Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

"Tuhfat Al-Talib Nazm Shafiyat Ibn Al-Hajib" by Khalid Al-Musiyy, is one of the
vari0us poem formation of "Al-Shafiya" lts verses reached 1145 lines , and the author
1 AH . This is the editing of the first section of this poem from the start to the end of"
Broken Plural".

The purpose of this research is to identify the semantic aspects contained in the book
Explanation of Al-Fasih Al-Marzouqi . It included various linguistic, phonetic, and
semantic phenomena, and we have succeeded in extracting semantics from them,
studying them and learning how the Marzouki discussed the words and bringing
opinions from his predecessors and those who came after him And try to clarify their
agreement and differences in their discussion of words and put them as well as to
highlight this book as one of the linguistic sources that must be referred to it is an
unknown source for the lack of an electronic version of it and being a modern
investigation… The research consists of an introduction and three semantics (tandem,
linguistic differences, verbal co-ordination) .

Paradox is a statement of illogicality and self-contradictory expression, which has often
been used by poets and writers to embellish the literary texture, specially the poems.
Amongst the poets, Talib Abd-Alaziz used this technique in such modern method and
completely different language that he seems articulating some words while meaning
something totally different, a process that effects contradiction, raillery and mocking by
means of phonetic shuffling, delusion and predicament. In such situation, we may find
the literary language swing between the phonetic paradox and context. Since paradox is
one of the most significant ingredients of poems of iraqui poet, Talib Abd-Alaziz, we
have chosen his collection “Two paths on water and one on land” as an example which carries this technique more than any other works of the poet. In this study, we
concentrate on two principal basis: time and nature; and we will analyze them from
viewpoint of contextual paradox, applying the theoretical researchers in this aspect. We
will end up with simple contradiction as well as occasional, dramatic, delusional
paradoxes and predicament. Also, we will have a look on other mosern techniques
applied by the poet such as symbols, implications and linguistic paradoxes.

The text of the novel falls within a cultural chain. The researcher attempts to clarify the areas of anxiety, tension and fear of the unknown, as well as to investigate the actual and the virtual reality. Before looking for the visionary predictions of the novel, which examines the depth of the future and anticipates its events, Research, and an important pillar of its main pillars.
After the overview of the novel, the research began to pursue the concept of exoticism and its proximity in terms of the miraculous and then distinguish between them, as well as stand in the concept of prospecting after the main strategy in the study of the novel.

The research does not forget the cultural references of the product and its tributaries, and then the study begins to monitor the conflicts of the narrative scenes and to identify the most prominent and forward-looking techniques such as the phenomenon of human cloning related to the idea of science fiction and the technique of the bird of the album. The novel goes through events dominated by a strange and clear future blackness trying to portray the image of brutality And this is determined by the techniques of foresight, whose methodological features are not clear to the present day. Therefore, the researcher focused on the narrative recruitment of the prospective events in application and study.

The stigmatized nature of swearing expressions renders their intrlingual/intercultural
transference a problematic issue in translation. This stems from the fact that cultures
differ in their tolerance of the use of swearing expressions. Accordingly, in the act of
intrlingual/intercultural transference, translators adopt certain translation strategies to
carefully handle the sensitive issue of such expressions. However, although the choice
of a particular strategy is influenced by different ideological, cultural and contextual
factors, there is a consensus that swearing expressions are either toned down or
completely deleted. In light of this, this study attempts to identify the translation
strategies adopted by two Arab (male and female) translators when rendering such
expressions in Shakespeare’s Hamlet into Arabic. The aim is to examine whether
gender has a role to play in determining the translator’s orientation either for
domestication or foreignization. To achieve this objective, a corpus consisting of
Hamlet’s original text and two translations of it in Arabic is collated. Moreover, in the
analysis of the translation strategies Vermeer’s (1978/2000) Skopostheorie is utilized
and Venuti’s (1995) model of ‘domestication’ and ‘foreignization’ is adopted to
determine the overall translation behavior of the translators as being either source
text/culture oriented or target text/culture oriented. The findings of the study indicate
that the translators have adopted a number of domestication translation strategies
including deletion, de-swearing, ambiguity and generalization to abide by cultural
norms in the target culture and a number of foreignization strategies including changing
non-swearwords to swearwords, over-translation (over-swearing), and literal translation
to preserve the spirit of the source text. However, in comparison with the male
translator, the female translator was more risk aversive when it comes to making
translation decisions, a fact which might be attributed to her little experience in literary
translation. Hence, she was more faithful to the source text.

