Basra studies journal

The construction of Ez AL Deen Saleem was not a merely building issue, nor was an occasional event, nor was a result for a population gathering developed ahead in the course of increase , development and expansion, nor was as the prospect of the country and its bodies adopted upon cities planning and setting their infrastructure . Yet , there have been specific reasons , motives , introductions and circumstances where variable historical roots are deeply planted in each one of them and necessitating the construction of this city that the first urban beginning appeared at the southern region of Iraq especially at and nearby Euphrates river and accordingly the AL Mdaynah Shire has replaced many other cities who were established before AL Mdaynah town in the same location long ago such Kildo city which was once a great center of the Sumerian Civilization . In the light of all such urban accumulation , we may observe what so-called "inheritance of locations " where the city finally inherits the importance of such colonies . Each city differs from others by its own interior structure and regional environment . The present research aims to deal with the study of the development of Ez AL Deen Saleem due to the important location that it occupies since it is the site where rural areas are connected with each other on one hand and with the cities of Basrah governorate on the other and also because this city has received no enough and sufficient attention on the part of researchers to study its own development.

The study aims to delimitation levels of traffic noise in the city of Basra, and modeling patterns of its spatial variation of adopting one of the models spatial generation in the ArcGis 10.3 software environment, as well as the degree of these levels according to the sound power. The study tried measurements mediated by Decibel X application during the period from December 2017 until February 2018. The stations have been set as (177) stations distributed on urban Transport Network for the study area (5 public roads), 24 main streets, 8 commercial streets, 46 intersections as well as traffic jams, and 10 flyovers.
The study concluded that the tracts and the transport network in the city of Basra served as hot focal points which are caused by intensity of vehicle traffic congestion. And that there are significant differences between lowest and highest for noise value which was recorded depending on the spatial conditions. In addition to the fact that most levels noise that was recorded located within class very disturbing noise.

Geomorphological studies are concerned with the study of geomorphological processes and the different types of it in the study area, As the appropriate natural environment helped to activate the erosion processes and the formation of the topographic features and the content of the natural resources within an integrated environmental system may differ from neighboring systems,Whether in the ground systems and the contents of the rocky variation or forms of land or investment areas,Water erosion is one of the most widespread and most dangerous erosion inValley of river basins because of its role in the fragmentation of rocks and their erosion and lifting from the surface and then transported and deposited in places with different distances.As the falling rain water in the basin area suddenly contribute to a large part in the erosion process and deposition especially when rain falls during the short times and in a quick and powerful showers working to break up the rock particles and materials clastic soft on the slopes and cliffs, through the pressure caused by the collision of rain drops to those molecules Directly.As it represents a preliminary stage in the erosion processes, and this type of mechanical act has an important role in increasing the surface area of rock fragments resulting from the crash of the original rock, And its work is limited to the fragmentation of the rock and prepared in order to then transmitted by a factor of erosion.

Any project for agriculture irrespective about its size does not consider an integrated economic process unless it is associated with operations that confined salinity of water and soil in the selected region which depends on different and interrelated factors.
Part of the present paper is about processing soil salinity problem. As the bulk of the paper went on the promotion of agricultural reality and urged the farmer on using a range of mechanical methods which is maintenance and modification and development of irrigation and drainage systems.
The research also dealt with enable the farmer for using modern techniques and methods to address the problems which one of them is distillation process in its various types and the process of electromagnetic water.
The paper also dealt with the possibility of adaptation of the farmer with salinity through cultivation of some types of economic crops which have resistance to salinity in the region, and help in confining the exacerbate that problem in the study area. The study also proved the validity of the research hypothesis which states that a peasant has a direct role in the development of preliminary solutions to avoid problem of irrigation water salinity in the southern part of Alluvial plain by using methods of modern styles.

