Journal of University of Babylon

The addition of coagulation chemicals to turbid water, which contains molecules, ‎plankton, and colloids, is known as coagulation and flocculation. Three of Coagulants are the ‎most widely utilized coagulants in water treatment. process were tested for their efficacy in ‎reducing turbidity in this study. Aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride, and date seed powder ‎are the ingredients. Experiments were carried out with synthetically prepared turbid water ‎containing kaolin, and a Jar test instrument was used to determine the best dosage and pH for ‎each chemical. The effectiveness of Alum, Ferric Chloride, and Date Seeds powder was tested at ‎different pH values of 5.5, 7.5, and 9.5, as well as coagulant dosages of 10 mg/l to 50 mg/l, to ‎determine the best operating conditions for turbid waters with turbidities of 60 NTU, 150 NTU, ‎and 300 NTU. The results revealed that pH and coagulant dose affects turbidity removal and the ‎water\'s turbidity at the start for each of the coagulants used. Over the applied turbidity range, the ‎highest removing turbidity efficiency was within (95.2-96), (94-96.41), and (91.3-94) percent for ‎Alum, Ferric Chloride, and Date Seeds powder, respectively.‎

This paper proposes a new detection algorithm with better performance for spatial ‎modulation (SM) systems, which uses (M-PSK) or (M-QAM) constellation diagram. The ‎proposed algorithm has enhanced to M-algorithm-based maximum likelihood detector (M-ML). ‎Mathematically, we analyzed the number of mathematical discussions of the ML detector which ‎determining from (M-ML) algorithm on the first receiving antenna down to the last receiving ‎antenna. Then counting the smallest value for these mathematical discussions at each receiving ‎antenna, which refers to both the received symbols and the number of the effective antenna on ‎the transmitter side. The proposed algorithm named (L-ML). The simulation results showed that ‎the proposed algorithm gave an improvement in bit error rate (BER) value compared with the ‎algorithm (M-ML). Both algorithms (M-ML) and (L-ML) have the same value of computational ‎complexity. The results of the proposed algorithm (L-ML) were verified by simulation with ‎Matlab.‎

A 45-liter two-tap water cooler with a half-ton hermitic compressor and refrigerant R-22 ‎was developed by taking a benefit of cold water in excess of the consumer’s need (Surplus ‎water) and spraying it on the condenser of the refrigeration cycle of the device, with special ‎design of a water drain pipe and a perforated basin fixed above the condenser and a bottom one ‎that is fixed under the condenser to collect excess water. This design was implemented to reject ‎condensing heat with a shorter time and drawing less electric current then lower electrical energy ‎consumption compared to without using of surplus water. The study shows, the temperature of ‎water decrease from (28℃) to the required degree of (4℃) after 70 minutes, while it reaches this ‎degree after 52 minutes when using the cold surplus water under the same conditions. The results ‎of the experiments show a large decreasing in the electricity energy consumption when using ‎surplus water by 31% and this percentage reaches to 37% in severe running conditions, then this ‎reduction in the electricity energy consumption can be used to provide more energy and reduce ‎the problem of global warming. In addition, it decrease the time to cool water by 32% in severe ‎running conditions and thus increasing the number of consumers of cold water, especially when ‎water coolers were placed in crowded areas such as schools, colleges, and others in the summer ‎season.‎

This work is to build anemometer, especially for hot air or hot gas flow, from a very cheap ‎materials available as a waste in reforming shops and small factories. The design of this tool takes ‎in to account that any primitive technician or smith can build the tool. At the beginning, the parts ‎of tool are designed using Catia V5R17 Software and some parts are imported to ANSYS ‎WORKBENCH 2020 R2 software for test of mechanical stresses and deformation associated ‎with temperature increment. Then, theoretical computations are made where angular ‎displacement is calculated, based on equations solved by MATLAB R2020a software, where the ‎tool faces‏ ‏flow air streams with different speed magnitudes. Those different air speed ‎magnitudes used in the experiment are 1 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 2 m/s, 2.5 m/s, 3 m/s, 3.5 m/s, and 4 m/s. ‎After that, a real tool is built and be placed in duct having a dimensions of 2 m length, 0.35m ‎height and 0.3m width. The air flowing in that duct has the same different speed magnitudes ‎used in theoretical computations. Then, comparison between‏ ‏the two results is made, which show ‎that despite there is a relatively slide difference in angular displacement readings but the response ‎of the real tool to the different air speed magnitudes are very coincides with the theoretical. ‎

‎ This project promotes the creation of a nanofiber fabric made of polystyrene nanofibers ‎reinforced with locally produced kaolin nanoparticles. An electrospinning procedure was used to ‎create the overlapping fibers. The kaolin particles employed in this study underwent an X-ray ‎test, and the outcome matched that of the typical test. The AFM results demonstrated that the ‎nano-kaolin has a high fineness (1.5 nanometers), good surface area, and a high tolerance factor ‎‎6, in addition to other desirable properties. Kaolin nanoparticles in various ratios were utilized to ‎evaluate the effect of kaolin on the hydrophobic behavior of polystyrene nanofibers. The results ‎showed that the produced nanofibers could self-clean since they were hydrophobic (could not ‎absorb water) and had a contact angle of 87 degrees, which increased after adding kaolin ‎nanoparticles (139 o) . This study also looked into how solution characteristics like solution ‎concentration and viscosity affected the diameters of the resulting fibers. The impact of nano ‎Kaolin concentrations on the diameters of the resulting fibers was examined for the ideal ‎concentration (0.12 g/ml), which was achieved because free-bead nanofibers were produced. This ‎concentration was previously determined with the stability of the other parameters. The findings ‎demonstrated that as kaolin nanoparticle concentration rises, so do nanofiber diameters because ‎rising solution viscosities increase the number of nanofibers reinforced with kaolin nanoparticles. ‎Additionally, wetting angle rises until it reaches 139 degrees. ‎

There are different designs of the flat plate collector and each one performs a different ‎thermal performance. The present work includes the serpentine and spiral collectors. The ‎experiment was conducted in Duhok city in Iraq. The same material and dimension were used for ‎the serpentine and spiral collectors. The absorber plate area was 1 m2 and the copper tube length ‎was 7.8 m. The galvanized steel plate was used with a copper tube and a black coating to absorb ‎the highest amount of heat. Autodesk inventor was used to designing the shape of the serpentine ‎and spiral to be the same length. Both of the collectors gave a good performance, the spiral ‎collector raised the water tank temperature from 32 ‎‏–‏‎ 56‎‏0‏C while the serpentine collector raised ‎the water tank temperature from 32 - 60.5‎‏0‏C. The thermal efficiency of the serpentine collector ‎was higher than the spiral collector. The paper displays all factors that affect the collector such as ‎wind speed, solar radiation, ambient temperature, and used material. ‎