Kufa Journal of Arts

In modern times, the Palestinian cause has attracted the attention of most poets, to the extent that we can hardly find an Arab poet who has not addressed it in his works. Omani poets have kept pace with their brothers in other countries and addressed the Palestinian cause at all its stages, to the extent that we find a historical sequence with the events of the Palestinian cause or a record of its history. The poet Saeed Al-Saqlawi was one of the most prominent poets who lived with the Palestinian cause with all conscience and honesty and embodied the calamities that the Palestinian people went through as a result of that. He talks about the tragedies of the Zionist occupation of the land of Palestine and the resistance of the people, and in turn tried to create a cultural awareness of the Palestinian cause in Oman and the Arab world as a whole. Given the artistic and aesthetic value of the poem "Besieged", we focus on it in this article. The poem as a whole is divided into two styles; the first is to draw and criticize the tragic reality in comparison to the prosperous Arab history with the aim of raising awareness and mobilization. The poet also uses other symbols in addition to this character, such as the sun, palm trees, and water. These symbols, unlike the symbolism of Abdul Rahman Al-Dakhil, do not carry deep connotations, but rather are clear. Another feature of the artistic poem is its frequent use of the word “hal,” which suggests the seriousness of the situation on the one hand, and the poet’s aspiration and lack of despair in achieving his goals and hopes.

The high eloquence of the Qur’anic text made it a source of linguistic miracle, in addition to the diversity of its styles, the precision of its expression and its linguistic references from the subtleties of revelation, so the readings of the Qur’anic text multiplied, and it is noticeable that there are texts that indicate the realization of future matters such as mentioning the Day of Resurrection, and describing Paradise and Hell that will be the result of the Day of Judgment, as the Qur’an tells us about concepts that indicate events that will occur in the future, and verbal and semantic evidence guides us to that, so the Qur’anic texts indicate methods of expression that indicate the awaited future personality, and the Qur’anic texts took the hint of the awaited with various semantic expressions, which we will present in this research that includes the following two topics: The first topic: The methods indicating the expression of the awaited in the Qur’anic text. The second topic: The method of expressing the awaited in the Holy Qur’an by mentioning his attributes.

The climatic growth season is determined by feeding the graphic forms with the minimum and maximum data for crop growth and the monthly averages of minimum and maximum temperatures. Then the climatic growth season is determined, which is calculated based on the intersection of the minimum and maximum temperature rates with the upper and lower limits of the different summer vegetable crops. The importance of determining the climatic period appears in determining the most appropriate times in which summer vegetable crops can be planted. By determining this period, it is possible to plant some crops early or to delay planting others. As for the actual growth season, it is the period in which the crop is planted in the study area without relying on climatic data, but rather on the farmer's experience and the inheritance of information. Accordingly, the length of the climatic and actual growth season will differ from one place to another according to the climatic characteristics that prevail there. The research results showed that there is a great possibility in Iraq to grow summer vegetable crops due to the availability of the growth season throughout the year, in order to match the climatic requirements for growing crops with the available capabilities for growing them.

Experimentation is an artistic, intellectual, creative, and innovative process that achieves higher, often renewed knowledge that carries the characteristics and qualities of human adventure, the ability to discover the unknown and absorb the new, and makes the Iraqi free verse poem a creative flame that contributes to creating a creative experience that benefits society and interacts with daily life. Experimentation is characterized by purpose, to enter a new, modern world that becomes more modern with the continuation of life, and no amateur or beginner can enter its arena; or the poetic, except for those who have been mastered by experience and refined by poetic talent that extends over many years, and have sipped from the sources of nature since their early childhood, far from affectation. It is framed and sets its laws day after day, and rises to organize itself, trying to break out of the fixed model, surpassing traditional works, and searching for ways of openness, and may sometimes separate itself from every literary heritage, as its factors were evident in the Iraqi free verse poem after 2003.

