DIYALA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

The sheet metal of two-layer composite (Al/Cu) is considered as one of the most important products used in different engineering applications. The roll bonding technique (RBT) is an active process to fabricate the metal composite due to the occurrence of high deformation that leads to layers bonding together. In this study, Al8112 and pure Cu were selected as the metals to create a sheet composite (Al8112/Cu) by employing RBT on the basis of one cycle at various thickness reductions (R%; 45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%) and bonding temperatures (T; 350 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C). The microstructure behaviour was examined to check the overlap bonding area for the composite layers. Vickers microhardness and tensile tests were also performed to measure the hardness, yield strength, and tensile strength. The results revealed that the R% had a strong effect on the interface bonding zone and hardness. It also had a significant effect on yield and tensile strength. On the other hand, T had a remarkable effect on the hardness and an important impact on the yield and tensile strength.

The main objectives of this study are to assess the degradation of power, voltage and current for photovoltaic (PV) modules in predicting temperature and soiling based on five-month measurements. This study aimed to present simple experimental models for estimating the temperature and effects of dust on PV power generation. Results demonstrated that soiling short-circuit current loss underestimates the real soiling power loss by approximately 8%, and this value rises with the increase in dust density. The soiling rate during the week of dust deposition was 0.3% per day and during the final week was 0.15% per day. Results indicate that the polynomial model from the second degree is more accurate than the linear and power models for evaluating the influence of dust on PV systems in the case study. The results suggest that such analysis is required to arrive at a realistic estimation of the best cleaning time in PV power plants.

This parametric study used finite element method (ETABS 2019), on 20 elliptical reinforced concrete cantilever deep beam specimens that have rectangular sections. Five parameters were taken into consideration: beam height, beam width, concrete compressive strength, load position and load type. Results showed that when the beam height was increased by 12%–66.5%, the negative and torsional moments and load capacity increased by about 11.23%–76.33%, 11.2%–77% and 11.1%–78%, respectively, whereas deflection decreased by about 15%–39%. The negative and torsional moments and load capacity increased by 26.13%–166.53%, 27%–172.5% and 28%–180%, respectively, and a decrease in deflection of about 1.73%–2.3% took place when beam width increased by about 14.3%–81%. In addition, increasing the compressive strength of concrete by 7.5%–36% led to an increase in the negative moments, torsional moments, load capacity, and deflection by about 8.22%–19.2%, 8.7%–20.4%, 9.4%–22% and 4.7%–7.1%, respectively. When changing the load type from concentrated to uniformly distributed over a third of the span’s length, two-thirds of the span’s length and then over the full span’s length, the negative moments increased by 5.23%, 8.47% and 52.67%, whereas torsional moments decreased by 1.1%, 1.12% and 16%, respectively. Finally, placing the concentrated load at a distance of 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25 of the span lengths led the negative moments to increase by 56.9%, 102.3% and 110%, respectively, whereas torsional moments decreased by 8.64%, 25%, and 58.3%, respectively. The load capacity increased by 87.5%, 243.75% and 556.25%, respectively, accompanied by a decrease in the deflection of the free end by 3.24%, 17.65% and 49.8%, respectively.

There is a great request for housing in Ghana and as a result, the selection of durable roofing sheets has become very significant as roofing plays a vital role in building construction. This investigation aimed to see how corrosive compounds affected the most predominant roofing sheets on the Ghanaian market. One-star galvanised Japan [G1*Jap], galvanised coated [GC], Aluzinc three-star galvanised [AlZn3*], one-star galvanised Indi [G1*Ind], and aluminium [Al] were the most common on the market and were used. The corrosion experiments were carried out by putting various samples in five jars containing various chemicals for varying amounts of time. A computer-interfaced optical microscope (Leica DM 2500M) was employed to study the surface microstructures of the corroded surfaces, with the corrosion rates per day being determined. Average corrosion rates for one-star galvanised Japan [G1*Jap] roofing sheets were the most corrosive resistant whilst [AlZn3*] roofing sheets were the least resistant to corrosion. Generally, G1*Jap roofing sheet stood out as the best roofing sheet in terms of corrosion resistance. These numbers led to the conclusion that G1*Jap roofing sheets were the most corrosion-resistant when compared to the other roofing sheets. The most corroded roofing sheets were Aluzinc three-star galvanised [AlZn3*] roofing sheets.

