Journal of University of Babylon

Background
It is known that an approximation in general topology did not study an approximation of functions as well as approximate of real contra-continuous functions but it is limited to an approximation of sets in topological spaces in general and simple.
Materials and Methods:
In this paper I will study an approximation in real contra-continuous functions space starting from providing a best approximation element of this kind of functions in a compact set and I symbol of this space by CO(R) where R is real numbers .
Results:
Also in this paper I described contra-continuous function (as continuous functions) in real numbers also, I was able to get an example of this kind of functions in R (where it very difficult example) and approximate it by Bernstein operator.
CONCLUSION:
Here, the important conclusions are that the compact set in real numbers is available best approximation element for any contra-continuous function which is located in it and the other is that the contra-continuous functions must be bounded.

Background:
Within the context of cyber security, it has become crucial to monitor systems and analyze data to maintain data security and integrity. Recently, it has become important to create a system for analyzing and classifying data, to prevent any malicious programs such as malware.
Materials and Methods:
The latest malware dataset and the latest machine-learning techniques were used to detect malware, based on dynamic feature identification.
Results:
The results showed that the FFNN algorithm was the best algorithm for the sorel20M dataset based on the research work discussed in this paper.
Conclusion:
The continuous increase in the number and types of attacks has led to a huge expansion in the variants of malware samples. Therefore, malware needs to be categorized into groups according to their behavior, influence, and characteristics. Given the fact that research and training are essential elements of cyber security, its constantly changing nature poses a great challenge. This study mainly aims to demonstrate the most recent malware dataset and modern machine-learning techniques of malware detection, based on dynamic feature selection.

Background: Despite significant developments in communications and technology, data protection has established itself as one of the biggest concerns. The data must be encrypted in order to link securely, quickly through web-based technological data transmission. Transforming plain text into ciphered text that cannot be read or changed by malicious people is the process of encryption. Materials and Methods: In order to maintain the required degree of security, both the cryptanalysis and decryption operations took a significant amount of time. However, in order to cut down on the amount of time required for the encryption and decryption operations to be completed, several researchers implemented the cryptography method in a parallel fashion. The research that has been done on the problem has uncovered several potential answers. Researchers used parallelism to improve the throughput of their algorithms, which allowed them to achieve higher performance levels on the encryption algorithm. Results: Recent research on parallel encryption techniques has shown that graphics processing units (GPUs) perform better than other parallel platforms when comparing their levels of encryption performance. Conclusion: To carry out comparison research on the most significant parallel crypto algorithms in terms of data security efficacy, key length, cost, and speed, among other things. This paper reviews various significant parallel algorithms used for data encryption and decryption in all disciplines. However, other criteria must be considered in order to show the trustworthiness of any encryption. Randomness tests are very important to discover and are highlighted in this study.

The motive behind the idea of privatization in the Kurdistan Region was to rid the government of public expenditures on the one hand, and on the other hand to open the door to economic performance, but this trend has many opponents, and is surrounded by many problems, as there are problems in the conditions for the success of privatization, and the situation The economic, productive and service sectors are also full of problems and impede privatization with positive results.
Materials and Methods
This study was based on a methodology based on collecting a sufficient amount of theoretical information from the various fields of knowledge related to the privatization of the public sector to come up with a conclusion that reveals its economic effects, in order to demonstrate the impact that the privatization of the public sector could have on economic performance in the Kurdistan Region.

Results
The privatization of the government sector in the Kurdistan Region does not lead to an increase in economic efficiency, but rather a reason for the rise in service prices provided by the private sector, the transformation of monopoly from a natural monopoly by the state into an oligopoly (private sector), the high costs of service production, and the low quality of service in some cases.

Conclusion
This research deals with the privatization of the public sectors and its problems in the Kurdistan Region, and tries to show the importance and sustainability of the public sector, as well as analyzing the most important challenges facing privatization

