University of Thi-Qar Journal for Engineering Sciences

The desalination process is one of the most important ways to obtain water suitable for human use. Several techniques are used for the purpose of water desalination. The most important and most common and most widely used techniques are reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes and multi-stage flash evaporation (MSF) processes.Several models are used for the purpose of estimating the cost of producing desalinated water. A number of factors that affect costs are included, the most important of which are the technology used and energy, in addition to the properties of raw water.The reverse osmosis (RO) membrane technology is considered the lowest operating cost in terms of energy relative to the multi-stage flash evaporation (MSF) plants, as it requires only electrical energy in all stages of operation, while the thermal plants need fuel and energy for the purpose of operation.Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes are more sensitive to salinity compared to thermal plants, as the production and efficiency of membrane plants decrease when the salinity of the desalinated raw water changes high.

The Matrix converter technology draws significant interest in motor drive applications. This is due to the advantages it can offer, like providing high quality input and output currents and compact structure. However, some unsolved problems strict its industrial use, one of these main problems is the stability of operation caused by the voltage distortion and/or the load torque disturbances. Using steady state small signal analysis, the matrix converter drive system driving an induction motor and equipped with an input filter will be presented in this paper, the stability of the system will be examined and the factors that influence it will be defined. A method of investigating the complex system with multiple-inputs multiple-outputs in simple fashion will be presented. Matlab/Simulink computer software is used to obtain simulation results to verify the mathematical model. The analysis will be carried out using transfer function analysis and the migration of eigenvalues on the simulation results. Where it has noticed that the stability is significantly affected by the system parameters, while the damping resistor of the filter affect the system stability directly.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are sensors capable of wireless networking, environmental monitoring, and signal processing. In WSN, there are several challenges and design problems, such as node deployment, routing, coverage, connection, and quality of service. Due to the massive number of sensor nodes in the WSN, routing can be viewed as a significant challenge. Energy, storage capacity, and power consumption are the most effective WSNs' limitations. It is crucial to consider these restrictions while selecting routing protocols for wireless sensor nodes. The characteristics and network typology of the routing protocols can be used to classify them. Several performance approaches and algorithms are used to assess routing protocols' performance. This manuscript studies and compares the energy efficiency and throughput of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed (HEED); the most effective power-aware routing protocols by changing the packet size and node density. This study was performed through simulation by utilizing the MATLAB tool. The simulation results showed that LEACH outperformed HEED in terms of throughput by an average of 28.85%, whereas HEED saved energy by an average of 3.41% compared to the LEACH protocol.

This paper purposes is o study the influence of hybrid Steel-Polypropylene fibers on workability , compressive strength, splitting strength , and modulus of elasticity of ordinary concrete. For this purpose four mixes in addition to a control normal concrete mixture were prepared. The volume of steel fiber was ( 0.75% and 1.5%) and the volume of polypropylene fiber was (0.15% and 0.3 %) . Results show that all concrete mixes including hybrid fiber had lower slump flow than the control mix (0%) .In comparison to other forms of concrete without fibers, hybrid concrete with steel and polypropylene fibers shown an increase in compressive, splitting, and elasticity modulus. According to the test results, the hybridization ratio (1.5% steel and 0.3% polypropylene) maximum increase ratio in compressive and splitting tensile strengths of 32% and 69%, respectively, above the reference mix.

K means algorithm is one of the powerful and popular unsupervised machine learning algorithms, typically used in wireless sensor networks WSNs to separate the network into subnetwork or smaller networks known as clusters K.

The purpose of clustering is to reduce the amount of energy consumed in the network which results into improve the lifetime of the network, Determining the optimal number of K is the most challenging in WSN research area. In the first part of this paper the two most powerful methods El-bow, and Silhouette approaches are used to form clustering and implemented on three different types of real-world applications depending on the size of network. Extensive simulations show that Elbow method is more appropriate in small and medium sized networks compared to silhouette method which shows its robustness in large network due to a minimum amount of time is used to form subgroups. In the second part of this study low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and Particle Swarm Optimization PSO based LEACH protocol is utilized on small sized network to validate the efficacy of the clustering used in the first part, The results show that PSO based LEACH protocol outperforms LEACH protocol in terms of energy consumption and number of packets sent when the nodes are communicating. PSO based LEACH protocol sends more packets and has fewer dead nodes, resulting in lower energy consumption.