Laser cladding (LC) is a laser-based surface modification technology that has been widely adopted for the development of thin layers that operate under harsh conditions. Corrosion contributes to approximately 50% of oil and refinery equipment failures. These major risks require sophisticated methods to improve oil equipment performance. LC promotes the generation of superior properties on the substrate surface, which improves service life. To reduce corrosion failure and enhance life cycles, we conducted electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of Ti and Ni powders and directly coated them on A283 steel alloy, which was alloyed by ND-YAG LC and the remelted surface of A283 steel alloy. The microstructure, element distribution and phase analysis of the cladding sample were studied by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. The results indicated that the coatings with fine metallurgical bonding to the substrate comprised major stable FeTi and FeNi and illustrated two different regions of solidification microstructures. The LC process and powder feeding by EPD were applied, which improved the mechanical properties, corrosion behaviour, phase transformation and structural optimisation of the surface microstructure of the laser mixed zone. Melting of the coated sample showed that the coating produced by laser treatment had a smooth top surface. In addition, we have a proven case of surface treatment with a laser that delivered the required performance. Moreover, this treatment is a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional surface preparation treatments.

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems are essential for storing solar energy during sunshine and using it during the absence of solar radiation. The energy storage systems of phase-change materials (PCMs) possess comparatively low thermal conductivity values, which greatly decrease their performance. Significant thermal enhancement of PCM behaviour could be achieved adding a porous metal foam. In this work, experimental analysis was conducted on a vertical LHTES with PCM by using water as a heat transfer fluid (HTF). The effect of adding a porous metal foam on the charging process was investigated. Experimental observations showed the foamed TTHX had a superior melting rate over the non-foamed TTHX. For both TTHX configurations, the needed time for the charging process decreased with the addition of porous metal foam. The effect of Cu foam was significant for the foamed TTHX. The reduction in the whole melting time for the foamed and non-foamed TTHX was 43% for the same HTF temperature of 69 °C.

The recent technological development in many fields has made a significant contribution to the reconstruction of a historical buildings. The matter becomes complicated when the buildings are destroyed, and it is required to collect as many different sources of information as possible. The research problem lies in the absence of studies on reconstructing the lost historical landmarks in the old Mosul city in an interactive 4D modelling. This study aims to develop a strategy to reconstruct historical cultural landmarks in an interactive digital way, based on the collection and integration of multiple sources of information, in addition to an attempt to extrapolate the lost elements based on similar data and various available information, and all this using available software techniques to create interactive environments. To produce documents that can be used in the process of restoring the real origin as an advanced engineering document, used for future periodic maintenance and preservation purposes. The study seeks to reconstruct the military Qishla building in the completely destroyed in Mosul, as a case study, using multiple tools and techniques, in parallel with the techniques Modern digital, and various CAD programs for engineering and parametric drawing and Ar-media augmented reality app.

Evaluation of settlement of structures constructed on flat ground is an important criteria, that importance increased when these structures available near slope which increase the settlement at certain distance over than its value on flat ground. This study evaluated maximum settlement of Communication Tower foundation using finite element method, this foundation presented near sand slope with constant height and angle, and subjected to eccentric load with constant ratio of eccentricity to foundation width (e/B) equal (0.15), the eccentricity of loading caused by moment, two constitutive models adopted in the study for (Loose, Medium and Dense) sand, the study examined effect of embedment depth, relative density of sand and constitutive model on the relation between maximum settlement and ratio of distance from crest of slope to foundation width (b/B). The results showed which of the two models is more appropriate to represent the problem of study, and showed that at the distance equal and more than half of width of foundation (b/B≥0.5), the effect of the slope on the values of the maximum settlement of foundation begin to disappear, loose sand has the greatest values of maximum settlement, medium and dense sand have a convergence results from each to other. In addition, the results showed the effect of embedment depth in reducing the maximum settlement rate by an approximate range of (32.6 – 42.6) %.