It is true that life is renewed, and renewal is the secret of existence, and it is true that if renewal were to be withdrawn from existence, it would leave life, but the past also has its fragrance, vitality, and existence within it, and what it needs is renewal only to live a second life, and so that it does not die out and disappear. This study aims to renew heritage, and to learn about the science of discovery and manuscript bibliography and their impact on enriching the scientific and cultural arena. This concept, as a science and an art, provides an opportunity to reveal a creative similarity in various sciences and arts, between ancient times and the current reality. The study proved that the Arab-Islamic heritage is a rich, bright carpet, woven by creative, generous hands and ideas, who poured out their energy, culture, and literature into it. All of these creative minds deserve our respect and honor, for how many experiences, sciences, and creativity are forgotten were it not for the reliance on the heritage of the ancestors, since Through it, the relationships between what was and what will be can be understood. The Eastern Arabs are credited with giving birth to creative people in various fields, and they have the lead in creative production. They are a fertile, enlightened nation that left behind the greatest figures and established the most important sciences and arts. This is what arouses in us admiration and investigation to study it. The observer of the path of the Arabic language and the impact of cultural communication sites and channels and modern (technology) clearly sees the imminent danger and the terrifying fate to which our culture may descend, which makes our calamity in our heritage and language seem smaller than any calamity. Therefore, the efforts of those who are jealous of the cultural, religious and linguistic heritage must be combined, so that they may revive the rich, forgotten yellow books and take care of them, as they contain abundant science and art. We have adopted the descriptive approach, which suits us in explaining the importance of investigation in supporting culture. We have shown the extent to which the investigator’s work has a positive and negative impact on enriching the heritage.

The speech of Lady Zahra (may Allah be pleased with her) is considered an intellectual heritage, as it is one of the oldest and most eloquent literary texts. This is the way of the Household of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), including Lady Zahra (may Allah be pleased with her). Among these speeches is her Fadak sermon, which constitutes a reformist approach to religion and state built on communicative foundations according to communicative rhetorical introductions that engage in dialogue with the other at the gate of persuasion and influence, and adopt strategies that direct the mind, soul, and conscience of the addressee away from violence, coercion, and sophistry. In these research papers, we will endeavor to provide a condensed picture of the most important argumentative links that appear in this sermon, relying on dividing them according to the following: 1- Links of argumentative conflict. 2- Links of argumentative consistency. 3- Links of argumentative symmetry

The city of Tarsona is located in the Andalusian Upper Porte region, south of the city of Tudela and north of the city of Zaragoza. It was conquered by Muslims in 94 AH / 712 AD by the leader Musa bin Nusayr, and was settled by a number of Arabs and Berbers. It was ruled by many families, including the Banu Qasi al-Muwalladin, the Banu Salamah al-Tujibiyin, and the Banu Hud. At first, it was the headquarters of workers and leaders until 186 AH / 802 AD, when Prince Al-Hakam bin Hisham built the city of Tudela. Tarsona became one of its dependencies, but its military importance continued until it fell to the Christians in 513 AH / 1119 AD. The research focused on three axes: the first axis dealt with its location and conquest, while the second axis dealt with the political and military history of the city and the events it witnessed, and the third axis focused on the intellectual movement in it and the contributions of some of its people in various sciences.

The issue of love is one of the issues that writers have been very interested in. Poets, writers, and mystics have always been concerned with the reflection of love in their works and have expressed many opinions about it and divided it into different sections. Love is generally divided into two sections: true love and metaphorical love. True love means love for God Almighty, i.e. the necessary existence, and metaphorical love refers to what is other than God. This article seeks to conduct a comparative study of the content of love in the novels “Sindokht” by “Ali Muhammad Afghani” and “26 Days of the Life of Dostoevsky” by “Anna Dostoevskaya”. The article relies on the descriptive analytical method, benefiting from various books on this topic. First, we study the issue of love, its types, and its linguistic and technical meanings. Then, we discuss what has been written about love in novels. After that, we read the two mentioned novels and extract what they contain about love and its types. Finally, we begin to study and compare the concept of love in these two novels and write the article according to its own principles. The results show that both novels were interested in the metaphorical concept of love.