This research aims to investigate in the strength of sand soil treated with different percentages (3%, 5%, 7%) of cement and (5%, 10%, 7%, 15%) of lime, two different of the dry unit weights (14.4,15.8) kN/m3. The specimens were examining after (28) days. The study included a number of unconfined compression tests. The UCS increased as cement content increased. It is noticed that the axial stress increases 225% for soil with gd =15.8 kN/m3 and 153% for soil with gd =14.4 kN/m3 with increasing cement content from 3% to 7%.The results show that the UCS increased as lime content increased It is noticed that the axial stress increases 165% for soil with gd =15.8 kN/m3 and 238% for soil with gd =14.4 kN/m3 with increasing lime content from 5% to 15%, as the soil showed a significant improvement in the strength of cement-treated soil compared to the lime-treated soil.

For assessments of hand function, it is crucial, mostly in the medical field, to record hand motions. For testing manual dexterity and rehabilitation, many data gloves have indeed been created. Regarding the sensor technique used, evaluation methodologies, and reasons, this article review intends to study and assess the features of technology-assisted hand evaluations and their uses. This study seeks to facilitate the design and translation of technology-aided hand functional assessment to clinical practice in accordance with the inadequacies of present applications and current alternatives afforded by upcoming methods. A number of previous studies (from 2012 to 2021) were relied upon to conduct a research study of the most important techniques used in analyzing and evaluating hand movement. The sensing technologies that are most frequently employed for kinematic and kinetic analysis are force sensing resistors (FSR) and inertial measurement units (IMU).

In last years , the number of people suffering from sleep disturbance has increased. Traditional polysomnography (PSG) in hospitals or sleep centres records many physiological signals while a patient is sleeping in order to diagnose sleep disturbances. But the enormous number of connected wires needed for conventional PSG is typically one of the main problems that result in sleep disruptions. Traditional PSG devices are not suitable for sleep monitoring at house due to their high cost and big body size. In this review paper, it cover the wireless techniques which used to recorded physiological signal during sleep. Wireless PSG developed systems can be used at home or in the hospital. These techniques could make a PSG test less challenging in particular situations, eliminate the requirement for hospital or healthcare overnight stays, and make self-setup and internet-based diagnostics easier

Geopolymer has introduced recently as a novel echo-friendly alternative to the tradition materials of soil stabilization such as lime and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to eliminate their sever impacts on the environment. Geopolymers involve alkaline activation of industrial waste to create cementitious products in treated soils, resulting with in improved soil properties. Due to its low bearing capacity, weak soil presents a problematic ground condition that is almost unsuitable for engineering construction projects. Chemical stabilization is one of the most widely used methods to enhance weak soil properties such bearing capacity. Therefore, this paper investigated the strength of low plasticity silt treated by geopolymer. The results shows that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the low plasticity silt-geopolymer matrix increased significantly in range of with increasing the main ingredient of the geopolymer (FGP), i.e., fly ash (FA). Similar trend was observe regarding to the secant modulus. However, with increasing the activator ratio, the compressive strength of soil-geopolymer matrix decreased for fly ash content of 20-30% and increased when the fly ash was 5-15%. The improvement in the strength is attributed to the dense and stiff crystalline structure due to fill the low plasticity silt voids by fly ash, produce geopolymer hydrated gel (C, N–A–S–H) that significantly bonded the soil particles. Therefore, it can be concluded that geopolymer is viable sustainable material to improve such problematic soil for different applications.

Components deterioration in all areas reduces the level of reliability and since these cases are part of the intrinsic nature of the components in all areas, the distribution of electrical energy is no exception and it results in aging and consequently, decreases the level of reliability. Distribution network feeders play a key role in improving the reliability of the distribution system. Feeders must be inspected and maintained to improve the reliability of the distribution system to the desired level. Inspection and maintenance of feeders is costly and the budget required to perform them is limited. On the other hand, some feeders in the network are more important than others in terms of different indices and their importance should be taken into account in planning.

This paper introduces a process based on inspection for quantification of MV overhead line condition and it was tried that all factors influencing the outage of distribution network integrated into one index that called Condition Index. Since the factors affecting outage can be fixed or variable over the time and also, because of preventive actions of these factor is different, so in this study, the criteria measure related to these factors are decoupled.

In order to purposefully distribution of capital and human resources in inspection of distribution networks, determination of the importance of each feeder is necessary. For this purpose, Importance Index has been introduced and calculated by using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method based on criteria such as length, average load and outage rate of feeders. In order to determining inspection/service rate of each feeder, ranking of feeders has been done by combination of Importance and Condition Index on the basis of decision map. Based on report of regular inspection, assets manager make decision regarding to scheduling of mid & short term maintenance. Finally, this proposed framework has been applied on the 10 feeders of one sub-transmission substation in Mashhad Electric Energy Distribution Company (MEEDC) as a case study

In recent decades, heart disease has become a major concern, and many people have died because of various health issues, heart disease is a critical issue in the health sector. We propose a monitoring system that include AD8232 ECG sensor based on the Arduino to monitoring the people that have heart disease. The AD8232 ECG sensor is a small chip that measures heart electrical activity, also can be recorded the signals and analyzed. In this paper, Electrocardiogram(ECG) with AD8232 ECG sensor are used to show ECG graph through the monitoring of the patients, it used to help diagnose various heart conditions.

