Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences

MmWave Path Loss (PL) Link Budget (LB) modeling considerations are based on many different factors. For instance, the third generation partnership project (3GPP) model is mainly based on the distance from an Access Point (AP) and the frequency of transmission as well as the transmission link budget situation. Furthermore, there are certain interesting models about the effects of dust and humidity on the MmWave propagation. These models had introduced the consequences of the humid and dusty environments without consideration for the additional MmWave transmission LB parameters. First of all, this paper introduces an average dust and humidity model based on statistical Z-test in order to overcome the variation in the results between the three chosen models for dust and humidity effect in the MmWave range. Secondly, it proposes LB compound model, that comprises 3GPP PL LB with an average dust and humidity model. This introduced compound model has been applied on Rural Macro (RMa) PL LB with and without the presence of dust and humidity. The simulation of the presented model has been applied for distinct distances from the AP and MmWave transmission frequency range from 0.5 to 30 GHz. The compound model is simulated via Matlab for four scenarios (Out to Input (O2I)-low loss model, and Out to Input (O2I)-high loss model) (with and without dust and humidity). Through the results and at distance (100 m), frequency (30 GHz), and humidity (0,50,100) percentage, the path loss compound model will be (70.02, 70.57, 70.96, and 71.12) dB for the low loss model, and (94.02, 94.64, 94.91, and 95.1) for the high loss model.

Using PV systems, solar energy may be used to create electricity. Every year, the proportion of solar energy in the electric system increases significantly. On the other hand, photovoltaic cells are susceptible to malfunctions that diminish their efficiency and profitability. Due to the severity of the defects, fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) in the PV system have become difficult. Thus, the primary objective of the proposed study is to detect and diagnose particular types of PV system problems using an artificial neural network (ANN). This early operation is more effective for avoiding errors during PV installation and minimizing PV system power losses. A new solar cell model is created in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and is used to identify the fault dataset. The solar cell consists of three parallel strings and three series modules, with each module containing 20 series-connected photovoltaic cells. This model determines four parameters (V-load in Volts, I-load in Amps, Irradiance in W/m2, and Temperature in Celsius) under varying situations (five temperature values, three irradiance values, and three-time events), which are repeated for all faults evaluated. In the training and testing phases of the proposed ANN, these four parameters are utilized as effective features. Additionally, this network possesses eight outputs, one for each defect. Using implementations with three different numbers of hidden layers and an identical fault dataset, the performance of the proposed network is tested. The findings of the simulation indicate a considerable proportion of fault detection and diagnosis accuracy, ranging between 95% and 98%. The computed RMSE reveals that the training period yields 0.193% improvement, whereas the testing phase yields 0.365%.

Soil properties checks and classification are an important part of any engineering project as they directly affect buildings as well as agriculture and others. The research aims to create an integrated database for soil properties in the study area, which is the western side of the city of Kut, to know its relationship to groundwater in the region. Laboratory tests were conducted for five soil samples from the Bar Drilling sites to monitor the movement of groundwater in the area. Soil samples were taken when drilling and upon reaching the groundwater level, which was approximately 6 meters sieve analysis, hydrometer, specific gravity, and hydraulic conductivity were also conducted, as well as the content of chlorides and sulfates in the soil was calculated. For classifying testure of the soil, the triangle of US agriculture department was utilized, soil can be divided into groups by this triangle based on clay, silt and sand proportion. Results of examination of soil texture showed that the soil in the first was Clay loam and the second point was Silty Clay loam and in the third point, it was sandy clay loam, while in the fourth point it was silty clay loam and it was in the fifth point silt loam As shown in Table 1. The specific gravity was measured in the field, and the lowest value was 2.65 in the third well, while the highest value was 2.70 in the fifth well. The hydraulic conductivity of the five well points was calculated and was close to each other and considered as an average value of hydraulic conductivity equal to 0.013522. The content of chlorides and sulfates in the soil was calculated due to its importance in knowing the chemical properties. The results showed that the value of the chlorides ranged between (0.154 - 1.72) %, while the values of the sulfate content in the soil ranged between (0.930 - 3.11) %.

There are several ways to improve the desalination process, one of which is to use various configurations and modify the MDCs\' traditional design. This strategy improves a number of variables, including the desalination efficiency, the rate of current production, the rate of removal of COD, and the rate of removal of total dissolved solids (TDS) The purpose of this study is to test the concept that desalination and energy production, two activities that work in tandem during wastewater MDC operation, can enhance system performance overall and increase the system\'s suitability for large-scale applications. use three chambered microbial desalination cells fed with synthetic wastewater and inoculated with activated sludge and anaerobic aged sludge.MDC was able to eliminate more than 90% of the NaCl in a salt solution with an initial salt concentration of 10000 mg TDS/L over the course of the four months procedure while also producing bioelectricity. Additionally, the desalinated water met the drinking water requirement in terms of TDS concentration, with a TDS concentration of 7.50 g TDS L/1 d/1 (volume of the salt solution). An utmost power density of 314.8 mW/m3 was generated by the MDC. The predicted results demonstrated acceptable agreement with experimental results with determination coefficients R2 > 90 %.