Some poets reflect how children suffer around the world in general and in conflicting areas in particular. They in fact portray a gloomy image of helpless weak victims due to the social, economic and even the political exploitation during the war times that are characterized by different kinds of trauma and fear. This research studies the issues of trauma and fear of the Iraqi child as a war victim in three selected American and Western poets: Judith Morrison, David Robert and David Krieger. These poets shed light on the Child’s innocence, and the child as a symbol of peace. Their poems uncover a horrifying vision of the catastrophic outcomes of war. The conclusion concentrates on the various points of view of each individual poet in the method of dealing with the two issues and the way of response toward the catastrophic outcomes of wars upon such flagging, disarmed and powerless innocent children in Iraq and other countries around the world.

Characterization is one of the significant elements of writing a dramatic work. Much
focus is given to the representation of characters on the stage in communicating the
dramatist’s theme in the past research. However, less attention is paid to the study of the
role of non-human elements in communicating the same theme. The current study
claims that inanimate characters share with the human characters the significance in
conveying the main theme in the dramatic work in Samuel Beckett’s Endgame.
Inanimate characters are used by the modern dramatist symbolically to state various
aspects, conditions and beliefs of the characters and the whole action of the play.
Modern playwrights animate the inanimate objects because the human characters are
depersonalized and disfigured in the modern world. So, they invest this technique and
charge it with various meanings to help the audience in understanding the illogicality
and absurdity of the human characters. Thus this study examines the inanimate
characters, and their role beside the animate characters in communicating the main
theme of the play. It concludes that they have a great contribution on the stage in
conveying Beckett’s themes to the audience in his Endgame

This paper which is entitled 'Opening Conversations, Closing Conversations, and
Telephone Calls in Six of Roald Dahl's Children Stories', deals with analyzing the
conversations found in the selected stories in respect to a number of conversational
aspects. The primary aim and focus of this research is conversation rather than
language. The purpose of this paper is first to show how conversation is an integral part
of our everyday lives and how conversation is something that happens haphazardly
without any planning. It also shows how opening conversations, closing conversations
and telephone calls occur, especially in Roald Dahl's six selected children stories.
Multiple reasons are given for opening and closing conversations that divert from the
norm. A number of conversational examples have been chosen for the purpose of
analysis from Roald Dahl's six selected children stories. Not all the selected stories
contain the same amount of opening conversations, closing conversations and telephone
calls. The latter is because the writer has his own unique style of writing which is
opening the conversation with the start of every new part or chapter, and not ending
conversations as often as opening them, even when the sections or chapters end. The
telephone calls, however, are few in number, due to the fact that the stories have been
written before cellphones came to existence and became popular.

Precarity means the lack of social and economic networks; a considerable exposure to
danger and harm. Minority groups are precariat for they lack rights and full citizenship.
Precarity is related, states Judith Butler, with the individual’s performativity, and his
ability to perform his gender role. Toni Morrison continually goes to past to retell the
history of African Americans. The issues of race, gender and national identity are
recurrent in her work. Reading her book Home (2012) evokes the idea of precarity and
performativity since the two main characters, Frank and Cee are precarious characters
that fail to perform their gender role properly, and eventually are exposed to hazard and
harm. This research displays how African American people were precariat during the
1950s. It traces Frank and Cee’s attempts to perform their gender roles to gain
recognizability. It shows the failure of precarious people to be recognized in the society
that denies Blacks’ rights.

D'une claire langue arabe, Allah a révélé le noble Coran à son prophète Mohamed (que
la prière et la paix soient sur lui) pour le transmettre d’abord aux arabes et plus tard aux
autres nations du monde. La langue française est parmi les langues qui ont vu apparaitre
plusieurs traductions françaises y compris la présente version qu'on a sous les mains et
qui appartient à Albert Kazimirski, un orientaliste polonais. Cette tâche consistant à
traduire les sens du Coran, envisage beaucoup de problèmes et défis la rendant quasi
impossible, parmi lesquels la manière dont les sens de ce divin livre sacré ont été
traduits.
La traduction du noble Coran se divise en deux types : la traduction interprétative et la
traduction littérale. Toutefois, la traduction littérale des sens du noble Coran, dans
quelques endroits, ne transporterait pas leurs significations réelles et trahirait leur
propos. Dans cette recherche, nous projetterons la lumière sur un nombre de mots et de
sens du noble Coran qui ont été choisi de la traduction d'Albert Kazimirski, où il a
transmis ces mots à la langue française, mais sa traduction était une littérale et
différente par rapport au sens réel, ce qui a fabriqué un malentendu chez le lecteur non
arabophone et rend le message coranique incompréhensible. Les exemples choisis ont
été étudiés et analysés en référant à l'exégèse d'Al-Tabari (Tafsir Al-Tabari), un ouvrage
de référence en ce qui concerne l'interprétation du noble Coran.

