DIYALA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

Wind turbine performance is a critical aspect of renewable energy systems, and this study focuses on optimizing it through innovative strategies. It also discussed the different parts of WECS, such as wind turbines, generators, and control systems, to enhance their performance and efficiency. The research delves into the integration of speed control and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) mechanisms using a sophisticated Three-Phase Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter. The converter's unique topology, involving a back-to-back connection, shows a pivotal part in shaping the performance of the wind turbine. Furthermore, the near-zero implementation in MPPT strives to minimize oscillations and enhance photovoltaic panel and wind turbine efficiency. This technique, as explored in various studies, aims to achieve stable, efficient power output by reducing perturbations, ensuring optimal energy capture, and improving overall system reliability. This study investigates the transformation before and after near-zero implementation in various contexts. It explores the impact on energy efficiency with near-zero properties, and the performance of buildings, providing insights into the substantial changes brought about by near-zero initiatives. Additionally, the implementation of MPPT is explored, demonstrating that adjusting delta values can lead to faster stabilization times. By changing the negative delta value to -0.0005, the system achieves stabilization at the target power of 19 kW within 0.2 seconds. These findings emphasize the versatility of the Three-Phase Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter in enhancing both speed control and MPPT for wind turbines

An important area of research is the extraction of organic chemicals from plants and herbs. Considering the fact that the extracts have numerous commercial and pharmacological uses. Furthermore, limiting the optimal working region is made easier by employing an appropriate experimental design. Solvent extraction is the technique most frequently used to separate organic components from plants. However, the conditions of extracting solvent that is utilized greatly affects the yields of the extract and, as a result, the organic activities of the plant parts. This research deals with the extraction of solid organic compounds from the okra leaves using water as a solvent. A Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction process. The influence of extraction time, solvent volume, and okra powder mass on the yield percentage was optimized. Two mathematical models were suggested: second-order polynomials and power models. A higher correlation coefficient was obtained with the polynomial model. The maximum extraction yield was obtained at optimum values of 200.3 min, 29.07 g, and 290.7 ml for time, okra powder mass, and solvent volume, respectively. It is evident from mathematical formulas that the impact of time was less significant than the effects of solvent volume and powder mass. On the other hand, the power model and the second-order quadratic interaction model had correlation coefficients of 0.4849 and 0.9707, respectively.

The design of the braced excavation system is one of the important and necessary matters for the implementation of various projects. The braced excavation system is used to support excavations in temporary projects, so there are shortcomings in the study of this aspect, although sometimes there are many projects that take long periods of time especially the projects of underground tunnels and high buildings. This was the main reason for the study. Therefore, the possibility of exposing the drilling system to earthquakes is great, especially in seismically active areas. If the drilling system is exposed to an earthquake, it can cause great human and material losses, so it must be designed against earthquakes so that ensure complete collapse and failure does not occur. This study aims to investigate the behavior of braced excavations under the influence of the Ali Al-Gharbi earthquake in both x- and y- directions. A numerical study is carried out on braced excavation system of (14×6) m and depth 9m using software Plaxis 3D. The braced excavation system consists of three type of bracing system with three levels of strut and wales connected with sheet pile wall to support sides of excavation and prevent them from collapsing. The results of study showed that the horizontal displacement of braced excavation system is (100-155) % more than vertical displacement (settlement) with seismic time when system is subjected to Ali Al-Gharbi earthquake in both directions with the other factors remaining constant. The stiffness of sheet pile wall also play an important role increases and decreases lateral displacement in both direction. Also, the results showed that the movement of of braced excavation system depends on several factors like as type of soil, time acceleration and the direction of earthquake. Settlement of Ali Al-Gharbi earthquake in Y- direction is 13% more than in X-direction.

