that, the Islamic administrative judiciary and its applications did not have any share through its different developing stages in the comprehensive and in –depth studies and researches unlike the western sample of such judiciary in countries where it has been adopted, despite of the priority and superiority of Islamic sample and the success of its applications through its different stages since it was established up to date. Therefore, this research aims to reinforce the Islamic administrative judiciary and to highlighting its thought and philosophical roots and applications in different circumstances and followed development.

This research addresses the topic of the psychological element in the contract – a study in the Iraqi and the English Laws. We divided into four sections, the first section was on the psychological element in the essence of the contract, the second section was about the psychological element in the contract formation, the third section addressed the psychological element in the will defects and the fourth section dealt with the psychological element in the contract interpretation.

In the majority of acts which are made through electronic media in which there is no direct relationship between contractual parties it is essential a feeling of trust and safety are present. Hence, many legislators have introduced measures to support the element of proof. Amongst these measures includes introducing legislative means to verify electronic signatures by a third party. There are conditions that must be realised by the signature verifier; whether natural or legal person; in order for that person to be able to issue so-called electronic signature certificates. This paper discusses the competent authority in issuing electronic signatures and their responsibilities and liabilities stemming out from their role as a mediator between contractual parties.

Criminal procedural legal studies vital for two reasons: first, that the study involves the philosophical and the second to involve a practical aspect, since the idea of the penalty motion on the basis of violation of procedural work of the model specified in the rule of legal procedure, and the offense calls for the rhythm of a sanctions procedure and which ones invalidity or fall, or lack or non-acceptance or other, depending on circumstances, none of these sanctions will not produce procedural work contrary to the model specified in the comparison of legal procedural effects and if the litigation of civil (procedural work) are subject to a penalty motion in general, this study aims mainly to discuss the setting of the impact on the business carried on Criminal Procedure is defective, which is supposed to be free from the penalty procedural and this business may be on the previous work that the procedural defect may be similar to it later

Studies confirm the Conventions and legislation dealing with the crime of trafficking in human beings And how to address them, that human trafficking has become a crime against humanity., As these crimes targeting mainly victims of social groups vulnerable for reasons of sex (women) or age (children) or social status, as well as find that most of the legislation, whether internal or international, or tariffs jurisprudence developed for this crime have tried many shapes include a definition of these Crime of all images crimes committed against humanity and this what we will discuss .In other words, is this crime, "a kind of slavery in modern times", and comes in second after the drug trade, in terms of money in circulation, and is considered the fastest growing crime at the international level. In some estimates, the number of human victims of this crime has nearly a million people a year, driven by criminals specialists human trafficking across the border. Most of these victims are women and children (more than eighty percent). As you go to United Nations estimates that there are approximately Monday and a half million people - in the world - currently living in exploitative conditions resulting from cases of human trafficking. (In my personal and reality seems to me that this number does not constitute a tenth the exact number of victims around the world ). It is important to hasten to say here that the statistics for the victims of human trafficking much lower than the reality of the situation, the proportion of non-reportable, are unwilling to many of the victims talk about their experiences because it regards a crime punishable by law in every country in the world is what led us to customize this Search for this topic.

This research deals with the study of the provisions relating to determine jurisdiction in resolving disputes that fall within the scope of investment relations and within the limits of investment being made in accordance with the provisions of the present Investment Law without other laws and then has focused research to determine the laws that can be applied to dispute with exact search of the competent authority to settle it, whether judicial or arbitral, In addition to a detailed view of the provisions relating to the possibility of the implementation of what comes out of the provisions or decisions relating to these disputes.Also , the coming of the foreign investors to Iraq governed by many of the challenges and perhaps the most prominent of the investor confidence Iraqi laws governing investment and the extent to sedate those concerned with resolving investment disputes and this is the focus of research topic and that on this basis has been inferred results and propose recommendations that we see achieved at the same time interest of both the investor and the host country

In this research we tried to shed light on the actual effects resulting from punishing an employee in one of the penalties stipulated in Article (8) of the Code of discipline state employees Iraqi force No. (14) of 1991 as amended, and show us that the practical application or Alniv actual sanctions disciplinary much different than wanted legislator, starting from the gradual sanctions and ending with how the application after the issuance of the law in force for the salaries of state employees, given that most of the sanctions referred to are of a financial impact to the employee, as there was no consensus on many of the provisions of the Civil Service Law in force and the law of civil servants' salaries for the year 2008 The law discipline as there was no reference to how to punish the employee retired, and most of it did not note address minutes before the legislature disciplinary how rhythm Aqhobtealoagaf provisional Association functional or cut completely, as was treated overview is detailed, however, that all of Htein penalties of importance, which requires detailed accurate Aigallma, moreover touched on how to apply the case of recurrence in the area of disciplinary, and surround mentioned topics in detail section search Detectives three relying classification applicable to sanctions disciplinary was First research dealing with sanctions impact moral and dealt with in the second part of sanctions with financial impact The employee was the third section specializes consider sanctions that focus on the same functional link and concluded research including the back of the search results and Artaenah of recommendations, to put them on disciplinary legislator to achieve the purpose for which the legislation created a discipline in functional

