DIYALA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

The management of water resources is one of the major priorities in all countries of the world and even more so in developing countries such as Cameroon. The purpose of this research project is to assess the influence of the use of soap wastewater on the physical and mechanical performance of concrete. The experimental test program was designed to assess the impact of varying the concentration of soap factory wastewater as a replacement for tap water. Cylindrical concrete test pieces were made by varying the proportion of wastewater from soap factories at a rate of 0%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%; depending on the water/cement ratio of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. These cylindrical concrete specimens were tested at the ages of 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days; the load was applied consistently and the breaking stress was measured automatically at failure. The results of the experimental tests carried out in this project indicate that the use of wastewater from the soap factory for the preparation of concrete as a replacement for tap water induces a decrease in the value of the subsidence at the abrams cone of the concrete, delays the start of the setting of the cement, leads to a reduction in the compressive strength of the concrete, causes the formation of pores in the concrete matrix at early ages. Correlations have been developed to quantify the loss in the strength of concrete as a function of the polluted water content and the variation of the water / cement ratio.

The complexity of segmenting a brain tumour is critical in medical image processing. Treatment options and patient survival rates can only be improved if brain tumours can be prevented and treated. Segmentation of the brain is the most complex and time-consuming task to diagnose cancer utilizing a manual approach for numerous magnetic resonance images (MRI). The aim of MRI brain tumour image segmentation that to build an automated magnetic resonance imaging tumour segmentation system with separate the area of tumour and provided a clear boundary of the tumour region. U-Nets with different transfer learning models as backbones are presented in this paper, there are ResNet50, DenseNet169 and EfficientNet-B7. Brain lesion segmentation is performed using the multimodal brain tumor segmentation challenge 2020 dataset (BraTS2020). Based on MRI scans of the brain, the tumor segmentation technique is assessed using F1-score, Dice loss, and intersection over union score (IoU). The U-Net encoder used with EfficientNet-B7 outperforms all other architectures in terms of performance metrics across the board. Overall, the results of this experiment are rather excellent. The Dice-loss score was 0.009435, and the score of IoU was 0.7435, F1-score was 0.9848, accuracy was 0.9924, precision was 0.9829, recall was 0.9868, and specificity was 0.9943. The U-Net with EfficientNet-B7 architecture was shown to be crucial in the treatment of brain tumors, according to the findings of the experiments

Reinforcing bar bonding in concrete is essential for reinforcing bar anchoring and reinforced concrete cracking control. A pull out test of a reinforcing bar embedded in a concrete block is commonly used to determine it. When compared to plain concrete, steel fiber enhanced the mechanical properties of reinforced concrete. This paper presents experimental and analytical study on pull-out force of steel fiber-reinforced concrete blocks. Experimental program consists of six specimens. Two parameters are considered in this study, which are steel bar diameter and content of steel fiber. The numerical analysis was conducted by the finite element ANSYS software and was carried out on the experimental specimens. An analytical analysis was conducted to investigate the developing of the shear stress in surrounding concrete in XZ-plan and stresses in steel bar. Test results show that the steel fibers had significant influence on the increase of the pull-out force. The pull-out force increased by 3%, 4% and 15%, for CS1, CS2 and CS3 compared with specimens without steel fiber C1, C2, and C3 respectively.

The goal of this work was to design a simple and cost-effective technique for improving the performance of heat exchangers, and the emphasis was on the experimental side while not neglecting the necessity of validating our findings with theoretical results using CFD. A new method was used to enhance the heat transfer inside the heat exchanger by using a coil with modified steps, as the published papers did not previously address this method, which proved its effectiveness. For varied coil pitches, the numerical findings were in good agreement with the experimentally obtained results, with an error rate of less than 8%. To compare results and confirm effective correlation between pitch changes, a double coil tube is manufactured with a fixed pitch and a double coil tube with modified pitches, while maintaining the basic design parameters of tube diameter ( ), shell diameter ( ), height of shell ( ), and coil height ( ) in order to try to increase the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer. This new design enhanced heat transfer and total heat transfer coefficient at Reynolds number (400< <2000), with a 22% improvement in overall heat transfer coefficient. The new design of the coil (modified pitch) also gave an improvement in the flow distribution, which generated a higher secondary flow than the traditional pitch coil.