Linguistics first appeared in ancient times among the Arabs, who preceded the West by a lot in this aspect, as we find interest from Arab scholars such as Al-Khalil and Ibn Jinni. Linguistics, or linguistics, or the science of language: is a science concerned with the study of human languages ​​and the study of their characteristics, structures, and degrees of similarity and difference between them. Linguistics is divided into levels: phonetics, morphology, syntax, and semantics, and the latter is the focus of our research. Semantics: The word "dalal", which indicates guidance to something and definition of it. Semantics is one of the levels of the Arabic language, and means: "the study of meaning or the science that studies meaning".. Where the sentence and the linguistic text can be studied by analyzing the meanings of words and discovering the semantic relationships between them. The purpose of semantics is to discover the relationship between words and meanings, and to discover the apparent and latent connotations in words, and to discover the semantic relationships between Arabic words: such as synonymy, verbal homonym, and antonymy. We will study semantics in terms of: (synonymy, verbal homonym, homonym) in the articles of the famous and contemporary essayist Saeed Adnan. This study concludes some results, including: We find clear semantics in Adnan's articles, and they have a goal in terms of language and another goal that wants to call or pay attention or warn or pay attention or direct and others.. We may find semantics in its three types: Verbal homonym: He chooses vocabulary for it that comprehends the mind and activates the mind

The aesthetics of a literary piece cannot be recognized without addressing the issues that define its characteristics in terms of grammar, rhetoric, and vocabulary. The great Qur’an, which includes the most beautiful expressions and literary structures, includes a wide breadth from the moral aspect. The grammatical connotations of the verses include a comprehensive breadth of issues that aim to open a new blank page for those interested in Qur’anic research and introduce researchers to another aspect of the aesthetics of the Holy Qur’an. This is the method that interpreters have relied on in interpreting the words of revelation. In this study, which relied on the descriptive-analytical approach, we addressed the study of multiple topics such as connotations, their divisions, and examples of the breadth of grammatical connotations in Qur’anic meanings by examining and tracing some verses of the Qur’an. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: that the interpreters were more concerned with meanings than with words, and that the meaning of names was more expansive in interpretation than the meaning of verbs and letters of meanings because Quranic literature has different aspects, and that the ends of Quranic verses are more expansive in concepts than their beginnings.

Men who have ascended to the highest ranks and raced towards the ladder of glory through toil, hard work and diligence are few and countable.. and time hardly produces them except at distant intervals and its slumber from the ages among the lifeless centuries! Hence, Al-Muqaddas Al-Ardabili deserved to be at the top of the school of the Household of the Prophet, peace be upon them, as he had his own scientific approach in various rational and cognitive sciences. He highlighted the fundamentalist research and its roots in the jurisprudential aspect, as well as what is related to the political aspect. He had a moderate opinion that was in the middle between excess and deficiency in managing the state and within the limits of necessity. Hence, the problem of the research lay in reconciling the theory of Imamate for governance, how to deal with governments, and his call for the guardianship of the jurist in governance and theorizing about it according to the new Islamic perspective in the era of occultation, and building the state socially. Hence, the study consisted of an introduction, four chapters, and results. The first chapter: carried the title of the beginnings of political thought for the concept of the state in the era of Islam and its development. The second: jurists and their role in theorizing about governance and leading the state jurisprudentially. The third: the deductive foundations of governance in the view of Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Ardabili. The fourth: Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Ardabili’s deductive view of the requirements of the time, interest, and dealing with the sultan, based on the documented sources related to the research. And from God is success.

This research deals with the most important aspects of globalization that threaten the reality of the Arabic language, as it must be addressed before the danger that still threatens the Arabic language worsens, which is considered the language of the Holy Quran, and God has bestowed protection upon it, and it has acquired in the souls of Muslims and Arabs all awe and respect. The religious status of the Arabic language is sufficient to protect and sustain it, but it is not possible to rely on that and abandon its responsibilities towards protecting Arabic and thus its continuity and the continuity of its social, literary and religious civilization and moving it to the language of science, through which alone the hopes of the nation for progress, dignity and continuity can be borne fruit, and through which alone the Arab unity project based on the unity of this language and the common history can crystallize.

