Kufa Journal of Arts

The current research aims to investigate the effect of teaching geography with the Gardens of Ideas strategy on the achievement of fourth-grade literary students and the development of their systemic thinking.
To achieve the aim of the research, the author formulated the following hypotheses:
1-There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study geography using the Gardens of Ideas strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject in the usual way in the achievement test.
2-There is no statistically significant difference at the (0,05) level between the average scores of the experimental group who study geography using the Gardens of Ideas strategy and the average scores of the control group who study the same subject in the usual way in the scores of the systemic thinking scale.
The research sample consisted of (64) female students, (32) female students in the experimental group and (32) female students in the control group. The material included the first, second and third semesters of the first semester of the year 2019-2020.
The author collected the data of this research independently, and measure achievement score through preparing a test consisting of (30) paragraphs of multiple choices, also the author adopted the systemic thinking test prepared by Al-Kubaisi (2008). The result was statistically analysed using the T-test for two independent samples.
The result of this work showed:
1-The students of the experimental group who studied with the gardens of ideas strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method in achievement.
2-The students of the experimental group who studied with the gardens of ideas strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied the same subject in the traditional way in their systematic thinking.
Finally, the author recommends the following:
1-Emphasis on the use of modern strategies, especially the gardens of ideas, as they have an impact on raising the level of female students in achievement.
2-The necessity of including social studies teachers in training courses to get acquainted with modern strategies.

Commercial convoys passing through the sands of the desert in Libya to reach the shores of the Mediterranean in central Africa for hundreds of years have been one of the most important sources of life for thousands of Libyans starting with unloading and shipping ships and ending with residents of hamlets and oases extending inside the desert, especially since the Libyan land climate took a tendency to drought and the expansion of the area Drylands and freshwater depletion in many springs.
The excellent geographical location of the Libyan land has been prepared for the bridging bridge to be at the forefront in the field of trade for many years without contesting or competing, so this land was a link between the unknowns of Africa and the outside world on the one hand, and the interconnectedness of the Libyan society on the other hand, as was the link between the Maghreb of the Arab world with its east, its long coast The curve towards the south has made its ports the closest outlets for access to tropical Central Africa products. The life of construction and the multiplicity of stations and rest houses along the coastal strip and parallel internal roads have an easy process of transporting people and goods from Egypt, the Levant and the Hijaz to Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, and The Andalus.
And the methods used by camel caravans loaded with multiple goods and goods to and from Libya, we find that these roads have formed a wide interconnected network that covered most of the Libyan lands from north to south and from west to east. There is no doubt that this organized network has contributed to the formation of a group of factors, including the nature of transport And the commercial movement in means that were dependent on the emergence of beauty, which requires the provision of continuous and close supply and comfort stations, including also the provision of fresh water, all of this was always helping the presence of the population on trade routes and thus to the cooperation of these residents with each other and thus the result was to The link between the population and the tribes in those areas with other regions.

Any student of the techniques underlying the argumentation must consider the principles of this theory, which is based on the common saying that it means (we speak ordinary with the intention of influence), in this regard, we find that most of the Arabic dictionaries have defined the meaning of argumentation, some of them expanded on this meaning, and some of them were narrowed down in meaning. The argumentation does not deviate from its meaning that it is the intent, as Ibn Faris (d. 395 AH) says in this regard that the argumentation or “the argument is derived from this, because it means, or what is intended, the required truth.” (1) through lived reality, we notice the importance of this theory, which was associated with all fields of life, this theory is one of the modern theories that are based on philosophical and linguistic references and has a deliberative dimension on the other hand. What concerns us from this theory is how the linguistic aspect of poetic creativity operates, and we will seek to clarify the most important theoretical foundations on which the argumentation is based, as well as the relationship of the argumentation with other terms, at first glance, it may seem that it is synonymous with them, as we find in proof, reasoning, and persuasion, in addition to focusing on the argumentation techniques and tools, with regard to some examples of modern poets who used the argumentative side in their poetic creativity.

