Kufa Journal of Arts

The study of the subject of gender or equality between men and women, the first thing that concerns us is the educational gender discrimination, as education is the step on the path to intellectual and cultural liberation for humans in general and for women in particular, as they are the first educators in the family, and the possibility of strengthening the female element in the different levels of education, which contains the beginnings of cultural progress, which is in reality a change for the better, and the process of social, political and cultural development and advancement is affected by the extent of the contribution of all citizens without discrimination, through the mechanisms that can be adopted to raise the status of women in the family and in society and thus empower them economically and socially.

This research aims to provide an analysis of the reality of tourism activity in the governorates of Najaf and Babylon. The year (2018) was chosen as the last year for which complete data could be obtained from the relevant authorities. We will review the overall indicators of hotel activity and tourist accommodation complexes in the two governorates through (number of employees, wages and benefits, revenues, expenses). The net profits of both governorates from the tourism sector will be extracted, and the effectiveness of tourism activity in the study area and the comparison between them will be determined using several indicators of economic efficiency, including the indicator (unit wage, capital return, social justice, economic activity, tourism management efficiency), which will help us know which of the two governorates is more efficient economically and touristically.

The research entitled (General Political Conditions in Lebanon 1908-1943 (Preliminary Reading)) focused on the general political conditions that Lebanon witnessed starting from 1908 AD, which was represented by the Ottoman Constitutional Revolution and the political changes that resulted from that revolution that deeply affected the entire region and clarified the weakness that the Ottoman state was suffering from during that period, which led to the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the installation of his brother Muhammad Rashad, and the emergence of the nationalist movement in Lebanon, through the control of the Unionists over the reins of power after that, and the outbreak of the First and Second World Wars and the Lebanese position on them, and the internal political conditions and following the beginning of the emergence of the state of Lebanon.

The development of strategic grain crops (wheat, barley, rice, yellow corn) in Iraq faces a set of natural and human determinants that have affected its food security and consequently the political and economic security of the state. Filling the production gap through imports to meet consumption requirements, this policy adopted by the Iraqi state, exposes the state to food dependency on foreign countries, in addition to wasting hard currency abroad, which affects the state’s sovereignty and weakens its strength.

The science of readings is considered one of the important topics of the sciences of the Qur’an that has received the attention of interpreters; due to their keenness to control the reading of the Qur’anic text and the diversity it adds to understanding the meanings of the Qur’anic verses. Among these interpreters is the scholar Muhammad al-Mashhadi. In addition to being one of the most important students of the scholar al-Majlisi and one of the most prominent scholars of the twelfth century AH, and being a brilliant interpreter, the scholar al-Mashhadi did not neglect to pay attention to the great importance of the science of readings in his interpretation of Kanz al-Daqa’iq wa Bahr al-Ghara’ib, as he gave it the utmost importance in his interpretation. The research noted an expansion in the study of readings and their aspects and the inclusion of the readings of the imams of the reciters and the mention of their owners.

Interpreting the Qur’an with the Qur’an is one of the principles that various scholars of the past and present have relied on in interpreting the Holy Qur’an. Scholars have emphasized the importance of this in interpretation, and that it cannot be dispensed with by the interpreter in order to reach a meaning of the Holy Qur’an, and that neglecting it is a major cause of deviation in interpreting the Book of Allah Almighty. Interpreting the Qur’an with the Qur’an originated and became rooted at the hands of the Messenger of Guidance (may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) since the revelation of the Holy Qur’an. Many indications have come in the Holy Qur’an to the virtue of this interpretation, explicitly and by reference, in order to reach a meaning of a verse in the Glorious Qur’an. The Prophet (may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) applied this in a number of hadiths, and the Companions, followers, and those after them followed this, and they expanded it in an apparent manner, and they are between few and many in this. This type of interpretation is beyond reproach and there is no objection to it, but the error is returned from the interpreter himself, by interpreting something in a way that is not an interpretation of it upon investigation.