The development of the situation in the banking sector led to an increase in competition in providing distinguished electronic banking services to customers, which prompted banks to explore the factors influencing customers' intention to use electronic banking services through mobile phones in Iraqi banks and to provide solutions thereto. The problems that Iraqi banks suffer from. Where the research problem was represented in the lack of use of telephone banking services, although they are available 24 hours a day. Therefore, the importance of the research stems from studying the impact of electronic banking services of Iraqi banks over the phone and its impact on the intention to use customers.
The research relied on a basic hypothesis that the security of mobile banking services greatly affects the customers' intention to use them. The researcher used the analytical descriptive approach, where the research community represented all users of electronic banking services for banks (Ravidian - Al-Rashid Commercial), where a cluster sample was drawn Consisting of (120) clients. The researcher used a questionnaire form consisting of (30) items, in which the opinions of bank customers were surveyed about what they actually receive from mobile banking services. He also used SPSS. He performed T and Anova tests to show the influence of demographic factors, and analyzed the standard deviation and the arithmetic mean.
Among the most important findings of the researcher is that there is an effect of demographic variables on the use of mobile banking services, and that the use of this service reduces transportation costs, and the highest component is the mean (4.03) and the deviation (0.90), which means that there is an agreement to use the service that facilitates In carrying out banking tasks and reduces the costs incurred by the customer

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of animal waste in controlling seedling death and root rot diseases in tomato caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani In open field conditions, which were isolated from the soil of different locations. singly or in combination with the bio-control fungus Trichoderma harzianum.
Materials and Methods: The fungal pathogens and fungi, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani, were tested and diagnosed, and the pathogenicity of the fungal isolates was tested. The resistance preparation was introduced, and the terrain ability was tested for it
Results:The results of the pathogenicity test showed that the isolates taken from the greenhouses / Hilla R. solani and F. solani had the highest percentage of seedling mortality after emergence, reaching 97.500 and 95.00, respectively.The interaction showed the antagonistic ability of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum against the pathogenic fungi R. solani and F. solani, achieving an antibody score of 2.25
Conclusion: The results of the aqueous extract of animal waste showed a significant reduction of the two pathogens R.solani and F.solani, where it reached the highest value at 4.100 when isolate F.solani for poultry extract and the smallest value was 8.300 when extracting cows, while all aqueous extracts did not affect the growth of the biofungus T. harzianum .It amounted to 8,900, 9,000, 8,925, and 8,925 (cows, sheep, horses, and poultry), respectively. The results of the laboratory isolation of animal waste showed the presence of (6) species of fungi.. Alternaria sp, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Trichoderma harzianum , macrohpomina sp , Cylindrocarpon sp

Background:
This paper proposes a Hierarchical Video Compression Scheme (HVCS) method with three hierarchical layers of quality with Recurrent Quality Enhancement (RQEN‎‎) network. Image compression techniques are used to compress frames in the first layer, where frames have the highest quality. Using high-quality frame as a reference, the Bi-Directional Deep Compression (BDC) network is proposed for frame compression in the second layer with considerable quality. In the third layer, low quality is used for frame compression using adopted Single Motion Compression (SMC) network, which proposes the single motion map for motion estimation within multiple frames. As a result, SMC provide motion information using fewer bits. In decoding stage, a weighted Recurrent Quality Enhancement (RQEN‎‎) network is developed to take both bit stream and the compressed frames as inputs. In RQEN cell‎‎, the update signal and memory are weighted using quality features to positively influence information of multi-frame for enhancement. In this paper, HVCS adopts hierarchical quality to benefit the efficiency of frame coding, whereas high-quality information improves frame compression and enhances the low-quality frames at encoding and decoding stages, respectively. Experimental results validate that proposed HVCS approach overcomes the state-of-the-art of compression methods.
Materials and Methods:
Tables 1& 2 illustrate representing yielded values for rate-distortion on both video datasets. As aforementioned, PSNR and MS-SSIM are used for quality evaluation, where bit-rates are calculated using bits per pixel (bpp). Table 1 illustrates PSNR performance, where they show better PSNR performance for the proposed compression model than other methods such as Chao et al [7] or optimized methods [1]. In addition, they outperform applying H.265 on standard JCT-VC dataset. On the other side, proposed compression scheme yielded better bit-rate performance than applying H.265 on UVG. As in Table 2, the MS-SSIM evaluation provided better performance of proposed scheme than all other learned approaches, where it reached better performance than H.264 and H.265. Due to bit-rate performance on UVG, Lee ‎et al. [11] has comparable performance, and Guo ‎et al [10] yielded lower performance than H.265. Applying on JCT-VC, DVC [10] is only comparable with H.265. On the opposite, the preformance of HVCS-rate-distortion have obvious better performance than H.265.
Furthermore, BjꝊntegaard Delta Bit-Rate (BDBR) [47] is also computed depending on H.265. A BDBR measure computes the average difference of bit-rate considering H.265 anchor, where better performance is indicated on lower values of BDBR [48]. In Table 3, BDBR performance is illustrated depending on PSNR and MS-SSIM, in which, bit-rate reduction considering the anchor is indicated by showed negative numbers. Such results outperform H.265 performance, where bold numbers represent best yielded results by learned methods. Table 3 provided a fair comparison on (MS-SSIM & PSNR) optimized techniques DVC [10] considering the anchor H.265.