The proposal scheme is simplified the process of connecting and show the signals on LCD screen. The results are shown the electrical activity, which used to diagnose the heart conditions for the different ages. The simulation of the proposal scheme by using proteus virtual system modeling; the results show the ECG graph. In addition, in the practice side, it is connected and applied on the human body to show the results for the monitoring that is represented the ECG signals

Soil characteristics are impacted by the nearness to the contamination sources. Accidental oozes and leaks of crude-oil are frequent occurrences that change the shear resistance and stress-strain behavior of soils by incompletely or totally replacing the soil pore liquid with oil. Soil contamination has become a main objective of the research in several conditions; this issue arises from the effect of previous and present industrial activities; taking the essential solutions scientifically towards these issues have become an urgent case that must be carefully studied. Numerous methods of remediation and stabilization of oil-contaminated soils have been applied during the preceding period due to their influence on the potential for collapse. Soil Stabilization is the modification of soils to improve their engineering properties. Chemical stabilization techniques have been one of the most adopted methods for enhancing the geotechnical properties of oil-contaminated soils. To realize the importance of using various additives that can improve the soil polluted with oil, like cement, lime, fly ash, and others, It is necessary to study the mechanical behavior of soils contaminated with oil and treated with different materials. This paper aims to review the investigations work on different types of soil contaminated with oil and to enhance it with various additions

The influence of a tunnel must be considered while developing nearby structures in order to prevent the likelihood of tunnel damage. Such an evaluation necessitates a thorough understanding of the soil-structure interaction of buried and surface structures. The focus of this work is study of effect pre-existing of tunnel on shallow foundations. Based on the following criteria: 1. The impact of tunnel depth 2: The influence of foundation sizes on soil carrying capacity, where a practical investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the effect of each of the components described above. The tunnel was made of aluminum. It was placed within sandy soil. The results shows that the tunnel's depth has an impact it is apparent that the lower the depth, the greater the soil carrying capacity, Where three depths were employed, which are 15 , 30, 45 cm measured from the bottom of the used foundations, respectively. The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil increases as the size of the foundation increase.

The aim of the current investigation is to examine the usefulness of reinforced compacted soil with the utilization of sand columns constructed from recycled construction materials, notably brick and glass, which have been stabilized using colloidal silicate. The goal is to install columns that exhibit enhanced rigidity compared to the adjacent soil. The testing schedule has been divided into three separate sections with the purpose to produce columns. The first stage entails choosing the most suitable mixing proportions for each material and colloidal silicate, taking into account three distinct weight percentages of liquid colloidal silicate (10%, 15%, and 20%). The second methodology entails the investigation of augmented characteristics of recycled materials, namely brick and glass, by integrating them with different ratios of sand (10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% based on weight)% . The specimens received an investigation in the lab to ascertain their unconfined compressive strength. The experiment findings demonstrated that including )20 %( cement and )20 %( colloidal silicate led to a higher cohesiveness value in the composite of brick and sand. Furthermore, it was noted that mixing of a glass-sand mixture resulted in a higher mathematical outcome, namely when the mixture contained )40 %( glass and )15 %( colloidal silicate. The next step entailed employing a laboratory model to evaluate the effectiveness of each blend on sand columns. During this phase of the laboratory attempts, the model test took place on three separate occasions. The installation of a single column initially reinforced the soil. During the subsequent illustration, the reinforcement was achieved by employing two columns. In the third happening, there were an entire of four columns observed. The outcomes revealed that the soil's enhancement ratio encountered significant enhancements when subjected to reinforcing with sand-brick columns infused with colloidal silicate. Specifically, a single column exhibited a (163 %) enhancement, while the presence of two columns resulted in a (144%) increase. Notably, the most substantial enhancement of (261%) was observed when four columns were utilized. The empirical results obtained from the sand-glass column experiment demonstrate that the enhancement ratio observed was (39 %) for a single column, (82 %) for a pair of columns, and (145 %) for a configuration consisting of four columns