The deflection of reinforced concrete beams with various cross-sections was investigated in this work. The experimental program comprised of four reinforced concrete beams that were simply supported. They were put through a two-point load test. High to width ratio (h/b) was (0.36, 0.64, 1, and1.56), concrete compressive strength was from 27 MPa. The gradual increase in the (h/b) ratio (from 0.36 to 0.64, 1 and 1.56) with (27 MPa) compressive strength of concrete leads to increase the first crack load for the (N2, N3 and N4) by (74%, 111% and 122%) respectively as compared with (N1), the beams (N2, N3 and N4) exhibits an increase in the yielding load by (41.2%, 70.6% and 64.7%) respectively as compared with (N1), increase the ultimate load by (25% - 130%). The ductility index is reduced with gradual increase in the (h/b) ratio (from 0.36 to 0.64, 1 and 1.56) for (27 MPa) concrete compressive strength by (1.2% - 25.5%). For the beams (N1, N2, N3 and N4) it is noticed that the central deflection of the four beams reduced gradually at the same load with increase in the (h/b) ratio from (0.36 to 0.64, 1 and 1.56) with constant (27 MPa) compressive strength concrete. The maximum crack width decreases gradually with gradual increase in the (h/b) ratio (from 0.36 to 0.64, 1 and 1.56) for constant (27 MPa).

Experimental tests were carried out on long and intermediate columns of 2014-T4 aluminum alloy stressed to compression buckling. 24 samples were used, divided into two groups (12 specimens before shot peening and ultrasonic impact peening (SP +UIP) and the rest after (SP +UIP)). The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) were improved due (SP +UIP) by 2.60% and 3.030%, respectively. ANSYS 18.2 (APDL) with the theories of Euler and Johnson was theories was used to estimate the critical buckling load (Pcr) and compare the results with the experimental work. It was found that there was strong agreement between the theories of Euler and Johnson and theories and the experimental work, with safety factors of (1.6, 2.3) and (1.7, 2.5) for long and medium columns before and after the experiment, respectively (SP +UIP). In contrast, ANSYS 18.2 (APDL) provided good predictions with a safety factor of (2.1 and 2.6) and (1.8 and 2.6) for long and medium columns before and after (SP +UIP), respectively

This study was conducted to investigate the lateral behavior of inclined anchored pile group by using (3 pile) model embedded in sandy soil by relative density 65% under lateral static load. The distances used between the piles are 60 mm which represents (3) Dh (helix diameter), noting that the diameter of the pile is 10 mm. The types of piles used are three types, and they are a pile with a single helix, a pile with a double helix and a pile without a helix (ordinary pile), noting that the depth embedded in the soil of piles (L/d) 330 mm. The angles of inclination used in this study are (5°, 10°, 15°). The results showed that increasing the angle of inclination of the pile leads to a higher amplitude of the lateral resistance of the pile group, the side resistance of pile with a single helix increase to about (9% and 18%) upon inclination angle increase from 5° to (10°,15°) respectively. While piles with double and single helix in the groups in same angle of inclination which is (10°) increases the lateral resistance from ordinary pile (pile without helix) about 24% and 19% respectively

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is being considered as a candidate to meet the expected traffic demand growth in 5G and beyond 5G (5GB) networks. Due to the complexity of applying multiuser detection at the NOMA receiver, a number of works have suggested applying user-pairing to simplify dealing with all users as a whole. This paper addresses the effect of applying user-pairing on the performance of NOMA assisted system in general proposes three different user pairing approaches to examine which one is best for boosting the performance of multiuser NOMA system and making it reaches its potential. This paper evaluates the performance of NOMA system with organized (uniform), random, and distance-based user pairing schemes. Simulation results show that the organized pairing assisted NOMA scheme offers the best performance as compared to its pairing peer techniques in terms of the overall sum rate and the energy efficiency.