Results:
Tables 1& 2 illustrate representing yielded values for rate-distortion on both video datasets. As aforementioned, PSNR and MS-SSIM are used for quality evaluation, where bit-rates are calculated using bits per pixel (bpp). Table 1 illustrates PSNR performance, where they show better PSNR performance for the proposed compression model than other methods such as Chao et al [7] or optimized methods [1]. In addition, they outperform applying H.265 on standard JCT-VC dataset. On the other side, proposed compression scheme yielded better bit-rate performance than applying H.265 on UVG. As in Table 2, the MS-SSIM evaluation provided better performance of proposed scheme than all other learned approaches, where it reached better performance than H.264 and H.265. Due to bit-rate performance on UVG, Lee ‎et al. [11] has comparable performance, and Guo ‎et al [10] yielded lower performance than H.265. Applying on JCT-VC, DVC [10] is only comparable with H.265. On the opposite, the preformance of HVCS-rate-distortion have obvious better performance than H.265.
Furthermore, BjꝊntegaard Delta Bit-Rate (BDBR) [47] is also computed depending on H.265. A BDBR measure computes the average difference of bit-rate considering H.265 anchor, where better performance is indicated on lower values of BDBR [48]. In Table 3, BDBR performance is illustrated depending on PSNR and MS-SSIM, in which, bit-rate reduction considering the anchor is indicated by showed negative numbers. Such results outperform H.265 performance, where bold numbers represent best yielded results by learned methods. Table 3 provided a fair comparison on (MS-SSIM & PSNR) optimized techniques DVC [10] considering the anchor H.265.
Conclusion:
This work proposes a learned video compression scheme utilizing the hierarchical frame quality with recurrent enhancement. Specifically, this work proposes dividing frames into hierarchical levels 1, 2 and 3 in decreasing quality. For the first layer, image compression methods are proposed, while proposing BDC and SMC for layers 2 and 3 respectively. RQEN‎‎ network is developed with frame quality compressed frames and bit-rate information as inputs for multi-frame enhancement. Experimental results validated the efficiency of proposed HVCS compression scheme.
Similarly with other compression techniques, frame structure is manually set the in this scheme. A promising recommendation for future work can be accomplished by developing DNN networks which are automatically learned for the prediction and hierarchy.

semiconductors due to the presence of a row of four equally spaced Cd atoms surrounded by one S atom. Both the cubic and hexagonal crystal forms of Cd-S have very similar nearest neighbor bond lengths. Material and Methods: The cadmium sulfide compound was prepared at a concentration of 1 M by dissolving the percentage by weight of each of cadmium(13.326g) and sulfur (3.806g) in 100 ml of distilled water. Cobalt was prepared at a concentration of 0.5M by dissolving a percentage by weight of Cobalt acetate (14.55g) in 100 ml of distilled water. Films CdS and CdS:Co were prepared using the chemical method, which is the thermal chemical spraying technique, which deposited a solution of cadmium sulfide mixture of cobalt solution with cadmium sulfide on a glass floor.
Results: The thickness of the prepared films was 100 mm. The surfaces of the prepared films were studied by measuring transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the prepared films are homogeneous and have crystalline granules of spherical shape, and the addition of cobalt to the cadmium sulfide compound led to an increase in the particle size values. The electrical properties represented by measuring the voltaic- current were studied, and the results showed that the relationship between the voltaic- current is linear, and this indicates that the prepared films behave as ohmic.
Conclusion: The continuous electrical conductivity was also calculated, and the results showed that the addition of cobalt acetate to the cadmium sulfide compound led to an increase in the electrical conductivity values. The gas sensitivity of the prepared films towards hydrogen sulfide gas was studied, and the results showed that the prepared films had good sensitivity, and adding cobalt acetate to the cadmium sulfide compound led to a decrease in the sensitivity values.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae were considered as normal flora of skin, and intestine. It can cause damage to human lungs; the danger of this bacterium is related to exposure to the hospital surroundings.
materials and methods: the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae on morphological and biochemical tests and then assured with VITEK 2 system. Resistance to antibiotics was determined by Kirby-Baeur method. And genotyping of IMP-1 in isolates was done by PCR technique, then biofilm formation was identified by Micro titer plate method.
Results: The present study included a collecting of 50 specimens from different clinical specimens, (blood 40%, urine 30%, sputum 20%, wound infection 10%); 10 isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae .
All isolates, under study, developed high resistance toward Cefitrixon, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ticarcillin, Ticarcillin+Clavulanic acid, and Ceftazidim estimated by disc diffusion method. All isolates characterized by harboring the highest resistant in a percentage reached 100% against antibiotics, under study. This study determined the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration were detected by eight E-test strips for isolates. As well as the isolates were strong biofilm production for three isolates, while three were moderate of biofilm formation and other isolates were weak former; at the value of (P≤0.05) was considered as a significant. Genotype detection of Metalo-beta lactamase (IMP-1) by PCR technique in Klebsiella pneumoniae . Upon using PCR technique exposed only three isolates;30% of isolates (two from urine, one from blood) samples harbored IMP-1 gene. The study was also found relationship between IMP-1 and biofilm formation in isolates which were harboring these genes, when (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions: K. pneumoniae were isolated from different sources. All isolates were resistant to most antibiotics used in this study. The isolates have Metallo-beta lactamse. PCR was showed K. pneumoniae have IMP-1 gene,.This study also found there was relationship between biofilm formation and IMP-1 gene in K. pneumoniae (P≤0.05).