The most poetry of Mahdi Mohammed Ali stands on a short distance from society, or close to it. This fact was represented in his preoccupation with the concerns of the congregation which are shared by the homeland, marginists and intellectuals, women and children, poverty and displacement, and the social misconceptions, so it can count his social vision as a dominant vision in his poetry. This paper attempted to prove that claim through observing some pictures of the community in his poems and how he formed his poetic vision which in turn express his ideas about his society in order to reach a full understanding of his social vision.

The research seeks to study the problem of male centrality, and attempts to undermine it in the center, represented by a poet known for her anti-centralist texts, represented by poet Bushra al-Bustani, who strives to undermine the authority of the other as it based on excluding the other and not giving them the opportunity to take their natural place in society. The suffering of women with male power cannot be denied, especially in Arab societies, where the house is considered the place of women, thus restricting their freedom and their being a domesticated object. The research defined the term " undermining " in language and as a term, and how the term was associated with the feminism that attempted to win the gender of women by fighting the discourse of the other. The research has highlighted the poet's attempts to undermine male power. The research revealed to us the poet's ability to break this power by showing the extent of the contradiction between the act and the exercise of the authority of the other, and highlighting its disadvantages as it is a power closer to demolition than to construction. The language of war, murder and destruction, and this language could not manage the world correctly, but left the destruction and planted hostility, and sedition among the peoples, which contributed in today's view of the killing and brutality, as revealed to us poet weakness of male authority to educated women, To throw the charges on the women Without evidence, or running away of which. Or practice exclusion in other ways.

Umm al-Khayr al-Bariqiyya She was among the eloquent, skillful ladies and was famous for her allegiance and loyalty to Imam Ali. At the Battle of Siffin she urged the people to battle against Muawiyah. She also urged them to defend and support Imam Ali. Mu’awiya felt pain because of her attitudes. He harbored malice and enmity against her.
She acivated in her debates the mental orientation
, By taking and responding a scientific discussion and refutation of literary art which is based on an interview every idea by its suitable one to show the contradictory in the debate between the two sides of the argument. She had her unique style which was characterized by simplicity, strength, direct sense, logical, rapid response and trustworthy cogent. This was an important features of successful debate as well as rhetorical level through her using for more than any Quranic as a quotation.

Building the Basri house in the Abbasid period represents a civilized side which worthy of study in all its aspects. This study based on Al-Jahiz writings who talked about the Basri house in the Abbasid period. He described form and materials that been used in its construction which were vary according to the social classes in the Abbasid community. The luxury class were using materials which were different from materials that were being used by the lower classes, so the houses came different according to different classes and individuals and the use of different building materials were showed in the texts of Al-Jahz as if he were an expert architect.
And through his writings, he shows us what they were using in building materials that contributed to the construction of the houses and palaces and revitalized the movement of urbanization as well as civilizational progress. The Basri house was mentioned in its parts starting from the threshold and even the upstairs as well as places of waste.

This study aims at shedding light on an important issue of the history of contemporary Iraq, namely the talks of the Iraqi government with the French company ERAB for the period of(1959-1963) . ERAB is a multinational company which had the right to extract oil in Iraq with other forigon companies. These companies had depleted economy of Iraq through controling the main source of economy which is oil, especially those companies (including ERAB) totally contolled economics of the developing countries, including Iraq. This research attempted to shed light on the official talks between the Iraqi government in one hand and the French company ERAB in the period 1959-1963). That talks led ERAB to get the right to extract, liquidate and export Iraqi oil. The study concentrated on the historical background of the emergence of multinational companies and the motived of emergence and the factors that helped as well as the main objectives of the monopoly regime in the oil industry and this was addressed in the first part of the research. The study, also, dealt with the beginning of the entry of monopolistic companies to Iraq with knowledge of the motives of the establishment Iraqi Oil Company. In addition to that, the study focused on the negotiations between the Iraqi government and multinational companies and the discussions that happened between the Iraqi government and the French company ERAB. Finally, the present paper invistigated the international reactions to the given French - Iraqi agreement.