Gypseous soil exhibits problematic geotechnical engineering properties as they expand, collapse, disperse, undergo excessive settlement, owns a distinct lack of strength, and it is soluble. Gypseous soil has a metastable structure, with dissolvable minerals with a minimal quantity of clay binding the particles together. When gypseous soil unsaturated, they are quite potent. When they are subjected to increased wetness, however, the excess water weakens or damages the bonds, resulting in shear failure and subsequent settlement. Estimating the settlement of shallow foundations on gypseous soils is a difficult topic that is still not fully understood. It is concluded that artificial neural network (ANN) is appeared to be viable solution since it has been successfully used in numerous prognosis applications in geotechnical engineering. In this research, the precipitation values of gypsum soil were predicted under the influence of the applied load using an artificial neural network. The study found that this model is very good in predicting precipitation and found a convergence between the real values and the predict values.

This investigation focuses on the impact of the concrete elimination ratio on the structural behavior of bubbled reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCC) slabs. Construction and testing of eight bubbled slab specimens with dimensions of 45x45x80mm are part of the experimental program. The specimens are separated into two categories. The first set of four specimens is used to explore the effect of removing regular strength SCC from concrete, while the second group is used to investigate the effect of removing high strength SCC from concrete. According to the results of the experiments, increasing the number of balls in a typical strength SCC reduces the first fracture load from 8.3 % to 15.5 % and the ultimate load from 3.98 % to 12.15 %. The experimental results indicated that the change of No. of balls for high strength SCC decreases the first crack load from 2.5% to 8.92% and decreases the ultimate load from 5.95% to 16.19%. Also increase the No. of balls, it notes reduced the slab stiffness.

The contemporary products of the Iraqi architecture were no longer keeping pace with modernity and global developments. It was mixed with many styles of architecture over periods. The entry of modern architecture into Baghdad led to an accelerated change in the general morphological shape of the city through multi-story high buildings in the middle of the horizontal fabric. The aim of this research was to bring Iraqi architecture from the narrowness to the open ends as adaptive architecture. The research assumed that any building consistent with its general contents could be modified to the resilient selection procedure. The study used a descriptive analytical method in conjunction with a critical approach. A survey of architects and planners in Iraq was also performed. The method divided into three items; harmonization obstacles, the foundations of adaptive architecture and general Iraqi cultural contents. It made an evaluation and estimation the characteristics of the modernity movement within the concept of adaptive architecture. The methodology used qualitative approach based on the survey method (questionnaire). The results extracted indicated that the positive characteristics can unify the vision of modern architecture and urban trends towards adaptive architecture. The research concludes that adaptive architecture in Iraq was a sustainable and valuable in harmony with the contents of the common local culture. So, it could be considered as an adaptive architecture.

An earthquake is a dangerous natural phenomenon that exposes buildings to collapse and human life to danger. Due to the weakness and cost of design and implementation by seismic design requirements. Therefore, a way must be found to reduce the impact of the earthquake risk, by using the smart joints technology in steel structures. Two experimental models were analyzed theoretically, The results showed a great convergence between the experimental and theoretical programs. The case study is a numerical study containing four rigid specimens that were analyzed in the ABAQUS / CAS (2017) program with applied a horizontal quasi-static cyclic load. The difference between these samples is the difference in thickness of the rubber washer used in the specimen where it is placed under the bolt head in the beam-column connection of the rigid steel frame. Two bolts connect the column with the angle, and the beam with the angle at the top, bottom, in both sides, and two bolts that connect the beam with the shear tab (ST), and in both sides too. Thus, the total number of bolts is twenty and the total number of rubber washer are forty. The results showed that the resistant load of the model containing rubber washer with the thickness (1,2,3 mm) in the beam-column connection increased by (11.5%, 33.8%, and 47.3%), respectively, as well as a significant improvement in the cumulative energy, the ductility residual displacement, The ductility index, The drift ratio, and the equivalent viscous damping compared to the model without rubber.