Blockchain is a database that is stored in chronological order in a secure and stable manner. Bitcoin was the initial application of Blockchain technology, but due to its benefits in terms of security, privacy, and autonomous control, it has been adopted by a variety of industries. Blockchain technology is created by cryptographically connecting blocks together. Because each block contains both its own hash and the one before it, no outsider can break the chain. Blockchain technology is used in a variety of industrial, commercial, security, supply chain, IoT, and others. This is because it has the advantages of controlling, organizing, and storing data. The purpose of this article is to list some of the applications and development areas of Blockchain.
Materials and Methods:
In Blockchain technology, security, stability (immutability), and decentralization are among the important things that make this technology useful in various areas of life that serve the user. These advantages were used to solve many problems facing the network, including those of productivity, processing time, and scalability. Various methods were used in the solution, including working on a change in the network structure, choosing a basic node (the manager), parallel mining, and competing with other miners.
Results:
Through recent studies, it has been shown that the Blockchain technology has been used in various fields, as it is characterized by many advantages, the most important of which are security, decentralization, and stability. Because of these advantages, it outperforms other technologies.
Conclusion:
Due to its advantages, the tendency to use blockchain technology has increased in many fields, including financial, agricultural, commercial, health, the Internet of Things, and others. It includes decentralization, distribution, reliability, and stability. There are other trends that have worked to improve the performance, efficiency, and security of the blockchain system itself, In the Internet of Things, healthcare, supply chain management, the banking sector, and digital marketing In addition to studies that include improving the efficiency, security, and development of the system.

Background: Multidrug-resistant efflux pumps are one of the most significant methods by which bacteria can evade the effects of numerous antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant MDR, extremely drug-resistant XDR, and pan-drug-resistant PDR K. pneumoniae phenotypes in clinical isolates, as well as to examine the detection and prevalence of efflux pump genes ompK35, ompK36, tolC, and acrAB in multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 60 isolates of K. pneumoniae collected from different clinical samples in Erbil hospitals. The frequency of MDR, XDR, and PDR K. pneumoniae phenotypes was characterized through an antibiotic susceptibility profile, and genes associated with efflux pumps and porins were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.
Results: All 60 K. pneumoniae isolates were resistance to one or more classes of antibiotics tested in this study. The maximum resistance was observed with ampicillin (95%), followed by piperacillin acid (83%). Among all isolates the percentage of MDR, XDR, and PDR were (38%), (37%), and (25%) respectively. Furthermore, the distribution of efflux pump genes was acrAB (95%) and tolC (93%), while the prevalence of porin-coding genes ompK35 and ompK36 were (80%) and (82%) respectively.
Conclusion: Prevalence of MDR, XDR, and PDR K. pneumoniae strains in Erbil city is worrisome in hospital wards. Furthermore, Genes encoding efflux pump and porins such as acrAB, tolC, ompk35, and ompK36 were highly distributed among all isolates.