The research investigates the traumatic triggers in the poetry of Stanely Kunitz who in
spite of his creativity received little attention. His father`s suicide shortly before his
birth left a scare in his childhood and makes his poetry fertile arena for investigation of
trauma since his poetry is rich with anger, insecurity, need, depression and flashbacks.
The suicide left deep impact on his soul. His attempt to face this wound failed due to
his mother`s attempts to deaden any memory of the bygone father and cut the link that
may bridge the damage in his soul. This creates a crack in Kunitz `s molding of
character. As such, his return to his roots is traced in this research depending on the
illumination of theory of trauma through exploring the symptoms and experiences of
trauma in selected poems. Manifestations of traumatic aspects are apparent in Kunitz
poetry which lie hidden in his consciousness to reappear clearly in his maturity . The
uniqueness with Kunitz is his indulgence in trauma and his employment of a perfect
way of recovery by re-visiting the roots of his pain.

A preposition is one of the parts of speech and a member of a closed word class. The
linguistic function of the preposition is to refer to the time or the place of the action in
the sentence which is quite important to produce well-formed sentences whether in
spoken or written discourses. Such part of speech may cause a misuse especially for
those bilingual learners. That is why a number of studies have been done in the field of
preposition error analysis to point out the sources of these errors and the solution to
overcome these errors when happen. This recent study is conducted to examine the
syntactic and semantic aspects of errors in using the English prepositions between EFL
Arab learners and Science postgraduate students in University of Putra Malaysia
(UPM). For this purpose, the study will employ a descriptive design that employs a
content analysis to the transcribed recorded data for two groups of subjects. A purposive
sample of six (n=6) Arab postgraduate students whose ages ranges between twenty-two
to forty years old was selected to participate in this study. They formed into groups with
three subjects each. The first group included students from Faculty of Science while the
second included students from the Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication.
Both subjects study at master level. The findings generally showed that the subjects
who study science and use English on a daily basis with their classmates or professors
face a problem in using prepositions. These problems are possibly a result of the
interference of their first language or the lack of linguistic competence. For the other
group who study English as their major, also made similar errors in using prepositions
in their daily speech. However, these errors occurred much less frequent than the
science group. Their errors were mainly as a result of the first language interference.
This study suggested developing and establishing new programs that help EFL students
and science students to be better aware of the use of prepositions of the sec

The grasp being influenced by technology as well as the world which needs much
figuring out of the close linkage between people and machinery. Individuals need to
enter the sphere where they are able to realize and get the essence of things in their life.
The crisis is that the domain of technology is totally unclear that makes everybody isn't
absorbed in figuring out the reality of technology. People are confused and lost. Since
that technology is not just a means of getting knowledge, people lost the understanding
of themselves. It's a must to handle the obstacle because individuals should take their
role by the proper state of mind that makes them able to thing in a deep way and get the
truth.
This study shows the recurring view of present civilization elevation and regression
that is eminent in post–apocalyptic writing. It explores the connection between art and
modernity. It studies the mutual relation between humanity and mechanical progress. It
probes the comprehension the truth of mechanical progress and its demerits in the light
of (Dumb Waiter) by Walter M. Miller. Humankind who has invented and made
technology more advanced, is being controlled and become as a slave. Technology
controls people's daily life. This paper also describes the problem of humankind in a
modern community.
The main dilemma which humankind has is lack of knowledge and the lack of
literate minded. If individuals think and understand, they will get the essence of
technology and manage things in the right way. By recognizing the risk, comprehending
the reality of modernity and being the masters of technology, thus, humanity is able to
outsmart technology and get the mastery of all things which people use every day