The grand port of Faw is characterized by a set of characteristics that make it acquire geostrategic importance. Perhaps the most prominent of these characteristics is its geographical location, which overlooks the northern Arabian Gulf, and its economic benefit that accrues not only to Iraq, but also to other countries in the continents of Asia and Europe, which is reflected in the strengthening Iraq's political and security situation, as a result of the interdependence of benefit between iraq and these international units. One of the outcomes of that is the entry of the port project within the policies of the active countries at the international and regional levels, as it is an integrated project that links the continent of Asia with Europe through the Iraqi dry canal, and through Turkey and Syria. The port project, if it is operated, will contribute to the Iraqi economy effectively. Although there are internal and external challenges facing the completion of the port project in the time specified for it according to the announced official studies, the port’s future appears promising, due to its local and international necessity.

The task of this research is determined by monitoring a number of linguistic structures in the narrations of the Prophet’s hadith that contradict the standard of the Arabs’ speech, and we mean the violation of the grammatical rules, and we made the study’s focus the book (Aquamarine contracts in the syntax of the Prophet’s hadith) by Al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH), which contained many hadiths, and he stated in Many places indicate that there is a departure from the analogy or a violation of the rule, and the way to deal with this is distributed in two ways, one of them: resorting to interpretation, either by carrying the meaning or the analogy, or returning it to omission, and the other way: judging that violation by lack, role, anomaly, or language One of the languages of the Arabs, and it has been shown that the hadiths of the Prophet are an argument for the grammarians, even if they differ in their adoption. For the advent of its compositions - mostly - in agreement with their rules, as well as the advent of a similar one from the Holy Qur’an

The research seeks to answer the question; Islam is the religion of peace and love, and the Qur’an is the method of life that God has drawn for the whole world. You see how God Almighty described the friend in this world and in the hereafter, and are there different methods in expressing the friend and other words that indicate him, and was he using one word

A miracle is defined as a supernatural event that overcomes the fixed laws of nature, and it is a source of thinking and contemplation for man, although he is not able to comprehend what it is. The prophets of the Children of Israel performed many miracles in the historical milieu in which they found themselves, which was characterized by the presence of magicians and makers of healing miracles, then miracles became one of the most important pillars of the Christian faith. Natural storms, water, and abundance of food, and all his miracles were done under divine power and according to the divine wil.

If the global press were to be measured based on its numbers issued in the nineteenth century and the extent of the influence of those newspapers on public opinion, at that time, with their different forms of daily or weekly periodicals, newspapers and magazines, then we may find that Britain is one of the countries most interested in journalistic work, And the expansion of the number of periodicals, and leadership in the science of journalism, so that its people along its eastern and western Atlantic possessions, and its areas of influence, may be among the most advanced peoples and attached to the issuance and follow-up of publications of every kind or kind, and with the fertile ground granted by the British government to practice journalistic work under the protection of the law Since the end of the seventeenth century, the English press has been granted freedom of expression and expression of opinion, and perhaps that is what most European countries lacked at the time, but this was not surprising for a people who were as passionate about reading as the British people. Perhaps also, the idea of having some newspapers opposing the policies of the British government seems strange to some European countries neighboring Britain or its possessions, but even some observers in this regard complain a lot about the provisions of the law that granted the English press freedom of expression, and to prove that, it is possible To say that the history of the British press is full of men who, with their heroic stances, made the features of the opposition press in the face of the government position at various levels, who chose to make a long part of their journalistic life in criticizing the policies of the British government and supporting ideas opposed to it, such as the editor-in-chief of the British Daily News John Foster, we will not go beyond the truth if we say that some academic sources were interested in presenting newspaper headlines and their content, without addressing the biography of journalistic personalities who took it upon themselves to analyze the political, economic and social event from different angles, so that this research cannot include them all, but as far as possible we follow the stations The basis for establishing the Daily News newspaper with its liberal character, through its editor-in-chief, John Foster, to clarify its clear image in the history of British journalism, as we will present his interlocutor in the introduction to this research.

After Imam Ali bin Al-Hussain returned from the incident of Al-Tuff in Karbala in the year (61 AH) and his observations of its horrific events, he was certain of the deviation of the Islamic society that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, made from its right path. This reform is from the family because it is the basis for building society, so he wrote a message of rights that put each person in the family rights of his own and made them a law that no one can abuse. Since his childhood, if he was brought up with a sound upbringing, that education would reflect on the goodness of the society in which man lives in prosperity and peace.