Recently, a lot of studies have been interested in recognizing and detection of emotions in people with autism. The main goal of this paper is to survey different studies which have been concerned emotional state of people with autism. The survey includes two parts, first one focused on studies which use facial expressions to recognize and detect emotions. As facial expressions are considered the affective and important techniques which is used to express different patterns of emotions. Second parts of this study, focuses on different technical methods like machine learning, deep learning and other algorithms that are employed to analyze and determine the facial behaviors of people with autism. To find the optimal solution, a comparison of current emotion-detecting systems is investigated in this paper.

Agriculture is considered in all parts of the world, especially in developed countries, the main source of livelihood and progress, and it has become wrong or illogical to increase agricultural production either horizontally through reclamation of new non-arable lands or vertically using advanced agricultural methods if agriculture relied on primitive methods. The agricultural mechanization field is concerned with, first and foremost, the comprehensive and integral development of humans and their communities as provided by understandable, scientific, practical and economical means and methods in order to develop and advance their countries and standard of living, as well as the operations training and preparation of human cadres technically and administratively to get filled. The basis of the work of the tractor in the field is to manage and operate agricultural machinery through one of the sources of exploiting the capacity in it. The most used of these sources is the tension bar, and the tension bar is the least efficient of these sources due to its dependence on the interaction between the wheel and the soil. The study of standard performance parameters of agricultural tractor, is reviewed herewith, which may help to the researchers in planning their experiments abut performance mechanics more useful and in right direction to get more accurate results. Traction performance 0.5 for belts and 0.4 for tires, the percentages of difference ranged between 10% and 17% for tire pressure. Tractor performance audits aim to provide information, data and readings to researchers and stakeholders in tractor mechanics for years to come

Background: The world's most common cause of illness and death is still bacterial infections. According to a World Health Organization report, bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a serious threat to global public health. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as an antibiotic alternative has increased. Results: Due to the nanoparticles' inherent antibacterial activity, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are the most promising nanomaterials for biological applications. Although nanoparticles have intriguing antibacterial properties, their use in medical applications is currently restricted due to the lack of clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying their action. Conclusion: The main focus of this review was the interactions between bacteria and the antibacterial capabilities of nanoparticles. Membrane contact, cation release, biomolecule oxidation, production of reactive oxygen species, and reactive oxygen species are some ways bacteria can kill themselves. Examining how NP affects gene and protein regulation patterns (transcriptomic and proteomic) is crucial.

These compounds are formed by combining a targeting molecule, such as an antibody or peptide, with a therapeutic agent, such as a chemotherapy drug or toxin. This approach allows for targeted delivery of the therapeutic agent to cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues and reducing side effects. Bioconjugates have shown significant potential in preclinical and clinical studies, with several FDA-approved drugs currently available for the treatment of cancer.
There are several types of bioconjugates currently being developed for cancer treatment, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), and nanoparticle-drug conjugates (NDCs). ADCs are the most well-established type of bioconjugate and have been approved for the treatment of several types of cancer, including breast cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia. PDCs and NDCs are newer classes of bioconjugates that are still in the preclinical and early clinical stages of development. Ongoing research in this field aims to improve the efficacy and safety of bioconjugates and expand their use to a wider range of cancer types. As research in this field continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative and effective bioconjugate drugs being developed in the future. These drugs are designed to target specific cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells unharmed, and have the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. Furthermore, bioconjugates can be tailored to individual patients, allowing for personalized and targeted cancer therapy.

Background:
To study the nuclear structure, a novel model known as the interacting boson model-one (IBM-1) is utilized. It is hypothesized that low-lying collective quadrupole states can be produced as states of an N-boson system capable of occupying two levels, other with angular momentum J = 0 and one with angular momentum J = 2.
Materials and Methods:
We investigated the nuclear structure of Molybdenum in the theoretical context. We utilized the Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1) to discover the appropriate Hamiltonian for investigating (_42^100)Mo -isotope in this work.
Results:
To generate the Hamiltonian, we calculated energy levels (ground, beta and gamma) bands and B(E2) transitions for the (_42^100)Mo-isotope using the best-suited parameter values.
Conclusions:
According to this study and the IBM test results, (_42^100)Mo has a transition behavior of SU(5) limitations. When the results are compared with the experimental data, they show good agreement.