Concrete is a brittle material when subjected to design and accidental impact loads, which are expected along the life span of the structure. To improve the impact performance of concrete, steel fibers are used as short discrete material reinforcing elements. Among the available impact test, the ACI 544-2R repeated impact test is considered as the simplest and cheapest test procedure that needs no sophisticated sensors and costly techniques, which is used as a qualitative tool to evaluate the impact of fibrous concrete. This article introduces a state-of-the-art literature review of the repeated impact performance of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Rich literature of different steel fiber-reinforced concrete types is reviewed and the effect of steel fibers on the retained cracking and failure impact numbers is highlighted. The sole effects of the geometrical parameters of steel fibers were analyzed in addition to fiber content. Based on the reviewed literature works, it can be summarized that increasing the fiber content increases the impact strength, and using longer fibers affords deeper anchorage lengths inside the cement paste across cracks, which postpones their widening and improves the impact resistance in terms of recorded cracking and failure numbers.

The sub-channels that branch from the larger rivers may be manmade or natural. From the major channels, these sub-channels transfer sediments and water. The deposition of sediments at the entrance, sub-channel is a significant research challenge because it threatens the sub-facilities channel\'s and reduces the sub-carrying channel\'s capacity. Therefore, submerged vanes were used to reduce the amount of sediment entering the sub-channel. The goal of the vanes is to reduce the amount of sediment entering the sub-channel, hence redistributing sediment at the sub-entry channel\'s . They are vertically aligned with the flow direction and tilted at a certain angle. A physical model of the main channel, a sub-channel at a right angle, and a sediment feeder mechanism were developed. 51 tests were undertaken, 3 with submerged vanes and 48 without, with a varying number of submerged vanes (7, 5, 3 and 1). And angling it at various angles (10˚, 20˚, 30˚, and 40˚) in the discharge direction and with three sub-discharges of (19.1, 27 and 30.5 l/s), the sediment concentration flow was (6 kg/h). The weights of the sediments in sub-channel were calculated, and it was found that there is an effective use of these vanes and that the least amount of sediments is achieved when the angle is (20ᵓ). It was observed that the performance of the submerged vanes was significantly improved when there was a decrease in the discharge of the sub-channel

Since Al-Dujila canal hasn\'t been maintained in recent years, deposits have built up and reduced its flow capacity, which may cause significant operational issues in the future. Moreover, the Dujili Regulator\'s operation has changed the river\'s shape and hydraulic properties. This study uses HEC-RAS software to assess the hydraulics of flow, effect of slope on the amount of sediment in the canal and sediment transport over a 57 km stretch in the Al-Dujila canal between the Kut dam and Wasit township. One-dimensional simulations of the flow in steady and unsteady states under various hydraulic conditions have been conducted. Also, a one-dimensional sediment transport model was created utilizing the estimated values of Manning roughness for the steady and unsteady states in the Al-Dujila canal, which were 0.025 to assess the sediment capacity in the canal. The data required to run the sediment transport model, which ran from January 2022 to June 2022, was gathered through a series of field measurements. The observations that were put into practice included samples of the suspended load and bedload. Then, a number of laboratory experiments were carried out to gauge the river bed\'s soil composition and sediment concentration.

Textile dyeing companies use large amounts of water and chemicals during the dyeing process. Large amounts of sewage containing hazardous materials have been released into nearby water bodies, posing a threat to environmental sustainability. The aim of this research was to find out how the type and dosage of coagulant affect the removal of color and COD from industrial wastewater containing dye using ferric chloride and Alum. The efficiency of these coagulants was determined using the jar test, which examined the percentage of dye removal and COD from the wastewater, calculating the optimal coagulant dose, initial dye concentration, mixing speed, and sedimentation time. The highest decolorization efficiencies for FeCl3 and Alum coagulants were 81% and 81%, respectively. COD removal was 46% and 42% for FeCl3 and alum, respectively. Where pH 11 and coagulant doses of 20 and 30 mg/L for FeCl3 and alum, respectively, the coagulants performed better. The results of the study revealed that FeCl3 is more successful than Alum in removing color and COD from industrial effluents containing Congo red dye. Because the dose of coagulant used is less. On the other hand, the physicochemical method can be used as a successful pre-treatment method before subsequent treatment of the partially stabilized leachate.