The search dealt with the adaptation of the legal provision for contemporary medical scientific problem which is the stem cells, particularly. Because this issue has serious effects on the human community as a whole, it has occupied scientists and researchers in experimental, applied and biological researches on humans, and the specialists, physicians and of the public opinion. So, the contemporary Islamic jurists' duty was to confront it according to the fundamental fiqhi rules and jurisprudence of jurists to put it within the framework of the fiqhi adaptation and introducing the fiqhi opinion that is based on contemporary jurisprudential thought in the newly developed medical issues

The research confirmed the relationship of studying the nature of poetry with philosophy since the earliest times. Aristotle’s book “The Art of Poetry” was known, translated into their language by Syriac, and then translated into Arabic by order of Muslims during the flourishing of Islamic civilization in the third century AH, and it was studied by Muslim philosophers such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, IbnSina, and Ibn Rushd, summarized and explained it, trying to develop these views and in-depth philosophical views of the nature of poetry, and Arabic poetry in particular, even if the seventh century AH came to the era of Hazem al-Qirtagani, we found a firm digester of all the philosophies that he presented, presenting his inimitable theory on the nature of poetry in his book (Minhaj al-Balagha and Siraj al-Adaba), which showed that the essence of poetry is due to imagination and imitation, in a detail explained by this humble research that is in your hands, my noble reader.

Enshrining and activating the principle of transparency in administrative decisions has multiple benefits that cannot be counted, as development programs, the achievement of democratic governance, and the protection of human rights and basic freedoms are goals that can only be achieved with the existence of a general principle of transparency that governs the work and activities of the administration in general.
Achieving the principle of administrative transparency can only be activated by the existence of an environment through which individuals can obtain an understandable picture of the objectives that the administration intends to achieve by involving citizens in the management of public affairs that the administration conducts for their own benefit and account, which would provide them with all data and information about its activities and work in addition to Statement of the legal and factual reasons that prompted her to make her decision within the framework of the so-called administrative decision reasoning, which is one of the most important elements of the policy of administrative clarity and the achievement of the principle of administrative transparency.

Historian resort to four views in determination of the place of the tomb of Ms.ZainabAlkobra the girl of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) from lady Fatima Al-Zahra (peace be upon her) :-
1- Sinjar
2- AL Medina Almonoura
3- Land of Sham (Damascus)
4- Egypt
The view of singar andAL Medina Almonoura are unknown, but Egypt and the Land of Sham more famous. We excluded that her tomb was in Egypt according to many declaratives of historians' views so it was not true that any son of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) came and died in Egypt – We out balanced the novel of Land Of Sham (Rawya - of Azainabia ) – After we have known the girls of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) those who had names Zainab and Um Kalthum .
Um Kalthum AL Kobra and Zainab AL Sogra(UmKalthum) are died in AL Medina Almonoura while Ms.Nafisa ( Um KalthumAsogra ) the resources didn't mention that she movedAL Medina Almonoura they out balanced she died in it . It was discerned Ms.Zainab Al kobra ( peace be upon her ) was called Um Kalthum as her nickname . The historical resources and genedogist mentioned her honorable name and nickname were written on her tomb in Damascus (Rawya).

It was for biographers and, translations had the effect of showing the personality of the infallible imams, peace be upon them, and among these are the Andalusian and Moroccan writers, through their use of the correct scientific historical writing methods in the midst of the course of events they went through. Peace be upon him (the subject of our research) and among the writers who contributed in this field is, Ibn Abd Rabbo Al-Andalusi, (d. 328AH/939AD), in his book, (The Unique Contract), and Muhammad bin AbiBakr Al-Ansari Al-Talmisani Al-Bari (645AH/1247AD), touched on Also in his book (The Jewel in the Lineage of Imam Ali and his family), and Ibn al-Sabbagh al-Maliki (d. 855 AH / 1451 AD), through his book, (Important chapters in the knowledge of the imams), and many of them whose opinions we will review on his fragrant biography, honorable ethics, his intellectual effects, and his positions Political relations with the Abbasid caliphate, and the research also included the important conclusions that we reached through this luminous page in the life of Imam Reza, peace be upon him.