This brief study is called the political trend in Nizar Qabbani's poetry. In order to define it, this research relied on the descriptive-analytical approach in addition to the critical approach that expresses Nizar's political position defending the principles of Arab nationalism as a whole through the tragedy of Palestine after the setback and the pain and sorrows it endured on the one hand, and the importance and necessity of working on a good project about the study. Nizar's political poetry that spread the roots of resistance and steadfastness for generations and sent an echo of the continuous popular struggle to stand up to the tyrants, unjust rulers and mercenaries on the other hand. So, students in the field of political literature must present a modern study to clarify Nizar's struggle poetry to extract from it the new that was and still is hidden for various reasons.

In this research, we obtained information that helped us complete it and present it in a way that satisfies everyone, God willing, in addition to the manuscripts that we obtained from libraries and manuscript indexes that helped us reach knowledge of the places where these manuscripts were written and knowledge of their scholars and students. After completing this research, we see the need to pause carefully at some of the important results in the research, which we extracted as follows: The scientific seminary in Hillah, since its scientific launch in the sixth century at the hands of Sheikh Muhammad bin Idris (543 AH/1148 AD) (d. 598 AH/1201 AD) (may God be pleased with him) and until its decline in the middle of the tenth century AH, was a center for scientific studies in the Islamic world. The main reason for this scientific launch is due to the role of scholars and schools in the scientific renaissance of this city. At the beginning of teaching, the scholars of Hillah relied on their homes, and it was not an obstacle for the scholars of Hillah. Rather, the alternative to it was the homes of scholars. These homes played the role of schools, and they became institutes of knowledge that were attended by students of knowledge from within the city and from Outside of it, and after the emergence of scientific prosperity and expansion that reached the peak of giving in the seventh and eighth centuries AH, Hillah became a major scientific center for all sciences such as: genealogy and literature, in addition to jurisprudence and its principles and other sciences, Keywords: Travels, households, scientific schools, scholars, scientific councils, Idris

The deep-rooted cultural ties between the Arabs and the Persians expanded to new horizons during the time of Cyrus. In 240 AD, the Persians established the Emirate of Al-Hirah on the Euphrates River. Many Arab cultural delegations came to the court of the princes of Al-Hirah and learned about Persian culture and brought it back to their country. There were also close ties between the Persians and the Arabs in Bahrain, Oman and Yemen, and the ancestors of the Persians used to visit the Sacred House and circumambulate it. When Islam appeared and the Persians embraced the new religion, and the situation worsened due to the tyranny of the Umayyads and their inhumane treatment of Muslims, the Persians began to join their efforts with those who resented the Umayyad rule to avenge Al-Hussein and the oppressed members of the family of the Prophet (peace be upon him). These circumstances led to a massive revolution against the Umayyad rule and thus overthrew it, and paved the way for a great scientific renaissance. The translation movement, which was the offspring of the Sassanid scientific movement, became active, and Persian culture and literature spread. Persian-Arab relations reached their peak, and Arabic benefited greatly from Persian products and scientific and literary achievements. As for the Abbasids, who had pledged allegiance to “Al-Nafs Al-Zakiyya” several times before the revolution, after they diverted the revolution from its planned course, as soon as they settled down, they chose a bloody policy of repression against their opponents from the pioneers of science and literature, and blackened the face of history with their crimes and immoral abominations, as they became very far from what some people incite about their important and constructive roles in encouraging science and literature and other fabricated myths to cover up their crimes. In this article, we will reach what shows us the lack of credibility of these people in being supporters of the scientific renaissance, according to a descriptive-analytical approach.

The speech of Imam Ali (PBUH) was, without a doubt, rhetorical demonstrations, but about the highest human efforts that can use the literary style as a tool and achieve high goals of speech. Much of the content of Imam Ali's (PBUH) speeches is allocated according to high human and social values ​​to maintain the structure of the individual and society. In fact, all of Nahjul Balagha, especially the commandments, is the cry of a great human being who is evolving into the greatness of history that seeks to provide solutions to heal human and internal diseases as well as to solve the social pains of humanity within society.