Background:
It has been published on the physicochemical processes used to create zinc nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), as well as some in-depth investigations on the biokinetics and mechanism of ZnO toxicity. Nevertheless, some of these physical and chemical methods of production are pricey and might potentially absorb harmful chemicals. Therefore, new research is dominated by environmentally friendly nanoparticle synthesis because of their simpler procedure, cheaper availability, and excellent stability. Particularly, the production of ZnO NPs via important biological systems like bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts has stimulated research in a variety of biological applications. In this study, we have discussed several natural source-mediated syntheses of ZnO NPs and their functions in biological processes like photocatalysis, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anticandidal, larvicidal, and anticandidal activity.
Conclusion:
ZnO has been the subject of extensive research for several decades in order to better understand its properties and methods of preparation, which include chemical, physical, biological, and other approaches. Each approach has advantages over the others, such as the ability to control the type and degree of purity, as well as the nature and roughness of the surface.
Consequently, it requires special consideration from the scientific community. Investigate this low-cost, time, material, and cost approach for producing ZnO NPs that is environmentally benign, non-toxic, and commercially viable.

In this work, we compute the decomposition matrix to the spin (projective) characters of S_29, which is the correlations between the irreducible spin characters and the irreducible modular spin characters of S_29, for a given field characteristic of p=11. We may obtain it by figuring out all irreducible spin characters for S_29, p=11 by fixing all bar partitions, as well as all irreducible modular spin characters for S_29, p=11, where we generate projective character for S_29 by projective character of S_28 and used Maple program to see all the possible of columns to choose the possible the right columns of them. The aim of this study is to pave the way for finding general relationships and theorems to study irreducible modular spin characters.
Materials and Methods:
We have used the (r,r ̅)-inducing to generate projective character S_29 by projective character of S_28 and Maple program to choose the possible the right columns
Results:
We find decomposition matrix to the spin (projective) characteristics of S_29 for a given field characteristic of p=11 which equals B_1⊕ B_2⊕…⊕ B_21
Conclusions:
We have conducted multiple studies to get sufficient data to identify new characteristics and theorems if the field characteristic is prime because there is no standard approach for researching the issue, especially when we prove the field and the change of groups. Prior scholars achieved this when they looked at the division matrix in the field where the characteristic is 0, We used the (r,r ̅)-inducing also, we used Maple programming to view every possible columns.

Background:
A compound is defined as the substance that arises from the mixing of two different substances, and the new materials produced have new properties that differ from the properties of the primary materials. The material produced has a cohesive structure. A compound consists of two basic components, the base material called the "matrix" and the additive called the "filler". The matrix is a polymer, and the filler is different from the type of polymer; it is an inorganic substance like minerals. The filler within the crystalline medium (matrix) is randomly distributed; this occurs because the particle size of the two materials (polymer and filler) are nearly equal and separate when the size of the filler particles is small relative to the size of the polymeric particle.
Materials and Methods:
The mechanical (hardness and compressive strength) and ultrastructural properties were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) for different concentrations of the added nanomaterials are (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5) wt%. With the casting method, to be used to prepare samples of structural properties, special molds have been used to examine the mechanical properties (hardness and compressive strength), through which the surface can be viewed with high precision very small (100 µm to less than 1 µm) . Compressive strength test is important. It is very important for dental materials as these materials must have mechanical properties similar to the teeth in order to resist chewing forces and it is compressive in a force range of (450-500) newtons. The compressive strength test is very important for dental materials as these materials must have mechanical properties, for the purpose of measuring the compressive strength, cylindrical samples with a diameter of (3 mm) and a thickness of (6 mm).
Results:
The (AFM) images showed the surface shape of the nanopolymer (PMMA) before and after the addition of nanomaterials, where we notice in a clear picture the increase in the roughness, the mean root value (RMS) and the average particle size. After adding the oxides, and increasing the added proportions, since the roughness when adding nano-oxides is useful for tooth adhesion, and despite the difference in (roughness) values, the values are still less than (200 nm), which was reported as an initial point for the accumulation of bacterial plaques and the risk of incidence of caries and periodontitis, and it can be assumed that the surfaces evaluated in this study have a smooth surface. Which does not represent any risk of scale build-up. We also notice when studying and examining the mechanical properties of hardness, as hardness is the surface resistance to cutting and scratching, as we notice an increase in hardness with increasing concentrations of nanomaterials. The compressive strength test of the nanofilling was also carried out before and after the addition of nanomaterials, as we notice an increase in the amount of compression with the increase in the percentage of addition of nanomaterials as well. These oxides are very safe and harmless to the human body.