Umm Rahal area is located in the dry region in southern Iraq - northwest of Muthanna Governorate. The area was studied from a hydrogeological perspective, and the field work included determining the locations of pumping wells, as six pumping wells and two monitoring wells were used. The amount of decline and return in the groundwater level was measured, along with measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of the water at the beginning and end of pumping. The main reservoir was found to be the Dammam Formation reservoir, which represents an unconfined aquifer. The study revealed that the thickness of the reservoir increases as we move to the southwest of the study area and decreases towards the north, at a rate of (63 m). In addition, the study of the hydraulic properties of these wells using pumping tests data and the (1946) Cooper-Jacob method showed high rates, ranging between (excellent - high), as the water conductivity rate (T) reached (1640.1 m2/day), while the hydraulic conductivity rate (K) reached (43 m/day), and it is classified as a natural resource of great regional importance.

Justice is the most important and essential moral and political virtue, and it is the highest virtue, and its sublime feature made it precedence over all other moral virtues, and justice is the most controversial in ancient and modern times, so the issue of building theories of justice and its effects was the preoccupation of many philosophers, and Aristotle's ancient theory and John Rawls' contemporary theory are among the most important theories formulated to address the concept of justice, as Aristotle and John Rawls are among the philosophers who had an influence in intellectual circles, especially with regard to their views on justice, while Aristotle's theory was an expression of the Greek spirit, John Rawls' theory is an expression of the spirit of contemporary societies

The research aims to study the available climatic potentials in the study area and compare them with the requirements necessary for the growth of field crops (wheat and barley) in order to know the extent of compatibility between the potentials and requirements necessary for their cultivation, as compatibility leads to encouraging and successful cultivation of these crops. By conducting a statistical analysis of the variance between the elements of the climatic requirements for wheat and barley crops and the climatic potentials available in the study area, a set of indicators appeared, the most important of which is the absence of variance between the requirements and potentials in the average temperature, light duration, relative humidity and accumulated heat. This indicates the climatic suitability between the potentials and requirements for wheat and barley crops in these elements and thus confirms the encouragement and success of their cultivation, while the amount of rainfall showed its insufficiency in providing the water requirement for these crops, and the wind speed is higher than the need of these crops

The concept of Quranic grammar is a new concept, the origin of which was derived by scholars from the interest of the ancients in grammar in an attempt to understand the Holy Quran. Many studies and researches have been written about this concept, but it lacked a methodology, and the scientific vision of the usefulness of this grammar was not clear.

There is a difference between what is called (Quranic grammar and Quranic grammar).

The research talks about the Soviet-Pakistani relations during the year 1980, which witnessed important developments at the regional and international levels, especially after the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan on December 27, 1979, which increased the tension in the Soviet-Pakistani relations during that year and created a political crisis in the relations between the two countries, the effects of which continued for several years. The research sheds light on the nature of the relations between the two countries and the negotiations that took place between them regarding resolving the Afghan crisis.

The current research aims to:

Build a teaching strategy based on the theory of brain-based learning.

2. Identify the effect of the teaching strategy based on the theory of brain-based learning on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in the subject of Arabic grammar.

To achieve the research objectives, the researcher set the following null hypothesis: "There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average achievement of students in the experimental group who study Arabic grammar using the teaching strategy built according to the brain-based learning theory, and students in the control group who study the same subject in the usual way." The researcher adopted the descriptive and experimental approaches, and chose the experimental design for two experimental and control groups and a post-achievement test. The researcher intentionally chose the Martyr Abbas Kazim Murad Preparatory School and the Sahabi Sa'sa'ah bin Suhan Al-Abdi Preparatory School for Boys to conduct his experiment in them. He chose Section (A) to represent the experimental group that studied Arabic grammar using the teaching strategy built according to the brain-based learning theory, and Section (B) to represent the control group that studied Arabic grammar using the usual method. The research sample amounted to (47) students, with (22) students in the experimental group and (25) students in the control group. The researcher conducted an equivalence Statistically, between the students of the two groups in the following variables: (intelligence test scores - Raven's Test of Regular Progressive Matrices, chronological age calculated in months, previous knowledge test scores in Arabic grammar, academic achievement and profession for fathers, and academic achievement and profession for mothers), the researcher identified the study topics that would be taught during the experiment period, and formulated behavioral objectives for these topics, which were (106) behavioral objectives. The researcher prepared a teacher's guide and an activity booklet for the student, for the topics scheduled to be taught during the experiment period. The researcher himself taught the two research groups throughout the experiment period, which lasted (11) weeks, as the experiment began on Tuesday 19/2/2019 and ended with the application of the achievement test on Tuesday 30/4/2019. The researcher prepared an achievement test in Arabic grammar, consisting of (forty) paragraphs (thirty) paragraphs of the multiple-choice type and (ten) paragraphs of the essay type. The researcher verified its validity, reliability, the level of difficulty of its paragraphs, the effectiveness of its incorrect alternatives, and the strength of its paragraph discrimination. The researcher used the following statistical methods in the research procedures and to reach the results: the T-Test for two independent samples, the Chi-square equation (Ka2), the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Spearman-Brown corrective equation, the difficulty coefficient equation, the paragraph discrimination coefficient equation, and the effectiveness of the incorrect alternatives equation. After statistically analyzing the data, the researcher reached the following result: The students of the experimental group who studied the Arabic grammar subject using the teaching strategy built according to the brain-based learning theory outperformed the students of the control group who studied the Arabic grammar subject in the usual way in the achievement test with a statistically significant difference.