The study of personalities is one of the studies that has a great impact on historical research, because of its importance in providing information that we do not find in general history narratives, which gives researchers a variety of information that helps them draw the general lines of the course of some events. The personality of Bahram Jur, the subject of the research, is one of the personalities that has been the subject of wide debate between Arab and Persian sources, and each disputes his virtues and merits. The features of his biography came out as a double depiction between what the Arabs and Persians see, and from here came the reason for our choice of this topic, which extended from his birth to his death, and I relied on a group of primary sources and a number of secondary references.

The study aims to identify the external and internal sources of light pollution in residential areas of Najaf city, and measure the levels of light intensity emitted by them; considering that this increasing type of pollution has become important recently. Measurements were conducted (with Light Meter CEM DT-8820) on different samples within the study area, to determine the level of light pollution resulting from different residential units, and to measure the intensity of lighting inside and outside them alike. The recorded levels were compared with some standards, and it was found that they are often higher than the healthy level. The field survey and geographical distribution of light pollution in residential areas showed that there are hot spots that represent high levels of light intensity, and the area and danger of these spots may increase in the future in conjunction with the increase in the excessive use of lighting and urban expansion for residential use in the study area.

Every literary text, especially every narrative text, consists of a coherent and interconnected structure in which all the elements and parts are connected. It is impossible to imagine any story without the parts and elements that make it up. In this article, researchers study the most prominent narrative elements, including the subject, plot and its components, and vision in the novel "Professors of Illusion" by Ali Bader, the Iraqi writer and novelist. Ali Bader is considered one of the most famous writers in the Arab world in the modern era, as he has always shown reactions to the events and developments of society, which indicates his commitment and search for aspirations and hopes. This novel tells a hidden aspect of the cultural, social and political life of the Iraqi people in the eighties of the last century in Baghdad, as the writer narrates the problems of the people's lives and their suffering in the tense social, cultural and economic conditions of Iraqi society during the Iran-Iraq war in an artistic language. The style of this novel is a mixture of realism and fantasy, as the writer uses special narrative techniques and a storytelling style that dominate the elements of the story, thus opening up new horizons of events for the recipient. This article adopts the descriptive-analytical approach and the results indicate that the writer has used all narrative arts to address the narrative elements.

Jalaluddin Rumi, an Iranian-born, Turkish-born writer, was fluent in several languages, including Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Greek. He connects the peoples of the world to each other. Learning his literary concepts and his moral and mystical contents can be a beacon for the peoples thirsty for literature in our world, including the ancient Arab people. Although Persian researchers have written valuable books and works about the literary works of Jalaluddin Rumi in recent decades, especially about the Mathnawi, they have not introduced this unique global writer to the Arab world, so the Arab people have not recognized him, although he left behind valuable works in the Arabic language, both poetry and prose! It is unfortunate that Arab writers and authors have rarely written about him and introduced him to their people. The personality of Jalaluddin Rumi has occupied a prestigious position in world literature since his birth until today, but this Persian-language writer has focused his attention on composing poetry and writing prose in the Arabic language as well. This is clear evidence for the writer of this article to engage in this topic and It is the lack of interest of the Arab community, especially Arab writers and academics, in getting to know him, introducing him, and turning to his valuable Arab literary works.

Literature plays a leading role in people's awakening and renaissance, and poetry is like a caller that calls out what is happening in human societies, especially those that are the focus of attention. Clear manifestations of Islamic and religious literature have crystallized in Persian and Arabic poetry, and we are interested in the poetry of Abdul Azim Al-Rubaie and Mushfiq Al-Kashani. It is worth noting that the truly committed poet knows for sure that the word in its simplicity and modesty is his weapon, but this same word in its purity, clarity, revolution and truthfulness is an effective weapon. Mushfiq Al-Kashani and Abdul Azim Al-Rubaie are the two contemporary poets who talk about their love for the Household of the Prophet (PBUH) and the saints of God, and Islamic concepts abound in their poetry collections. The sources of these Islamic figures are many and varied, and perhaps the most prominent of them are: the figure of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), Zainab (peace be upon him), Fatima al-Zahra (peace be upon her), Imam Ali (peace be upon him), Zainab (peace be upon her), the issue of guardianship, the Karbala incident, and the Islamic implications of the hereafter. We are conducting the analysis using the descriptive-analytical method in the collection of Abdul-Azim al-Rubai’i and Mushfiq al-Kashani.

