Journal of Legal Sciences

In response to the development in information and communication technology, which imposed itself in various aspects of contemporary life, including the legal side, it became legal provisions that regulate the transactions of individuals, unable to fill the legal vacuum created by this development, so a law was passed electronic signature and electronic transactions, number (78) for the year 2012, to fill this legal vacuum in the field of recognition in giving legal argument for writing e-mail signature and electronic commercial paper and electronic funds transfer, and enhance confidence in the validity and integrity of electronic transactions.The research revealed deficiencies that marred this law, particularly in the area of litigation and the agency electronic mail and any document issued by the notary electronically and made recommendations for research to complete the deficiencies in this law.

Principle: ((that compensation is considered a thing of the annulment request and can not be compensated only with the annulment))Resolution: ((at the audit and deliberation found that discrimination is submitted within the legal period, he decided to accept a form and when the review of the judgment deals available appeared to be true and OK with the law came following the decision of Cassation issued a number 1272 / appellate Moved / 2011 12/9/2011, because the distinctive Exchange considering the request for annulment and inventory claim for compensation and that's where the compensation is considered a thing of the annulment and may not seek compensation, but with a request for annulment, it decided to ratify the referee distinctive reportedly challenged discriminatory load with distinctive graphic discrimination and the decision was made in agreement in 29 / spring I / 1433 AH, corresponding to 22/2 / 2012.))

Terrorism is an old phenomenon, but awareness of its seriousness talk of where to stretch the impact of the terrorist crime and the magnitude of the results as well as the community's awareness of the newly therefore appeared studies and special laws to deal with this phenomenon, especially that this phenomenon has increased the time being to enter an organization where the scientific methods and modern techniques that cause destruction and horror of mass.That the term terrorism in the modern era did not materialize and actually only in 1793 and that was when he declared Robespierre (Robespierre) the beginning of the reign of terror or Alrhb (Reign of terror) which lasted in France from March 10 1973_27 July 1794 where it was the execution of 40 000 people and the imprisonment of 300 others.That our research, which deals with criminal intent in the terrorist crime and privacy comes from the merger (the motive and intent and purpose), a terrorist act, which gives a distinctive character to the seriousness of the criminal actor and raised serious criminal act is a crime that gives the analogy further terrorist crimes. So it is not appropriate to stick to the rules of traditional (though in reality not narrowed to absorb terrorist crime) in the face of the situation and the challenges of non – traditional.

I like the appearance of the term price Open ((open price contract departure from the dramatic to the general rules in the sales contract, under which is determining the price an order substantially in the contract and force. Then the contract where the price is open to be null and void, and shall have no legal effect.But with the rapid development of trade, became fixed schedules of goods and products and their price statement is obsolete. Where he became the need for flexibility in volatile markets, a very important issue, especially with the parties to the contract to try to reduce the risk due to the fluctuation of prices.And perhaps no global phenomenon illustrates the need to develop special provisions of the contract on the basis of price Open (from fluctuations in crude oil prices), where prices rose as much as three – fold, with increasing demand from what it was in the nineties where intervened political volatility in changing the map of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, as well as case for the growing demand for refined gasoline, which saw demand drastic fluctuations represented an increase of the average retail price per gallon of gasoline by about 250% for the period from 1995 to mid – 2005. Such an increase in prices to be disastrous in the long term for the supply contracts between oil refiners and traders if it has been determined expensive time of the conclusion of the contract and in the middle of the nineties of the last century, which means the bankruptcy of those companies after several years because they did not expect for such mutations in oil prices, while traders reap profits from the sale of plentiful gasoline at more than double the cost in the market, especially with the recent willingness to pay more than the price.These differences in prices could easily arise in the long term in the contractual relations based on the sale of goods. From here, the solution is to resort to price the open condition as a substitute for determining the price of a fixed time of conclusion of the contract for the goods will be exported in the future.From here came this research highlights even in a simple form on this type of contract that leaves the price open.