This research discusses how antonymy is a characteristic of Arabic language and arts that enhances the beauty of atext through the relationships between words meanings, and expressions. The research focuses on antonymy and its aesthetics image in the poetry of Omar ibnAbiRabi’ah, by adopting an analytical approach, and it consists of four axes that define antonymy in language and terminology, verbalantonymy, antonymy, in figurative imagery, and antonymy at the literary level of metaphorical imagery. This study relies on various sources and references that have enriched its content.

One of the meanings of the word “ Icon” in the Greek it means sacred writing the term icon writing stands out to us instead of drawing carving or depicting the icon. Considering that the icon is areligious ritual in the first place.That is amerger between symbol and drawing as it extends in divine thought to express relingious visuals in Eastern Christian religion.
In this paper we dealt with the icon its past and how it began in tombs and tunnels For fear of persecution of the Jews .and how these icons were characteion and liberation in representation for the same reason the fear of abuse and killing by jews and pagans, and this killing also came to make the icon a religious ritual that the reader and non-reader can understand .It is symbolic expression of the existence of the faith in God or who is on his behalf from the guardians on earth.
Icons moved to the third century Ad by Emperor Constantion who became Christian. Likewise, the iconoclasm was afierce war brokeout against the icon between two parties. The first said that they should be investigated and that religious teachings were revealed in Bible, so there is no need for icons. The other team said that the icons don’t touch God and it is natural to explain the teachings of AL-Dim to all belivers.
We reviewed some icons and We reviewed some of the icons, and we found that the icons are not a static painting, but a lively and comprehensive religious education. And we showed how the Arab school was affected by some technical aspects of the representation of icons.

Artistic experience is one of the educational courses that learners receive in the kindergarten stage. It is an artistic activity practiced by children and allows them to work manually and jointly work with peers, which gives them an opportunity to develop the physical aspect through the physical movements that the child uses in the process of drawing, coloring and other artistic activities. These movements improve the child's physical development, so it is impossible to separate physical development from other aspects of development because children learn through activity and through multi-sensory physical interaction with the world around them. Believing in the importance of technical expertise and the importance of its role in developing the physical growth of kindergarten children, the researcher decided to conduct this study, and she set the following objectives for the research:
1. Identify the appropriate artistic experience to kindergarten children physical growth.
2. Identify the physical growth of kindergarten children.
3. Investigate the relationship between the artistic experience and kindergarten children physical growth.
To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher builds up two scales, in which the items of these two scales based on literature, theoretical framework, and previous studies. Artistic experience scale consisted of 11 items whereas physical growth scale contained 13 items. After confirming the psychometric characteristics of the two scales, the researcher applied them on the sample of the study who are kindergarten teachers at General Directorate of Education Karkh-Alawlaa. They were (150) female teachers chosen randomly, and after collecting the teachers' responses, the data was analyzed statistically to obtain the following results:

1. Artistic experience provided in the kindergarten is effective and appropriate for children.
2. Kindergarten children enjoy healthy physical growth.
3. Artistic experiences provided to children in kindergarten have an important and effective role in developing their physical growth.
Artisticactivities practiced by the child in kindergarten are considered one of the pillars of modern education and represent, along with other school subjects, a system that aims to achieve comprehensive and balanced development for all aspects of the personality and the development of creative, cognitive, social and physical skills. artistic experiences work on developing the physical aspect of the child through the physical movements that the child uses in drawing and coloring process. These movements improve the child's motor skills, achieving visual-kinetic synergy.

The countryside has always been an important subject of literary writing and novel creation. Set in historical contexts around certain themes, rural novels depict multitudes of cultures in a plain yet authentic way, making them a significant part of modern and contemporary literature in both China and Egypt. Giants of modern literature, Lu Xun and Tawfiq al-Hakim both have made great contributions to the development of rural literature.This research will depend on history and socially resonant realities to compare the characters of the two aforementioned novels, which are among the best Chinese and Egyptian rural novels. This thesis gives an introduction of the two writers and their novels, lays out the backgrounds for their writing and analyzes the thinking contained. By a detailed comparative study of the characters in these two novels, this thesis aims to explain the similarities in the characters at the beginning of the last century and it goes on to elucidate how rural life and the destiny of a nation are closely intertwined in the process of a social transformation