The research deals with the news coverage of the issues of the Iraqi components in the electronic news websites of Arab and directed satellite channels, in order to identify the nature of coverage of these issues in the Arab and regional environments and the coverage mechanisms of each of them regarding them during the control of the terrorist organization (ISIS) over a number of Iraqi cities between 2014-2017. The research is descriptive in type, in addition to using the analytical survey method. The research topic was defined as the issues of (the Iraqi components during the control of the terrorist organization ISIS over a number of Iraqi cities - the Yazidi component as a model) and the research community was defined as the news websites of the directed Arab and regional satellite channels, while the sample was defined as the websites (www.aljazeera.net & www.alalamtv.net) as they represent two opposing lines in the political direction, each of which directs a hostile media discourse towards the other and exploits the news of Iraq and its social components as a party in the conflict between them. The research reached the most prominent results, with the dominance of the interpretive coverage and the specific pattern, the prominence of the ethical frameworks and humanitarian concerns, the predominance of the mechanisms of presenting a single point of view and the amplification of the framing mechanisms used, and the dominance of the ISIS organization as the active force of the coverage.

The research was divided into two axes, preceded by a historical introduction: - Then the introduction addressed the conditions of the Ottoman state in general, addressing the reasons for its weakness and deterioration, while the first section addressed the wars and treaties that preceded the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarji, as it addressed the Ottoman-European conflict over the Ottoman state, especially Russia during the reign of Peter the Great and its constant attempts to consolidate its influence with the Sublime Porte, while the second section addressed the Russian-Ottoman war of 1768-1774, the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarji and the reasons for its conclusion and its effects on the Ottoman state, as it opened the door wide for Russia to impose more conditions and find a foothold for itself within the Ottoman state, which later opened the way for more European interventions within the Ottoman state.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, modern factors led to a change in the views and ideas of the enlightened in Iran; in addition to the Western political views that led to national movements and thus produced national poetry in this era. The first changes that poetry witnessed in this era were in the field of ideas, as addressing social issues, the demands of the people, and liberation from injustice and oppression took up a large part of the poets' interest. Sayyid Ahmad al-Ridhawi, nicknamed the Peshawari writer, addressed political poetry more than other poets, and he can be considered the pioneer of Persian and Arabic political poetry in contemporary Iran. From this standpoint, and through our study of the most important purposes and topics that the writer Peshawari addressed in his Arabic poetry, and the statement of his position regarding the events that occurred during the days of the Constitutional Revolution, the political and social circumstances that dominated Iran at that time and how a new Arabic poetic purpose emerged in Iran, i.e. political poetry, become clear to us. Therefore, the research seeks, through the historical method and the study of various sources, to reach the desired results, the most important of which are: The writer Peshawari believes that the goal of the Constitutional Revolution is to achieve Britain's interests and considers its support a great sin. He calls the supporters of this revolution and even Akhund Khorasani, who was one of its religious leaders, infidels and heretics. He considers Akhund Khorasani responsible for the debauchery and the emerging change in women's dress after the Constitutional Revolution.

The story of Joseph and Zulaikha is one of the most beautiful stories in the Holy Quran. Most commentators have similar interpretations of this story, meaning that they rely on the apparent form of the story and view Zulaikha’s love for Joseph as an illicit passion and lust, and its end is Zulaikha’s scandal and Joseph’s exit from this case with his head held high. However, Rumi, while emphasizing that the Mathnawi and the Ma’nawi were made in the manner of the Quran, Mawlawi Rumi passed through this apparent stage of the story and viewed it from the aesthetic and adoration side and the effect of beauty on the boiling of love. Of course, this is not a response to the apparent form of the story that commentators agree upon. As is noted in his poems, in addition to accepting the apparent form of the story, he goes beyond it and reaches the beauty and adoration that were also mentioned in the story.