The research dealt with defining the yellow corn crop, its nutritional and economic importance, and its original cultivation site. It also emphasized studying the development of the area and production of the corn crop in the Middle Euphrates governorates for the period (2019 AD), as well as the geographical distribution of the area and production in the Middle Euphrates governorates and according to the administrative units (district) for the year (9201 AD). The study showed that Babil Governorate leads the Middle Euphrates governorates in yellow corn cultivation in terms of area and production, while in terms of productivity, Muthanna Governorate came in first place.

The city of Najaf witnessed political, economic and social developments during the twentieth century, which had a major impact on the establishment of a number of associations, clubs, parties or branches of political parties that were established in the capital, Baghdad, both secret and public. These associations, clubs, parties or branches of parties played a clear and influential cultural, social and political role during the first six decades of the twentieth century (1900-1958), which is the period we have devoted to this study.

This study entitled (Biological Phenomena between Causal and Teleological Interpretation) is concerned with clarifying the unique characteristics of biological studies in explaining phenomena.

The biological sciences did not separate from philosophy until the nineteenth century, and during that period, the chemical and physical sciences in particular achieved a remarkable success that made them a methodological model and interpretation of the scientific project, and became a central axis of measurement; therefore, the philosophy of science paid great attention to the physical revolution until the philosophy of science was almost the philosophy of physics, and this concept led to the reduction of all experimental sciences to this type of philosophy, at the top of which was biology, and this reduction included all the concepts, terms and mechanisms of the philosophy of science, especially with regard to interpretation.

In the context of shedding light on the mutual influence between jurisprudence and grammatical principles, we have noted the extent of their overlap, and how the principles of Sharia greatly influence grammatical principles. In identifying evidence and principles, grammarians meant what they call (grammatical principles) what the fundamentalists meant by the principles of jurisprudence in its two aspects, i.e. the evidence and sources on which grammar is built, and the rules that pave the way for deducing grammatical rulings from these evidences and sources. Therefore, we find that the methodology of the fundamentalists has a great impact on the methodology of grammatical research from both aspects - identifying evidence and aspects of its significance - until they reached the point of explaining their issues with what the jurists explained by saying that grammar is rational from a transmitted text, just as jurisprudence is rational from a transmitted text. Therefore, the reader finds in identifying grammatical evidence what he finds with the fundamentalists of (listening, analogy, meeting, approval, and presumption of the state) and others, and in aspects of its significance, we find them searching, as the fundamentalists searched, in the ways of carrying the text and the trust of the transmitters and narrators about tawatur, ahad, mursal, and unknown. Hence, the principles of grammar are neither descriptive nor theoretical, because they came after grammar. They were not established according to the true need of grammar, but rather they are a traditional work of the principles of another science - with your personal motives and desires - which is very far removed in its nature and rulings from the science of grammar.

Sadr al-Muta'allihin built the edifice of his school on a set of foundations that varied in progress and backwardness, so he built some of them on others, making them layers; so that from each foundation another foundation emerged, so its pillars rose in a mathematical style in which the rules come together to give a certain result, and that result comes together with those rules to give another result, and so on. So he began the first building block with the theory of the originality of existence and the conventionality of essence, then from it emerged the theory of doubting existence, then from them emerged the essential movement, and from these three theories emerged the proof of the union of the rational and the intelligible and the proof of mental existence.