Water is extremely important in the world in General and especially in the Middle East because of its political, legal, economical and security effects. The increased need for water has produced collaborative and strife relationships between humanitarian groups. As the international river requires more than one state using its water; Forms of use may affect the size and utilization of riparian States which requiring international rules for regulating such use in a way that does not damage the interests of all countries concerned and deal with disputes among. Therefore, we have examined the topic titled (international legal status of the use of water Tigris and Euphrates) in two chapters: the first one under the title (use of international rivers and their legal basis and governing rules) which has two sections the first one explains the legal uses of rivers and legal basis and its organizing rules, The second chapter is entitled (rights of Iraq in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and positions of riparian States in water problems) which contains two sections: the first discusses the gained rights of Iraq in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and the second discusses the problems of water in Iraq and positions of the riparian States of these problems. Search contains a.........., conclusion and a number of recommendations, we hope that we have added drop to the sea of international law.

Entitled "Updating the institutions of the Fifth Republic", launched by President Nicolas Sarkozy campaigned second in 2007, declaring his intention to lead the Twenty-third Amendment to the Constitution of the French Republic in 1958.And upon arrival ELISA President Sarkozy formed a committee headed by veteran politician Edouard Balladur included in the membership group of constitutional lawyers and political figures experienced in the law. This committee concluded in its report to the President of the Republic for a set of constitutional amendments, is considered the most important and most influential on the structure of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic.The approval of the National Assembly on July 9, 2008 and approved by the Senate on July 17, 2008 made ​​a passable road to the final approval of this amendment, which was announced from the historic Palace of Versailles in meeting both houses of the French parliament.

Par Dominique TURPINPrésident honoraire de l'Université d'Auvergne (France)Doyen honoraire de la Faculté de droit de Clermont-FerrandDès le lendemain de leur Révolution, les Tunisiens et les Egyptiens réfléchissent aux modifications de leur Constitution susceptibles de les aider à rétablir l'unité, la stabilité, mais aussi les libertés et la démocratie dans leur pays.Tel est en effet, toujours et partout, le double objectif d'une Constitution, sorte d'avenant au "Contrat social" conclu par tous les citoyens d'un Etat qui aspirent à vivre ensemble dans la paix et la justice. C'est ce qu'a très bien exprimé l'article 16 de la Déclaration française des droits de l'homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789 : "Toute société dans laquelle la garantie des Droits n'est pas assurée ni la séparation des Pouvoirs déterminée n'a point de Constitution".Depuis cette époque, la France a connu une vingtaine de Constitutions, jusqu'à celle de la V° République, promulguée le 4 octobre 1958 par le général de Gaulle, qui nous régit aujourd'hui, et qui a déjà été révisée à 23 reprises dont la dernière, très importante, le 23 juillet 2008.En Irak aussi, vous avez connu de nombreux textes constitutionnels, depuis la Constitution ottomane de 1876 en passant par la Constitution monarchique du 21 mars 1925 (qui, déjà, garantissait le bicamérisme, la séparation des pouvoirs, la responsabilité du Premier ministre devant le Parlement et l'existence d'une Cour suprême constitutionnelle), sans oublier, de 1958 à 2003, six constitutions républicaines, plus ou moins temporaires ou provisoires, au service d'un pouvoir absolu qui n'assurait ni les libertés ni la démocratie

Par Dominique TURPINPrésident honoraire de l'Université d'Auvergne (France)Doyen honoraire de la Faculté de droit de Clermont-FerrandDès le lendemain de leur Révolution, les Tunisiens et les Egyptiens réfléchissent aux modifications de leur Constitution susceptibles de les aider à rétablir l'unité, la stabilité, mais aussi les libertés et la démocratie dans leur pays.Tel est en effet, toujours et partout, le double objectif d'une Constitution, sorte d'avenant au "Contrat social" conclu par tous les citoyens d'un Etat qui aspirent à vivre ensemble dans la paix et la justice. C'est ce qu'a très bien exprimé l'article 16 de la Déclaration française des droits de l'homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789 : "Toute société dans laquelle la garantie des Droits n'est pas assurée ni la séparation des Pouvoirs déterminée n'a point de Constitution".Depuis cette époque, la France a connu une vingtaine de Constitutions, jusqu'à celle de la V° République, promulguée le 4 octobre 1958 par le général de Gaulle, qui nous régit aujourd'hui, et qui a déjà été révisée à 23 reprises dont la dernière, très importante, le 23 juillet 2008.En Irak aussi, vous avez connu de nombreux textes constitutionnels, depuis la Constitution ottomane de 1876 en passant par la Constitution monarchique du 21 mars 1925 (qui, déjà, garantissait le bicamérisme, la séparation des pouvoirs, la responsabilité du Premier ministre devant le Parlement et l'existence d'une Cour suprême constitutionnelle), sans oublier, de 1958 à 2003, six constitutions républicaines, plus ou moins temporaires ou provisoires, au service d'un pouvoir absolu qui n'assurait ni les libertés ni la démocratie.