Turbidity previously linked with the presence of pathogens has been eradicated by the coagulation process. Coagulation is a chemical treatment procedure that removes solids from water by changing the electrostatic charges of particles suspended in water. The eradication of turbidity and total organic carbon (TOC) has been investigated in this research by adding coagulants such as alum and FeCl3 respectively in concentrations (0, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45mg/L)to water in each jar on a jar measure. And studying the effect of the coagulant concentration on the removal of turbidity and total organic carbon(TOC) .The concentration used (0,5,15,25,35 mg/L)in each jars in the jartest .The speed of flash and slow mixing got initially by testing with three different speeds (flash mixing 400,300,220rpm )and(slow mixing 50,60,70rpm) and then selecting the one that provided the least turbidity and total organic carbon. The same procedure done with three different pH of water (6,7.25,8 )to study the effect of pH on coagulation . The findings show that FeCl3 is more successful at removing turbidity and total organic carbon. It has been observed that 220 rpm,50 rpm,6 pH yields the best outcomes. Mixing of two Coagulant alum and FeCl3 was studied to improve coagulation process and reduce the cost of coagulant .Mixing of two coagulants was made with proportions (Alum100%+Fecl30%, Alum75%+Fecl325%, Alum50%+Fecl3 50%, Alum25%+Fecl375%, Alum0%+Fecl3100%). Best removal of turbidity and TOC at 25 mg/L (75 percent Alum25%+Fecl375%,).This study proved that Mixing coagulation improves the coagulation process in removing turbidity and total organic carbon .

The purpose of the experimental research is to investigate the impact of incorporating steel fiber into lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) by combining the addition of three volume fractions (Vf) of end-hooked steel fiber (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) as a layer starting from the bottom fiber of the beam with three thicknesses (20%, 30%, and 40%) of the beam’s height. The beams that were evaluated as simply supported beams under two-point loads included a reference beam that did not include any steel fibers as well as five extra beams that had steel fibers in varying volume fractions (Vf). Flexure failure was incorporated into the beams throughout the construction process to guarantee that this would be the mechanism of failure. In comparison to the concrete used as a reference, the findings showed that an increase in the volume fractions (Vf) of steel fibre led to an increase in both the compressive strength and the density of the concrete. The density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, ultimate load, and ductility of the concrete all rose up to 7.68%, 25.74%, 92.71%, 79.1%, and 12.96%, respectively, with the volume fractions of steel fibre in the mixes increasing by 1.5%.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are being used in a wide range of fields, including business, the military, search and rescue, monitoring, and communications, to mention a few. UAVs are also anticipated to be a component of future air travel. Data exchange between (UAVs) along with UAVs and ground stations (GSs), which also heavily rely on aeronautical channels, is necessary to deliver application services. Coverage expansion is a crucial issue to satisfy the demands for improved performance, but it necessitates the nomination of more base or transfer stations. To deploy more stations, an efficient solution must be simple and affordable. Since an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is much more affordable than ground stations and does not require network or cell replanning, it has been suggested as a potential solution to these problems. This would increase network coverage without requiring the existing networks to undergo additional, unnecessary deployment processes. UAVs will be crucial components of 5G and future networks, acting as mobile aggregators, macro base stations, relay stations, and tiny cells. The position or trajectory of UAVs and the resource management of the entire network significantly impact the performance of UAV wireless networks. Still, a lot of problems (like channel modeling, battery capacity, and trajectory optimization) need to be fixed before UAVs can be effectively used to deliver dependable and robust context-specific networks. A significant portion of research in the fields of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) ignores the special qualities of UAV networks. UAV networks can be intermittently linked, have a fluid architecture, and range in speed from slow to dynamic. This article intends to provide a comprehensive analysis of UAV communication. In the present survey, we focus on issues concerning the overview of various communication paradigms, the characterization of UAV networks, communication systems, and the integration of UAVs into cellular networks. We present significant scenarios establishing direct communication links among UAVs, examining communication technologies and more information, and thoroughly examining the architectures, networking systems, communication protocols, and applications of UAVs.

Waste residues from plastic crates used to transport fruit pose a serious environmental threat. In this paper, we investigated the use of this kind of waste in the production of green concrete. This study showed the effect of plastic boxes waste (PBW) on concrete properties. PBW was used as aggregate instead of fine aggregate (sand). Six mixtures containing varying amounts of PBW particles (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) were preparedin addition to a control mixture. The effects of PBW on concrete properties were evaluated using compressive strength, flexural strength, splittingtensile strength, density, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The use of plastic trash cans has a negative impact on the strength of concrete. Although the addition of plastic waste aggregates reduces the mechanical properties of concrete, using such wastes reduces the environmental impact of plastic waste and preserves natural aggregates for the future. Environmentally friendly concrete can be manufactured. However, a significant decrease in density was observed. Ultrasonic velocities were declined, indicating that this type of concrete is suitable for structural insulation. In addition, the study showed relationships between concrete properties. In this study, an upper limit for PBW content was proposed. The inclusion of this type of aggregate is a potential solution to the plastic waste problem and may improve concrete properties