The concept of discourse sheds light on how to accomplish the linguistic functions through which the discourse producer expresses his intentions and achieves his objectives from the discourse; this is done through the reciprocal relationship between the linguistic system and the contexts of use, with attention to non-linguistic levels as having special social contexts.

The connotations of discourse reveal the uses of the speaker; to control the intended meaning of the discourse; in order to reach the speaker\'s purpose.

The current research aims to know (the effect of the comprehension monitoring strategy in developing conversation skills among fifth grade primary school girls), and to achieve this, the researcher adopted an experimental design that falls within the fields of experimental designs with partial control, and a post-test for the two research groups, one experimental and the other control.

The researcher in the issue of identity and its representations in ancient Arab narrative, especially in the third Abbasid era, faces many problems; as a result of the major transformations that this era witnessed, which affected the nature of the public system, and changed the course of the political, social, and cultural history of society due to the authority and its practices, which negatively affected identity, which led to the merging of identities at times, and their disappearance at other times, so that as a result they became more vague than their predecessors, in addition to the national and sectarian conflicts, which resulted in the emergence of political, religious, and cultural discourses that conflicted with each other in order to seize power and impose hegemony over the different social classes. These conflicts contributed directly to the reproduction of power and identity according to the ideological formation of the discourse system, whether political, religious, or cultural.

This research paper, which includes an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion, aims to shed light on the intended intentionality in (the unspoken). The introduction is a preliminary presentation of the research, followed by the first section, which includes a pause at intentionality as a concept and types, in addition to the conditions for its realization. The second section deals with the importance of the unspoken being intentional. This requires clarifying the importance of the intentionality of the unspoken, then addressing the most important motives for adopting the unspoken as a rhetorical manifestation. The conclusion includes the most important results obtained.

This research dealt with the title (Specialized Ijtihad between Prohibition and Permissibility) through an introduction and three sections. The introduction dealt with the need for Ijtihad in Islamic law, mentioning the most important topics of the research. As for the first section, it was about the forms and types of specialized Ijtihad in Islamic schools of thought. In the second section, the scholars’ statements regarding the permissibility of specialized Ijtihad were discussed. In the third chapter, the research mentioned the scholars’ statements regarding the prohibition of this type of Ijtihad, and it detailed the statements of each Islamic school of thought. I ended this research with a conclusion that included several points in its contents regarding the most important conclusions reached by the research.

The concept of "grammatical probability" has not received much attention from linguists and researchers; therefore, the definitions of those who have come across it from scholars were similar to the point of being identical, as they stopped at one side of its answers, which is the probability indicating "hesitation", resulting from the equality of the two sides of the ratio, where the probable is hesitant and unable to prefer one side over the other; due to the equality of the evidence of the two sides. In addition to that, they looked at the morphological form "Ifta'ala", which is one of the forms of compliance; as it indicates in most of its uses "exaggeration and diligence", then they also benefited from the linguistic meaning, which indicates in part "bearing with effort and hardship"; and for these reasons combined, they went to define "probability" from one side. It became clear through the research that what they went to was in it a lot of consideration; It became clear that the origin mentioned by Ibn Faris (d. 395 AH) is the closest meaning to this concept; since not every predicate involves effort and hardship, and it became clear that the formula "Ifta'ala" in colloquial usage does not usually indicate the meaning they mentioned, as indicated by what was mentioned in Quranic usage where it came to indicate the simple formula "Fa'al". Then after that, the research proved that grammarians use it to indicate "preference"; and this is due to the strength of one side over the other, so there is no hesitation in the grammarian's thinking, but rather the matter is clear and obvious to him. Then the research touched on the difference between "possibility and permissibility", showing the breadth and comprehensiveness of the first.

The study aims to reveal the future trends of human activity and its relationship to the landform in Al-Mashkhab district to demonstrate the role of activities in changing the landform. The study includes three axes. The first axis deals with the future estimate of population size. The second axis includes the future estimate of urban growth, which was done by knowing the number of currently existing housing units, the number of housing units that are not available at the present time, and the number of housing units that must be available in the year (2040). The third axis studies the impact of urban growth on agricultural lands and knows the most important effects resulting from urban growth in the study area, which are (the impact of urban sprawl on agricultural lands, the impact of urban sprawl on the environment and infrastructure).