Conclusion:
Samples of novel nanocomposites (PMMA-ZnO-MgO) for dental filling applications have been synthesized. The addition of nanomaterials to the pure polymer leads to an increase in the surface roughness, as well as the roughness rate, the average root value (RMS), and the average grain size with an increase in the proportions of impurities, which leads to an increase in the cohesion and hardness of the filling, as the increase in agglomerations leads to an increase in the cohesion of the filling with the teeth and its durability. While the higher the added percentage, the roughness increased, as we found the highest roughness at (7.5)%, which reached (34.72 nm). Therefore, the filler achieved clear structural properties and a radical change in the structure of the polymer used as a result of the addition of nanomaterials, in addition to durability, quality, safety, and suitability for human tissues. The study showed the mechanical properties and proved that the material (MgO) containing the nano-filling has resistance to the compressive strength test, as it reached the highest resistance to the compressive strength of the addition ratio (7.5)%, which amounted to (150 MPa), while the hardness reached (90.7 MPa) at (7.5%), where The physical properties increase with the increase in the percentage of added nanomaterials.

Background:
The work focuses on enhancing the structural properties, where the Cd1-x Mgx Fe2O4 products prepared by sol-gel solution were characterized. Auto ignition approach using several automated equipment, as FESEM, XRD, for concentrations (x=0.0,0.8 and 1), post-synthesis plasmas were exposed in a low-pressure chamber using the RF Magnetron Sputtering System and the results compared. by X-ray diffraction analysis, confirms the configuration to the FCC cubic structure of the studied samples. Plasma treatment did not affect the crystallization but the crystal size (D) of the particle size decreases after exposure to plasma from (32.33- 27.083)nm . Morphological studies confirmed surface shape changes and particle size reduction upon exposure to plasma.
Materials and Methods:
The sol-gel method common and old a chemical process for the production of a variety of nanostructures, most notably nanoparticles of metal oxide. In which The molecular feedstock is combined with water or alcohol and then subjected to moderate heating while being agitated. The basic principle pertaining to the sol-gel technology is to manufacture a homogenous solution created from raw materials also then gelatinized . The powders are ground and sintered in a refractory oven at 1100 ° C for 6 hours. The powder was then pressed by a hydraulic press at a pressure of 150 kN into molds to form a disc with a diameter of 20 mm. The work will take place in two phases: before exposing it to the plasma, and then when the samples are placed into the RF Magnetron Sputtering.
Results:
The X-ray measurements showed that the un-exposure and plasma- exposure samples have a cubic spinel structure, and that the variation of the structural parameters with the exposure is irregular, Consequently enhancing the atoms' ability to diffuse after being put onto the substrate and grain size of the sample. The morphological analysis of the as-prepared ferrite Cd1-xMgxFe2O4 samples was performed using FE-SEM, which gives details on the size and structure of the particles that make up the nanocrystals. The surface exposed to the plasma shows a change in the positions of the crystals and their cohesion with each other , which may result from a decrease in supermagnetic effect and lattice defects in Ferrite nanocrystalline films.
Conclusion:
The aim of this work is to synthesize Cd1-xMgx Fe₂O4 ferrite nanoparticles in spinel cube structure by sol-gel self-combustion method. Then, the synthesis of thermal plasma using Radio frequency (RF) plasma, where the structural properties, surface shape, and interpretation were studied properties of ferrite nanoparticles produced before and after plasma exposure. According to the conducted XRD investigations the validity of the cubic spinel structure of ferrite and that the irregular difference in the size of the crystals before and after the exposure, the particle size decreases after exposure to plasma from (32.33- 27.083)nm, and the capillary parameter they were reduced from (8.892 to 8.743)nm for plasma-treated samples. the results obtained from shaping cubic spinel phase in both iron nanoparticles before and after plasma exposure supported by the XRD results. The morphological study revealed irregularity grain distribution and dominant agglomeration in ferrite before and after exposure

Background: The consumer's culture determines his behavior in a certain direction and not others. Because the culture that was formed by him as a result of customs, traditions, experiences, and others is a major driver towards sales.
Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was used as a main tool for collecting the required data by distributing it to the sample members. The researcher distributed the questionnaire realistically to the clients of the city center of Hilla, and no form was excluded, so that the final sample size was (384) clients, and it was analyzed using a number of statistical tests available within the two programs. Statisticians (AMOS.V.23, SPSS.v23).
Results: The results of the study show that there is a correlation of some dimensions of the intermediate variable with the dependent variable, and there is an effect relationship for some dimensions of the intermediate variable with the dependent one
Conclusion: The consumer culture is the first line of defense to protect the consumer from the risks of poor goods and services and commercial fraud.

