political issues

Security threats are one of the most important phenomena that accompany time, past, present and future. The threat is one of the important behavioral entrances, which do not come from a vacuum and are used by humans to disclose social interactions. It is a dynamic process that involves defining the goals of the other party that it seeks to do. It is one of the political phenomena of the security environment and is distinguished from it in terms of concept, goals and objectives. Understanding the threat as an important phenomenon in the global strategic environment depends largely on the method of realizing it. The degree of the threat. Perception of the threat is the dividing line that distinguishes the real threat from the latent threat, and the process of perceiving the threat does not take place in isolation from the security environment surrounding the threat, especially the distribution of forces between international and non-international actors and units, and that the process of analyzing the relationship of those actors with the parties to the threat can It affects how the threat is perceived and the quality of response to the threat. It is also one of the factors affecting the stability or change of the threat.

After 2003, the Iraqi political system began working according to the transitional justice paths, and the most prominent of these paths was working according to the orders of the Coalition Provisional Authority, and then the institutionalization of many transitional justice institutions that worked according to its multiple mechanisms such as reparations, compensation, and some reforms, in an effort to fulfill some of the requirements for exit from The stages of the conflict and the creation of an appropriate environment for sustainable work, but the efforts made towards achieving transitional justice in Iraq after 2003 faced many challenges, due to the huge volume of crimes committed before 2003, such as executions against dissidents and thousands of missing persons, accompanied by displacement and foreign alienation, and that period of Repressive rule has ruptured the identity of the Iraqis and generated mistrust, then Iraq after 2003 witnessed a wide debate between civil identity and their own national and religious identities, and the political context of the US occupation of Iraq had a decisive impact on transitional justice efforts in light of the lack of experience necessary to understand Iraqi society and its aspirations.

The major countries are trying to increase their influence in the Arab region to ensure their superiority over the other party, taking advantage of the instability (political and security) in the Arab region as a result of the so-called Arab Spring revolutions and the increased activity of terrorist groups, in order to increase their military control over the region to support their influence and achieve their interests. And that is through direct military intervention or through participation with the countries of the region in military alliances and treaties that guarantee them the deployment of their forces in the region, in addition to competition in the arms trade because of the great importance it represents in terms of the economic aspect, given the volume of arms that Arab countries import thanks to the lack of Political and security stability as a result of the conflicts, challenges and threats it faces due to terrorist threats, in addition to the internal conflicts left by the Arab revolutions.

Eurasianism is a philosophy, and all true philosophy implicitly contains a political philosophy, a historical perspective, and the possibility of transforming into an ideology. Therefore, Eurasianism is a political philosophy based on the pluralism of civilizations and anti-imperialism, and seeks to rebuild the Soviet empire, but according to nationalist foundations.Geography helps avoid the mistakes of the past and achieve victory over the naval powers, especially the United States of America. Keywords: Eurasianism, thalassocracy, tellurism, geopolitics.

The start of the military conflict in Western Sahara when the Spanish colonizer divided the Sahara in 1975 according to the Madrid Agreement between (Morocco and Mauritania), and excluded the Polisario from that agreement, which prompted it to declare its political entity in the name of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which obtained the recognition of some countries, including Algeria, which It provided it with military and political support in its war with (Morocco - Mauritania). As a result, the Polisario was able to achieve a military victory over Mauritania, which prompted it to withdraw from the region in 1979, so the conflict between (Morocco - Polisario) became, and despite the diplomatic efforts made by the United Nations through The 1991 ceasefire and its multiple projects to end the Sahrawi issue file, but it failed in its endeavour, which affected the human rights of the Sahrawi citizen.

The issue of water in the world today is a matter of national security, as it is one of the most prominent humanitarian and political issues. In Iraq, it has become an issue that threatens the stability and future of the country because of the issues of cutting off water from the regional neighboring countries and what it suffers from from a lack of strategic reserves, as well as the issue of pollution, which is from several sources. Including the expenses of sewage, oil industries and other sources, and this issue has serious effects and repercussions on the environment, people and public health, so the Iraqi government has been developing a number of solutions to address this serious issue.

The state adopts its perceptions, policies and strategies, as well as its stances, according to two main axes: the axis of the internal state environment and the axis of the external state environment. Taking into account, when implementing its internal and external policies, the necessity of integrating roles and responsibilities, and coordinating implementation between institutions in the order to ensure continuity and effectiveness of performance. The internal and external environments are considered the main pillars of the supreme state's policy, each of which complements the other and internal environment, and institutions concerned with implementation in the external environment in is an extension of it, and complementarity between them is the gateway to building the state's strength and expressing its will.

Political leadership and community security have a major role in the state-building process, as building any state needs a wise leadership that can secure a decent life for its people. Likewise, community security has a major role in directly influencing the political process, as the more secure the society, the more it is politically stable. Economically, socially....etc. Countries have also witnessed, since ancient times, the emergence of leaders in various forms (political and religious) that directly affected the process of their renaissance, whether they were colonial or colonized countries, as every leader worked on inspiring his followers to work according to his national vision that he aspires to Through it, he changes the existing political situation, by making sure to lay the foundations of community security so that he can draw through it the general policy of the country smoothly, as the process of providing security for members of society is reflected in the course of the political process directly through the citizen’s sense of responsibility towards his country and his feeling that participation The political process is a national duty that must be done.

From the inception of NATO until the end of the Cold War, the direct strategic concerns of the alliance were limited to defending Europe against the threat of communism represented by the former Soviet Union, which cast a shadow on the regional and international scenes. International, which made the Alliance adopt more than one doctrine according to the regional and international conditions that the Alliance went through during this period.

The rapid rise and geographical expansion of ISIS in both Iraq and Syria has led to the interest of academic institutes and international research centers in the propaganda methods adopted in winning public opinion and thus expanding the recruitment base, by employing the latest means to target people, especially young people in large areas of the world, this research seeks to reveal the most prominent persuasive methods used by the terrorist organization (ISIS) in winning multiple and different categories of society, He spread his ideological ideas of an extremist nature and the psychological processes and mental appeals he uses to achieve his goals and strengthen his presence in the areas he occupies or those under his influence, by monitoring the means and methods used by the terrorist organization (ISIS) in recruiting children and women.

The research examined the details of the political parties' background and developments in Turkey and the accompanying transformations and coups in the Turkish political arena. In order to cover the subject, the background of partisan developments and the political events that took place between 1923 and 2001, how to formulate public policy, The role of the Justice and Development Party, and the areas of success that accompanied his career, such as economic policy and its development as an example of success in Turkish public policy.