Recently, COD and oil concentrations in the water have increased, as a result of reduced water volumes and increased industrial waste being dumped into the river. Increased concentrations of these pollutants lead to health and environmental problems. As the water treatment plants use the usual methods of water treatment and could not reduce the concentration of oil and COD to the limit set by the World Health Organization, so an effective way to treat these pollutants became absolutely necessary. In this study, electrochemical method was used to treat water contaminated with oil and COD, using aluminium and iron electrodes as positive electrode and cathode electrode. A coagulation cell with a volume of 2 litters was also used in the work. Several factors affecting the process of treating oil and carbon dioxide pollutants were studied, and these factors were as follows: Submerge depth, Number of electrodes, the distance between the electrodes. From the results, it was found that the optimum removal was 94.2% for oil, and 99.5% for COD. It was achieved when the number of electrodes was 4 aluminium and 4 irons, the distance between the electrodes was 2 cm, the depth was 12 cm, and the function variables were acidic equal to 7, time 50 min, and voltage 10.5 V. The concentration of sodium chloride is 0.5 g/l and the electrode material is aluminium as anode and cathode and the initial oil concentration is 95 mg per litter, initial COD concentration is 710 mg per litter and the consumption of energy was estimated to be 12 kwh/m³, the TSS was 73 mg/l. The results demonstrated that the electrochemical is a feasible technique for treatment of oily contaminated petroleum refinery wastewater. Investigate the removal oil and COD of oily wastewater by using an electrochemical and investigate the electric energy cost.

The desiccant air conditioning system consists of two processes, namely cooling and dehumidification, in which the air temperature and humidity are controlled in order to provide comfortable thermal conditions. A typical system includes a dehumidifier, indirect evaporative cooler, and regenerator. The desiccant is selected depending on its ability to absorb water vapor present in the air. In this study, calcium chloride solution was used as a desiccant for the desiccant solution regeneration process, and a flat plate solar collector was employed. Different variables, such as the primary air flow rate, desiccant flow rate, and the concentration of the desiccant solution, were changed during the experiments. The impact of these variables on the performance parameters of the desiccant system such as moisture removal rate, moisture efficiency, enthalpy efficiency, sensible heat ratio, and the mass transfer coefficient was studied. The obtained results revealed that as the solution concentration and the flow rate of primary air increase, the moisture removal rate, sensible heat ratio, and mass transfer coefficient increase. A particular value of inlet primary air flow rate (0.18Kg/s), an increase in the inlet concentration of calcium chloride solution from 0.85 to 0.95 leads to a rise in moisture removal rate, sensible heat ratio, and mass transfer coefficient of (1.1 _1.65) g/s, (0.18-0.25), and (0.01075-0.0123) m/s respectively. While at a certain inlet concentration of a desiccant solution (0.95), increasing the inlet primary air flow rate from 0.1Kg/s to 0.18Kg/s leads to an increase in the moisture removal rate, sensible heat ratio, and mass transfer coefficient o (0.94-1.26) g/s, (0.24-0.26), and(0.0038 -0.011) m/s respectively.

In recent years, open-pore metallic foams have been employed in a wide variety of applications owing to the essential qualities that they possess. In the present study, the thermal performance of a finned heat sink made from open-cell copper foam was investigated numerically under laminar forced conditions. The influence of fin thickness, air velocity, and heat fluxes on the average heat sink base temperature to ambient temperature difference, the Nusselt number, and pressure drop were investigated. Fin thickness was generally taken as 2, 5, 7, and 10 mm. Heat fluxes were taken from (600 to 3000) W/m2, while the air velocity was taken from 0.04 to 0.16 m/s. The findings of laminar flow indicate that straight fins with a thickness of 10 mm minimize the temperature difference between the heat sink's base and the surrounding air the most, followed by fins with thicknesses of 7 mm, 5 mm, and 2 mm. At 3000 W/m2, a change in velocity from 0.04 to 0.16 m/s increases the average base temperature difference (i.e. (Tbase-Tamb)) by 118.9% for a heat sink with 10 mm straight fins. . At a heat flow of 600W/m2, the Nusselt number grew by 72.6%, 60.7%, and 45.7% when fin thickness was raised from 2 mm to 10 mm, 2 mm to 7 mm, and 2 mm to 5 mm, respectively. The results also demonstrate that the pressure drop rises with increasing fin thickness.

The decolourisation of the reactive Congo red dye from synthetic wastewater was studied using ElectroCoagulation (EC) technique.
In an effort to increase removal efficiency, the effects of operating parameters including flow, inter electrode distance, conductivity, voltage, and Hydraulic Detention Time (HDT) were investigated.
An electrochemical cell was initially created with an aluminum cathode and anode. Following that, each variable's impact was examined independently using synthetic wastewater. The colour removal efficiency was 93% when the initial dye concentration was 4 mg/L, the conductivity was 300 ppm, the temperature was 24 oC, the interelectrode spacing was 1 cm, and the HDT of the electrolysis was 120 min.