Allah, the Almighty, honored the bee in His Holy Quran when He dedicated a chapter to it, known as “An-Nahl.” It is an insect whose function is to produce honey, beeswax, and pollination. This indicates the importance of this insect and its product of honey. Allah, the Almighty, said: “And your Lord inspired the bee, saying, ‘Take your dwellings in the mountains and in the trees and in what they construct. Then eat from all the fruits and follow the ways of your Lord made easy for you.’ There emerges from their bellies a drink of varying colors in which there is healing for people. Indeed in that is healing for people.” A sign for a people who give thought

The shrine of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is one of the important religious centers not only in Iraq but also in various parts of the Islamic world, as it attracts visitors from all over the Islamic world, inspired by the thought, values ​​and principles of this great personality about whom the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) said, “I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate,” which made the holy shrine of Ali have a great impact on intellectual, cultural and religious life throughout history, as this impact was reflected in the city of Najaf, which became one of the most prominent Islamic cities in these fields. The holy shrine of Ali (peace be upon him) has performed many religious, scientific and social functions throughout its history, and administrative and political circumstances play a role in its expansion or contraction. The holy shrine has the greatest credit in providing livelihoods for the Najaf citizen and the rest of the people of the neighboring cities by revitalizing the economic situation provided by the frequent visits of visitors from various parts of the Islamic countries to the holy shrine, in addition to the feature of burial near it and its financial return for the people of the city.

Communication in narrative arts is based on two main pillars: the narrator and the narrated to. These two pillars are controlled by laws that reveal the nature of their presence within the narrative text in terms of internal and external participation in the story. This research attempts to explore the poetics of the presence of the narrator and the narrated to in “Maqamat al-Zamakhshari and Ibn al-Jawzi” through two chapters. The first deals with studying the narrator as a concept and forms of presence, while the other also monitors the narrated to as a concept and forms of presence. Then there is a conclusion that summarizes the most important results of these two chapters.

The importance of the subject lies in the fact that dealing with contracts has become a global phenomenon, as it has spread to most countries in the world. There are also multiple legal forms in which this contract is concluded. Sometimes it is in the form of a sales contract, another in the form of a lease contract, or a contract that arranges a right of benefit or a right of use (of residence). It may be a compound contract that combines more than one legal form under its title, in addition to the multiplicity of rights and legal positions arising from this contract, due to the multiplicity in the legal nature.

Theology and theology have proven that the instructions of the true Sharia reveal the wisdom and knowledge of the legislator, and cannot be issued out of ignorance. The legislator does not legislate without a purpose that benefits his creation and his servants. When he legislated some forms of war, fighting and jihad, and stipulated that this be for the sake of Allah, he reveals the existence of a great philosophy and great wisdom that can be the cause of many benefits and fruits that are obtained from war, fighting and jihad for the sake of Allah. This philosophy has been referred to in the texts of the Holy Quran and the books of the two testaments, and we will shed light on it in this discussion within the demands, as we try to address the most prominent problems and provocations regarding those texts; as some of those texts are considered among the most important foundations and principles for the legitimacy of war, fighting and jihad for the followers of those sacred religious texts. Accordingly, this discussion will be divided into three demands and a conclusion.

Although there are no contractual relations between the employer and the subcontractor, the law of 1975 (Article 6, first paragraph) allows the subcontractor to accept from the employer who has agreed to the payment terms, provided that he requests that he pay him directly what is due from the original contractor, to the extent that the contractor owes the subcontractor if the original contractor suffers from a deficit. As is the case with all direct claims, this claim undertakes a guarantee like all guarantees and raises a dispute with the guarantees provided by the original contractor on his debt against the employer. The law is not always respected, although it prohibits its abandonment (Article 12, first paragraph), especially when it comes to the construction of individual housing, because the original contractors do not provide their subcontractors to the clients. Therefore, the subcontractors are deprived (abstracted) of the direct claim against the employer and the direct payment of the direct claim to the employer. The employer can act with responsibility against the subcontractor. The First Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation decided that this responsibility is contractual, while the Third Civil Chamber denied it due to the absence of a contractual relationship between one and the other. For its part, The association decided in favor of the last solution, rejecting the application to the lawsuit of the employer’s responsibility and the lapse of the right due to the expiry of the ten-day period that regulates the contractual responsibility of the creators of the lawsuit resulting from the subcontracting. The participating contracting. The participating contracting is considered close to the subcontracting * and many contractors are committed