Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences

This study deals with the dispute settlement of construction contracts by the judiciary in Iraq, as well as identifying the reasons that contribute to these conflicts occur. Scientific methodology was followed by the collection data about contracting construction (51) contracts, where conflicts have occurred between the contractor and the employer and that the impact has been to resort to the judiciary to resolve them, As well as data collection for the (83) case of ʺpenalty taking work from contractorsʺ. The research is found that there are seventeen reasons for the occurrence of disputes between the contractor and the employer, the (employer's delay in the disbursement of the financial duties of the contractor) occupy first rank and a percentage of (22.73%), follow in the second rank (default by the employer in the removal of the obstacles that objects the contractors works) and by (10.6%), but (delete, add, or the introduction of new clauses on quantities) and (delay of the employer to receive the carried work preliminary or final) occupy third rank with (9.09%). Litigation takes several years to resolve disputes in construction contracts.It is found that (95%) of the decisions (in the sample study cases) issued by the Court are based on the report of the experts engineers who are used to express their artistic opinion on a specific subject in the case.

All Iraqi cities also Erbil city are particularly significant growth since 2005 and so far because of great opening that took place and an increase in rates of economic growth which was reflected in the per capita income and the development of infrastructure and public services. Because of the big shortage in all kinds of service projects, residential and entertainment. decision maker adopting the idea of investing in these areas and to develop and improve the reality after coming out of economic crises caused by wars over the country in general and the events experienced by the city of Irbil, in particular, and for the work and construction, attracting foreign investments had to be set up a facilities to investment firms and investors for the success of the process decision makers try to find the laws of planning or change the laws planning in according to the wishes of investors and to stimulate the investment process and thus develop and improve services and meet the requirements without referring to the main reasons that the laws has set for it. As is well known to urban planners that the laws designed to protect the uses of the land where you are trying to stop any abuses would confuse the planning process.

one of the main housing problems in the modern era emerged from the case of environmental and urban degradation and the accompanying population growth and an increasing scarcity of natural resources, which has established itself firmly on the planning status of contemporary in an attempt to find appropriate solutions to this problem orientation was towards the concept of sustainability, which in turn is a global demand necessary contributes mainly in the treatment of a lot of this problem and then configure the general perception of the concept and methodology to be applied to urban and urban areas, which are aimed at forming healthy urban environment, health, social, urban and environmentally suitable for all economic groups in society, and I have touched on the concept of sustainability and its history briefly , as well as sustainable development and the basics of sustainable urban planning with the definition of the structure of the city's urban and address standards of planning, and has been eating Neighbourhood Unit being the main Aalouhdh in the structure of the urban city. with the development of the most important sustainable planning in detail the concepts with Astertajat application of these concepts in the neighboring implications the residential environment as a model can be a start for the dissemination of sustainable planning applications in urban design and urban planning of our cities contemporary line To be the problem of the research is that the residential neighborhoods in contemporary cities suffer from the weakness evident in the achievement of the principles of urban sustainability in the built environment as a result of the lack of a clear vision of the great impact of the application of sustainable urban planning concepts on housing environment residential neighbors and especially those that are considered fundamental group unit for the emergence of cities and the wealth of the solution to the problems of the expansion of agricultural land and not to the depletion of natural resources, agricultural land and reduce the energy consumption and therefore reduce the various infections with developing the economy and raising the social level of the communities Alexanah.lzlk the aim of the research is centered on asking perceptions affecting the concepts of sustainable planning and environmental, social, economic, physical and its effects on residential environment with taking as a model .oantaleg neighboring residential search in the premise that the implementation of sustainable urban planning concepts will create residential Abih sound and healthy, safe and socially homogeneous and compact urban

Most of the historical city centers are subjected to great pressures due to urbanization and urban involvements by individuals and institutions. This intervention may change the original urban structure and threaten its involvements. The problem is the lack of a perception of the impact of urban participation and its impact on the urban environment, assuming that patterns of urban participation may have an effective impact on that urban environment. Then, the research aims at focusing on good practices and supporting the active groups in improving the urban environment of the city centers. Therefore, the research is concerned with activating the ways of urban participation in improving the urban environment. The research found that there is an actual state of change in some features of the city centers as a result of many urban interventions. Control of the nature of urban participation can improve the control of changes in the urban environment in a positive way to the latest developments and requirements of modern life of the inhabitants. The research recommends the development of mechanisms and policies appropriate to the content of change in historical centers to make them viable and keep with developments.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of three types of external packaging materials (Gypsum board, Alucobond, Ceramic) for the residential building werecarried out in the present work, to reduce heating load in winter. Experiments were carried out at the university of Wasit (Al-Kut city, late 32.5N), winter season by building small room from sandwich panel. Theroom's dimensions were 2m width, 2m length and 2.4m height. The south wall was made two slots. The slot dimensions are 0.3m width and 1m height.Two types of wallswerebuilt in the two slots. The first wall was built from common bricks. The second wall was built from bricks covered with packaging material.The radiant time series (RTS) method was used for calculating the experimental heat losses through the walls. The ESP-R program from Energy Systems Research Unit (ESRU) -University of Strathclydeused to calculate the theoretical results[1]. It is the intensity of the radiation and temperature on the walls.The results of the experimental work show that the maximum values of percentage energy saving as follows: Externalpackaging materials; 16.77%Gypsum board,2.73%Alucobond and 2.3%Ceramic.

The research attempts to reveal the design thinking that goes on in the designer’s mind when he tries to allocate a
certain activity inside the architectural project. The research views designing as an explicable process even if beginner or
experienced designers couldn’t give convincing reasons for all the decisions they make. The designer is a person who works on
the data given to him and produces his design idea through a planned succession of analytical, structural and evaluative steps
until he reaches the best possible solutions. Accordingly, the research hypothesizes that the activity inside the architectural
project depends, to a great extent, on the development of the design idea in the designer’s mind. The aim of the study has been to
reach the best design method for activity inside the architectural project through design strategies.