Bone fractures which are treated, the Locking Compression Plate (LCP) with locked screws is commonly employed. Appropriate distance between the LCP and the bone may enhance periosteal blood supply. Aim: This study aims to determine the effect of distance between the LCP and the bone analogue on the stiffness of the locking compression plate itself using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Method: To investigate the effect of distance between the LCP and three models bone of transversely fractured tibia, the bone fixed with locked Compression Plate (LCP) containing eight holes each is 4.5 mm using cortex screws. Results: The current study revealed that the stiffness construct will be reduced when the distance between the Locking Compression Plate and the bone analogue increased. Conclusion: To preserve the bone's peripheral blood supply, the plate should be kept at a small distance from the bone during internal fixation.

The beam-column joints play an important role in the structures where the functions of connection shortage by transport the forces like shear, moment, and torsion from the beam to the column. So, this study represents an attempt to investigate the performance and the effect of limited cycles of repeated load on the strength of the exterior beam-column joint core. Therefore, 34 specimens have been investigated by using a numerical analysis that used the finite element method. To simulate these specimens, the concrete damage plasticity model was used to define the concrete materials and the nonlinear isotropic/kinematic (combined) hardening model for steel material definition. These models are involved in the ABAQUS software package, version 2020. This study involves key parametric studies on beam-column joints, which are summarized as changing the ratio of shear reinforcement of the joint core in addition to using two types of shear reinforcement. This study also includes the effect of flexural reinforcement of the beam as well as the beam’s shear reinforcement effect on the strength of the beam-column joint. To calibrate the software to simulate a realistic result, three specimens have been used, which have been tested in previous studies. It has been found that this numerical model accurately predicts the experimental response under limited cycles of repeated loading. The ultimate load from modelling was compared with the experiment once, having a difference of less than 10% and the ultimate displacement having a difference of less than 11%. It has been found that increasing the ratio of the joint’s shear reinforcement to double has no significant effect on the ultimate load. Otherwise, decreasing it to half leads to a decrease in the ultimate load compared with a specimen that is designed according to ASCE352-02R. This study has studied the effectiveness of increasing the shear reinforcement by adding an x-shape reinforcement. Also, the flexural reinforcement of the beam has found it has increased the ultimate load capacity by 48% Where the ratio of flexural reinforcement increased to 1.8%, the load bearing capacity was enhanced.

Accurate road surface parameter identification is considered essential for selecting the appropriate controlling threshold in the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) utilized in modern vehicles. This paper presents a data-based method for road surface parameter estimation. The proposed method utilizes a pattern recognition technique that works to estimate the road type during braking. A detailed analysis and related comparison is provided for several pattern recognition techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Decision Tree (DT), which were chosen among previously studied pattern recognition techniques. A model for the ABS system is implemented with MATLAB Simulink, and the required data is extracted to be utilized to train each model individually. After training is complete, a test has been applied in order to obtain the performance of each trained model. In particular, accuracy and sensitivity are utilized to compare the effectiveness of these models, with 96% for the SVM, 95.2% for the DT model, and 94% for the KNN model. Although the SVM classifier accuracy was better than both the KNN and DT classifiers, all classifiers presented a high performance accuracy that proves the possibility of utilizing a data-based method for road surface parameter identification that increases the reliability of safety systems like the ABS.

The present study evaluates the potential of chemically modified, immobilized Chara algae (C. vulgaris) to remove copper and lead from aqueous solutions. Chara algae were prepared and studied for their ability to remove heavy metal ions prepared solutions. In a batch mode, several factors affecting the adsorption process such pH, temperature, contacting period and algal dose on adsorption efficiency were studied. Results showed that the metal adsorption process takes place quickly at pH values (5.0-6.0), temperature level (25-30) oC and the order of the accumulated metal ions is Cu>pb.The results showed that the handling with low concentration of nitric acid at 0.05 normality was effective in the process of desorbing metal ions. So as for regeneration of algae, 0.2 M sodium hydroxide is very effective. The regenerative algae were used for five cycles of biosorption, without losing its demineralization efficacy. FTIR absorption spectroscopic analyzes showed that all groups that present in the algae are responsible for the main biological absorption of metal ions.Adsorption process specifications are more effective when using modification processes, as the maximum adsorption of algae for both lead and copper was within a range of 6.5-10.3 mg per gram of algae when using the alkaline treatment. While the acid treatment reduced the amount of adsorbent by 4.2-5.8 mg per gram algae; The adsorption process is fast and occurs by 90% within the first 15 min. Heavy metal adsorption was observed at very low levels at pH values as low as 2.0. Algae are effective in removing lead, copper and other light metal ions from wastewater.