This study deals with the details of the fall of one of the most important Islamic cities in Andalusia at the hands of the Christians, namely the city of Toledo, the base of the central border in Andalusia. It deals with defining the geography of Toledo and the importance of its strategic location, while giving a brief overview of the history of the city from the Islamic conquest until the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia, and the establishment of the Banu Dhi al-Nun Kingdom in it. The study focuses on tracing the emergence and development of the relationship that linked the rulers of the Dhu al-Nun dynasty to the Castilian king Alfonso VI, shedding light on how the city was besieged and fell, and the position of the Taifa kings on that.

The concept of transport corridor has many meanings that have led to the emergence of an abundant scientific production in a variety of disciplines. The analysis of the literature can lead to the construction of a theoretical framework for the analysis of case studies, based on the establishment of a functional classification of corridors and on a multi-scale approach to the objectives of the study. The selection of case studies in Europe and the Middle East allows the comparison of the idea of ​​the corridor with concrete planning topics in different regional contexts. The aim is to question the scope and limits of this idea in regional planning practices by positioning itself successively in different scales. This multi-purpose support of the projects makes it possible to understand the reality of the gap between the concept, its political application and its concrete application in the regions. It also makes it possible to highlight case studies that represent elements that allow for a rethinking of the concept of the corridor itself.

Upon the martyrdom of the Commander of the Faithful (Ali ibn Abi Talib) (PBUH), his son (Al-Hassan) the martyr (PBUH) took over the leadership of the Muslims under complex political circumstances. He was a man of truth, with penetrating insight, a steadfast heart, and a stable soul. Waves of turmoil surged in the Arab Muslim conscience, the veil was lifted, and all the clouds representing misguidance and camouflage dissipated. Intellectual life was ignited by debate and argumentation based on the logic of reasoning and stability, and deviant desires were followed. Fear and hesitation took hold of the people, and internal fragmentation was wreaking havoc on the entity of the nation. Neither the human indicator had stable vibrations, nor did self-stability spring from the depths. In such a confused atmosphere, the Muslims rushed to pledge allegiance to Imam (Al-Hassan ibn Ali) (PBUH). This pledge of allegiance was legitimate, and the rest of the predecessors in Islam participated in it, as well as representatives of the towns and regions, and many from Iraqi society in particular. This pledge of allegiance was a source of satisfaction for the elite and a great joy for the general public. Muawiyah bin Sufyan learned of this pledge, so his heart was filled with hatred, and he prepared for war, where he bought consciences and loyalty, and won over the tribesmen, and they responded to him. He followed all of this with campaigns of force and terror.

Clinical pragmatics is a sub-discipline of clinical linguistics and deals with the various situations in which communication can malfunction or function insufficiently. It also focuses on the various reasons that may cause poor communication. The current research is a theoretical survey that attempts to shed some light on what clinical pragmatics is and what is its scope. This field is also covered in clinical linguistics in general. More specifically, the current study attempts to answer the following question: What are the basic principles of clinical pragmatics? In this regard, and to achieve the objective of this study, a theoretical survey was conducted to clearly clarify the basic concepts of the subject under scrutiny. The paper concluded that the field of clinical pragmatics is a troubled field because of the incompatibility between pragmatics.