Les drones armés sont, en réalité، que les instruments nouveaux de guerres qui s’opèrent de plus en plus à distance de l’adversaire et jouissent d’une autonomie considérable. Ils permettent même sans doute des frappes plus discriminées que des armes plus classiques. Cependant, l’utilisation croissante de cette nouvelle technologie dans les guerres actuelles en dehors des limites territoriales des État pose nombre de questions. D’une part, à propos de sa légitimité، surtout que du droit international humanitaire (DIH) interdit les armes qui ne permettent pas de respecter ses principes généraux: nécessité، distinction, proportionnalité، précaution et interdiction de causer des maux superflus. D›autre part, à propos de la nécessité de développer de nouvelles réglementations internationales doivent être pris en compte cet énorme développement dans le domaine de la technologie militaire.

The Practices of the UN security council to criminalize the violations of International humanitarian law during non – international armed conflicts.The non – international armed conflicts represent the prevailing image of the conflicts in humanitarian law. The reactions of the International community, especially the UN security council, were categorical and influential at the same time that the council repeatedly announced through its decision the individual criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of these violations, and the UN security council practically determined to persecute and punish those accused of serious violations through the establishment of the special international criminal tribunals.

The position of vice president is the most important governmental positions in Iraq, where he replaces the president in the exercise of its powers when a blocker converts between the president and the exercise of its powers in accordance with the constitutional and legal provisions handle that, but it is noted in this regard that the importance of this position did not tack on one frequency in Iraqi constitutions successive, as that in spite of the House of Representatives passed a law Congress Presidential Decree No. (1) for the year 2011 but it contained many of the advantages and disadvantages that contained in it especially the lack of harmony with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq in 2005 or lack innate that did not handle by this law, which prompted us to delve into the midst of this subject in order to show all provisions relating to the Vice President of the Republic in terms of how his choice and his powers and responsibility in order to give a comprehensive picture of him.

Characterized by globalization and international trade to give importance to the will of the Sultan dealers, which should discuss this importance and its impact on international commercial arbitration, and whether this will require that the restriction in the interest of international trade, and this is the subject of the first section. Are there situations require recourse to arbitration, despite the lack of legislative text on this obligation. And some objected to the decision of the arbitration at the request of its implementation in the state to be executed there. This is the theme of the second section. The search is over to the summary and recommendations. In conclusion, the findings of some recent national legislation in order to encourage the behavior of conciliation and reconciliation as an alternative dispute resolution, has yet to reach the level of a system of reconciliation and conciliation for the International Chamber of Commerce or developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) rules in this regard.

Les parties du contrat de transport maritime. – Le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises est bipartite à sa formation, puisqu’il est formé de deux parties lorsqu’il est conclu, et devient tripartite à la livraison des marchandises au destinataire, qui accepte les termes du contrat de transport. Néanmoins, dans la pratique, la chaîne de transport est souvent plus compliquée qu’une simple relation chargeur/transporteur/destinataire. Le contrat peut ainsi se voir composé de quatre parties avec l’intervention d’un commissionnaire de transport. Chaque partie à cette chaîne est soumise à des obligations, et par suite sera responsable en cas de violation de celles – ci.Les obligations du chargeur. – Le chargeur est débiteur de plusieurs obligations dont la principale est de régler au transporteur le montant convenu pour le transport des marchandises. Il doit emballer la marchandise dans les règles de l’art (en fonction de sa nature et du risque du transport maritime) et livrer la marchandise en temps et lieu convenus avec le transporteur, à qui il doit fournir des informations correctes pour lui permettre d’émettre des connaissements exacts et conformes aux marchandises. En effet, le chargeur est responsable des informations qu’il donne au transporteur. Enfin, si le destinataire a refusé de retirer la marchandise au port de destination, le chargeur doit le faire.Les obligations du destinataire. – A l’instar des Codes du commerce terrestre notamment le Code du commerce français, le droit maritime considère que le destinataire devient une partie au contrat de transport dès qu’il accepte la marchandise par accomplissement du connaissement.