Clans are considered one of the most important social organizations that make up Iraqi society, and they extend from north to south, and some of their youth own weapons and are ready to sacrifice if their clans demand it, and they have different customs and traditions than that. The state and these clans were also the subject of continuous conflict since the Ottoman occupation of Iraq, and the Ottomans also took advantage of these clans and began to incite them to fight the British forces in Iraq, and the clans' position was against them. British presence, and clashes occurred when British forces entered Basra, Popular anger escalated after Britain declared the mandate over Iraq, and the clerics in Iraq, including Muhammad Saeed Al-Haboubi, Al-Khalisi, and Al-Hairi, stood with the clans and gave them a fatwa allowing them to fight the British and stand against the presence and projects that Britain was implementing in Iraq, and this incitement and public anger generated a revolution Twenty successive revolutions in Iraq against Britain.

Every idea or creation that results in an invention is considered an innovation that entails the entitlement to granting a patent and being covered by legal protection. The condition of novelty must also be met, which means that the invention is new and no one has ever used it or applied for a patent in it, or it has actually happened. This means that the patent is granted to the new, unfamiliar industrial product itself or to the method of its manufacture, and it is not granted for a theoretical idea or a scientific principle that did not reach the level of invention

The history of the hunting profession dates back to the early ages of the Mesopotamian civilization, as it preceded man’s knowledge of agriculture and the domestication of animals. At that time, man relied on securing his strength on hunting, collecting wild plants and picking fruits, and since writing was not yet invented, archaeologists rely on some physical evidence. Represented by the hunting tools and machines used at that time, most of which were stone tools, and the beginning of historical eras revealed to us the texts written in the cuneiform script about the extent of the interest of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia in this profession, which has become an important economic source in the life of the population, and because of its economic importance, it was mentioned in the Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform texts and became one of the pillars The basics on which the economy of cities depends, and the fishermen represented an important category of society, as some of them worked for a personal benefit that was not affiliated with the state, and some worked for the benefit of the palace and others for the temple. The enormous artistic achievements that the ancient Mesopotamian artist excelled in forming the great civilized role of the Mesopotamian sculptor in his interaction with the community to convey a clear picture of the life and daily practices of the community, and the artistic significance of the subject of hunting in particular confirms in one way or another the ideology of that era, the ideas expressed by the general framework of the scene Art is nothing but a reflection of the combination of the society in which he lives, and therefore art in all its elements is under the influence of society.

English and Arabic have many similarities and differences related to grammar. Consequently, the current paper is designed to investigatethe grammatical problems that Iraqi EFL learners suffer from through the process of translation from English to Arabic. It draws upon contrastive analysis (CA) to help in solving the problems encountered Iraqi EFL morning and evening learners. This study tries to answer the following questions: what are the contrastive grammatical problems that Iraqi EFL learners face in English-Arabic translation?do Iraqi EFL learners commit the grammatical problems which are related to interlingual errors or intralingual ones? What are the solutions provided for such problems? The study aims at examining the contrastive grammatical difficulties and problems that Iraqi EFL learners encounter in English-Arabic translation; presenting a test for identifying the grammatical problems in English-Arabic translation; providing solutions for such problems. It employs a translation test that consists of 20 items for testing one hundred EFL learners of English department for morning studies and another hundred for evening studies, college of Education, University of Thi-Qar for the academic year 2022-2023. The test is analyzed and discussed related to whether the translation is grammatical or not. After implementing and discussing test results, the study concluded that hypothesis (1) is verified that the errors students committed are classified as being interlingual or intralingual; hypothesis (2) also verified that here are some aspects in English have no equivalents in Arabic; hypothesis (3) is refuted since tenses and the emphatic do take the highest number of errors that EFL learners (morning and evening participants) commit in English-Arabic translations; hypothesis (4) is partially accepted is partially accepted because of the other simple problems in Arabic-English translation. It is concluded that the majority of Iraqi EFL learners face difficultyin the tenses, emphatic do, word order, and sentence connectors in English-Arabic translation and both morning and evening students do not suffer from big problems in translating the gerund, Od and Oi, conditional sentences, negation, adjectives, medal auxiliaries, prepositions, and articles in English-Arabic translation.