The Supreme Prophet (pbuh) is for all human beings, and for all times. According to the Holy Qur'an, this universalism of the Prospphet (pbuh) is not of much interest to most people. Some of the Prophet's addressees are followers of the heavenly religions. One of the mission of the Prophet (pbuh) is to engage peacefully and to use constructive dialogue with the followers of the heavenly religions. One should know how to treat the followers of the heavenly religions according to the teachings of the Holy Quran. Is it the principle of strife, conflict, and elimination, unless they believe; Or according to the Holy Quran, Muslims can coexist peacefully with followers of the heavenly religions. For the Holy Qur'an, the language of discourse between the heavenly religions is peaceful coexistence, constructive dialogue and cooperation based on common principles. In this study, the authenticity of peace and the constructive dialogue and peaceful coexistence of Islam with the followers of the heavenly religions are investigated in line with the universality of the Quranic teachings. The Holy Qur'an has considered peace and coexistence with other religions and nations as a fundamental principle in its constitutional system. Verses of the Holy Quran deny racism, coercion, false prejudice, and welcome peace, cooperation based on common principles, and peaceful dialogue, And while recognizing past prophets and scriptures, it respects the rights of minorities. Some of the Qur'an's strategies for securing peaceful coexistence with non-Muslims are as follows: Rejecting racism; Fighting the illusions of the superiority of the youth of other religions; Freedom of thought; A confession to the rights of minorities; Co-operation in International Affairs; Welcoming peace offer; Emphasis on international peace; Call for peaceful coexistence and common principles And a peaceful dialogue

As one of the major problems of our time is the crisis of moral education and lack of ethics, today moral education as one of the areas of education has received serious attention from educational scholars. The purpose of this article is to examine Fayz Kashani's ethical views and their implications for moral education. Accordingly, a qualitative analytic-descriptive method based on library studies was employed in this study. To this end, first, Fayz Kashani's works, in particular, the two important educational works of Mohsen Fayz Kashani, namely, “Mohjat-al-Beyza fi Tahzib al-Ahya” and “Al-Haqa'iq Fi Mahasin Al-akhlaq”, and also books and articles on moral education were reviewed. Fayz Kashani's moral system is based on self-knowledge and moderation of physical powers. The results of the study indicated that human ethical training empowers them to overcome their self-centeredness in epistemological, communicative, and emotional contexts. That is to say, people do not make judgments based on their mood, knowledge, information, interests, and behavior, but seek their happiness in the happiness of others, and this contributes to the development of moral happiness

This study was carried out to explore the pleasure reading practices and preferences of sample Iraqi college EFL students. This study seeks to fill the gap in researchs concerning pleasure reading in Iraq since the Iraqi college EFL students' practices and preferences of reading for pleasure have not been explored yet. To do this, the study employed a questionnaire for collecting data. A sample of 177 Iraqi college EFL female students of department of English language of College of Education for Women of Al Iraqyia University in Baghdad volunteered to fill in the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the quantitative data from the questionnaire. The findings indicate that the majority of the participants read for pleasure weekly. It was also found that the participants preferred to read song lyrics, books of fiction, and articles posted on social media or websites over other types of reading texts. The research findings also showed that some of the participants read 1-2 hours per week and very few of the participants read 4-5 hours weekly. All the participants faced problems when practicing reading for pleasure and these difficulties can be attributed to several factors, such as watching TV/DVD/online

Translation is a wonderful area of study especially the literary one. Unlike other kinds of renditions, literary translation needs a lot of cognitive processing on the part of translators in that the selecting of one of the multi grammatical forms available in Arabic is not as easy as a cake considering the implied meaning that syntactic or morphological structure suggests. It could be stated that the main problem of this research is the multi syntactic and morphological structures in Arabic and how translators decide on which is the most suitable equivalent for the English verb to be translated. It is hypothesized that translators involved in literary rendering must be fully- equipped with the various morphological and syntactic devices English and Arabic have and how to accurately employ them to produce good renditions. This research aims at providing literary translators with a sort of practical knowledge and how to achieve accurate equivalence greatly based on meaning on one hand and the precision of Arabic syntactic and morphological structures on the other. It can be concluded that it is not always suitable and accurate to render the English verbs into Arabic verbs. In the current study, however, the verb phrase can be successfully rendered into nominal, prepositional, or adverbial phrases

The present paper discusses the theme of ecological consciousness in American poetry with reference to the poetry of A.R. Ammons. It aims at highlighting Ammons's ecological perspectives in selected poems including: Prospecting, Sphere- the form of a Motion, Garbage, and Interval. The paper examines ecological themes and concerns such as the relationship between man and nature, the identification with the natural world, the one-many problem and the circle of life in Ammons's poetry. It also illustrates the notion of eco-poetry and presents a brief introduction to its historical development in America