One of the most serious types of cancer is skin cancer. The rising number of skin cancer cases, high mortality rate, and high cost of medical treatment necessitate early detection of its symptoms. Skin cancer is detected and differentiated from melanoma using lesion criteria such as symmetry, color, size, and shape.
Given the significance of these challenges, researchers have developed a variety of early-detection approaches for skin cancer.
This paper comprehensively reviews classical and deep-learning techniques for detecting early skin cancer. The performance of these techniques is evaluated based on various metrics, and the datasets used for training and testing are analyzed. Studies using techniques such as clinical examination, dermoscopy, and histopathology are identified, and the architecture of the deep neural networks used for skin cancer detection is analyzed. A comprehensive comparison of classical and deep-learning techniques for skin cancer detection is provided in this review paper.

The aim of this work is to study the concept of the parameter plane, so we are interested in introducing the Mandebrot set,as well as the Mandelbrot set is a fractals ,whereas, if we zoom in on any small piece in the border regions of the shape, we notice that it is similar to the original shape, that is the Mandelbrot set, with special topological specifications, and we introduce of some properties of the Mandelbrot sets for the map in the form Q_α (z)=αz-αz^2, where α is a complex constant, and we prove that the conjecture is the Duadi-Hubbard theorem . By studying of the parameter plane that the Mandelbrot set is a component form in one of its details in the dynamical plane it is the Julia set , in other words every small detail of the Mandelbrot set represents the Julia set, so there is more than one characteristic of the Julia set, we will limit ourselves only to presenting the connection of the Julia set for Q_α.

Background:
Video steganography has become a popular option for protecting secret data from hacking attempts and common attacks on the internet. However, when the whole video frame(s) are used to embed secret data, this may lead to visual distortion.
Materials and Methods:
This work is an attempt to hide sensitive secret image inside the moving objects in a video based on separating the object from the background of the frame, selecting and arranging them according to object's size for embedding secret image. The proposed approach reverses the secret image bits and uses XOR technique between the reversed bits and the detected moving object bits for embedding. The proposed approach provides more security and imperceptibility as the moving objects are used for embedding, so it is difficult to notice the changes in the moving objects instead of using background area for embedding in the video. Further development to the proposed approach in the area of video steganography has been done by applying spatial model in combination with statistical model. Additional LSB styles have been also applied to evaluate the ability of the proposed approach in detecting moving objects. In addition to evaluating the robustness of the proposed approach against different attacks such as salt and pepper noise and median filtering.
Results:
The experimental results showed the better visual quality of the stego video with PSNR values exceeding 70 dB, this indicates that the proposed method works without causing much distortion in the original video and transmitted secret message.
Conclusion:
The experimental proof of the proposed approach can successfully detect and embed secret image. Also, it provides more security and imperceptibility as the data was hidden in the moving objects and the updates in the moving objects are difficult to notice rather than the static region in a video.

Background:
In recent years, solar energy has gained increased attention. The energy from the sun is unlimited and environment friendly. It is useful in decreasing the carbon dioxide emission that comes from the burning of fossil fuels and leads to global warming.
Materials and Methods:
The tilt angle of a solar panel is an important parameter that affects its performance. This paper provides the tilt angle of solar panels for 90 capital cities in 90 countries in the northern and southern hemispheres. Solar Irradiance Calculator is used to calculate the tilt angles from vertical.
Results:
The tilt angle for the studied capital cities ranges from 11° to 90° in winter, 41° to 105° in summer and 26° to 90° for year-round. The output results obtained from the calculator are very close to those calculated from equations and agree with previous studies.
Conclusions:
According to the results of the current work, only the latitude is required to calculate the tilt angle at any location worldwide. These results can be generalized to any location on the earth. The results of this work are expected to give valuable information to the users of solar panels.