The current study tackles the ability of humans to match faces with voices depending on static and dynamic stimuli with ethnicity. The first aim of the current study is the matching of face with voice using the static stimuli with the ethnicity and the second aim is the matching a face with a voice using dynamic stimuli with ethnicity and to find out which of the two gives a more accurate matching. In this study, the Cross-Modal was adopted. The results show that the participants successfully selected the true speakers in most of the items that are shown to them. The dynamic stimuli with the ethnicity gave more accurate results than the static ones.

Sarcasm is a complicated linguistic phenomenon especially in written language because changing the tone of speech makes sarcasm more apparent.Sarcasm often refers to a specific, recognizable individual and it implies criticism.Incongruity is the main characteristic that sarcastic speech contains in addition to opposition and negativity.Everyday interaction usually includes sarcasm, which affects the nature of nearly every exchange. As a result, sarcasm offers a chance for in-depth linguistic research. In this study, the researcher sets the following aims: showing which types of speech acts are used more than other types in the political contexts; shedding a light on the social functions that sarcasm serves in the political texts; and knowing the linguistic mechanisms which are employed in the political texts to reflect sarcasm. Accordingly, some hypotheses are put which are as follows: expressives are used more than other types of speech acts in the political texts; social control is the main function that sarcasm serves in the political texts; and metaphor is used frequently in political texts as a mechanism to reflect sarcasm. The researcher adopts an eclectic model which consists of three theories: Searle and Vanderveken's Speech Acts Theory (1985); Ducharme's Functions of Sarcasm (1994); and Tabacaru's Linguistic Mechanisms of Sarcasm. The analysis of the chosen political texts shows the following conclusions: assertive speech acts are used more than other types of speech acts; humorous aggression is a very common function of sarcasm in the employed political texts; and the most utilized linguistic mechanism to express sarcasm is metaphor.

In The Master Builder, Henrik Ibsen gave the stage Halvard Sonless, an architect and businessman as a tragic hero whose fall is precipitated by various factors: psychological, social, and occupational. And while the psychological and social factors are researched and commented on extensively by many scholars and critics, the last area which has to do with Solness’s profession is hardly approached. Therefore, in the study, Solness’s business world, vocational principles, and work ethics are explored in an attempt to read Solness’s tragic end as the natural corollary of his failure to maintain a staunch work morality. Reading The Master Builder from a vocational point of view proved that Solness possessed a flawed business logic that compromised his career and led him blindly toward his end. He is by no means the empowering boss, but a parasitic business owner who plans to promote his occupational interests at the expense of his employee’s hard work.

On 31 December 2019, WHO received information from National Health Commission concerning the outbreak of Covid-19 which was identified by the Chinese authorities. The WHO depends to a great extent on its announcements and instructions on Chinese authorities’ declaration. Consequently, positive and negative announcements and strategies are adopted in dealing with this pandemic. This causes a great extent of fear and confusion for people around the world despite all the efforts that WHO to pass this crucial period successfully and safely. The present study is one of the first studies that seeks to offer critical discourse analysis, description, interpretation, and explanation of ideological categories of institutional discourse, and more specifically of WHO on Covid-19 by using Van Dijk’s Three-Dimensional Model of Ideology (2004). It is found that WHO focuses on certain ideological categories such as repetition, actor description, authority, hyperbole, burden, evidentiality, and number game more than other categories. It is also found that these ideological categories should be based on scientific, psychological, cognitive, social, and cultural perspectives and not just numbers, authority, hyperbole, etc. because they are used to persuade different people around the world with different cultures and they may affect those people lives positively or negatively.

The study aimed primarily to identify that Iraq had achieved a major turning point in military construction, when it proposed the possibility of possessing a nuclear weapon - since its political system had been transformed into a republican system in 1958 - in the form of a reactor that operated with diluted water and uranium enriched to 93%. Thus, Iraq sought to possess all the reasons for strength and military capability after being able to manufacture a nuclear bomb, which was aided by the distinctive economic conditions after the nationalization of oil companies and relative political stability. It worked to provide the necessary material capabilities, and employ thousands of Iraqi scientists, including Hussein al-Shahristani and Diaa Jaafar, and bring scientists from outside Iraq such as Yahya al-Mashhad al-Masri, in addition to engineers who were able to achieve a great deal in building the nuclear reactor that was called (Tammuz 1 reactor), and another reactor was built called (Tammuz 2 reactor). It is worth noting that Iraq joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on October 29, 1969.