Improving photovoltaic (PV) system efficiency is a popular field of research. Partial shading (PS) adversely impacts the solar system's output power, which considerably reduces the system's efficiency. As a result, this issue has been the subject of extensive investigation. When sunlight is blocked off of photovoltaic cells in a PV array, panel, or module, it is referred to as shading. Using a method that involves spreading shade throughout the PV array is one of the suggested fixes for this issue. This study compares the performance of a shade dispersion method to different PV array configurations under different partial shading circumstances, and it looks at how effective it is in a 3x3 PV system. MATLAB/Simulink is used for the evaluation. To achieve this, shade dispersion-based TCT (SD-TCT) under various shading scenarios has been compared to the current standard designs, which include series-parallel (SP), Honey-Comb (HC), Bridge-Linked (BL), and Total Cross-Tied (TCT). Based on the global maximum power (GMPP), mismatch power losses, fill factor (FF), percentage power losses (PL %), and PV system efficiency, the efficacy of the shade dispersion technique was assessed. For every partial shading condition (PSC) that was studied, the SD-TCT configuration outperforms the other setups in terms of fill factor and power loss.

The importance of this study comes from the expected risks as the bridge foundations is exposed and their effects on the lives of users. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of earthquakes loading on the bridge foundation subjected to combined loading as a case study for Al-Shareef Bridge/ Diyala province in Iraq. The numerical analysis highlights the foundation settlement firstly, in flat ground and secondly, in slope ground with applied different value of axial loads starts from the zero-working load (no loading) to maximum working load. All cases were investigated in dry and saturated soil under effect of Halabjah earthquake. Plaxis 3D is one of the finite element programs that had been used to simulate the soil foundation interaction by Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria for the soil model and linear elastic for concrete materials. The conclusions of this study showed that the settlement of pile group is increased in saturated soil about 5% more than the dry soil under the effect of static loads for both groups, but, the settlement in group (2) is increased about 10% more than the group (1) in dry and saturated condition. The settlement in saturated soil is increased to 12% more than the dry soil when Halabjah earthquake loads is applied.

This numerical study was conducted to evaluate the effect of longitudinal hollow openings in reinforced concrete beams. The study was divided into three groups: The first group: was circular holes of different sizes. The second group: different shaped openings (circular, square, rectangular). The third group: the number of openings (one, two, three). Abaqus software was used to analyze the behavior of reinforced concrete beams with hollow openings. The following effects of hollow openings were studied (effect on bending resistance, effect on beam deformations). The results also showed that the presence of hollow openings leads to increased threshold deformations. The results also show that the aperture size has a significant effect on the threshold deformations. Sills with large openings have a greater negative impact on sill deformations compared to sills with small openings. Concrete beams' longitudinal circular hole provides greater load-bearing than rectangular or square slots. Increasing the number of longitudinal holes provides greater load-bearing, but increasing the number reduces the load-bearing. Concrete with longitudinal slots is cheaper and lighter than hollow concrete openings and is used in buildings on a limited budget. Circular slots (10.46% difference) are better than rectangular (18.60% difference) and square (19.76% difference). One hole (10.46% difference) is better than two holes (18.60% difference) and three holes (19.76% difference).

In recent decades, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been increasingly used to reinforce curved reinforced concrete girders. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of curvature on the performance of curved reinforced concrete (RC) girders reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). Five models with a length of 6 m and different degrees of curvature (1,2,3,4,5) mm/m were used, each with dimensions similar to the models used in cross-sectional area and effective extension similar to those of the source model. The modeling was in Ansys software and the girders were simulated to obtain the load deflection with respect to the mid span, failure load and failure pattern, in order to understand the effect of variable curvature on the performance of this type of structural element, it was applied under one central load from the middle of the girder length until failure. It was observed that the curvature pitch of 5 mm/m reduced the load-bearing capacity of the c RC curved girders by 7.33%.

Video captioning techniques have practical applications in fields like video surveillance and robotic vision, particularly in real-time scenarios. However, most of the current approaches still exhibit certain limitations when applied to live video, and research has predominantly focused on English language captioning. In this paper, we introduced a novel approach for live real-time Arabic video captioning using deep neural networks with a parallel architecture implementation. The proposed model primarily relied on the encoder-decoder architecture trained end-to-end on Arabic text. Video Swin Transformer and deep convolutional network are employed for video understanding, while the standard Transformer architecture is utilized for both video feature encoding and caption decoding. Results from experiments conducted on the translated MSVD and MSR-VTT datasets demonstrate that utilizing an end-to-end Arabic model yielded better performance than methods involving the translation of generated English captions to Arabic. Our approach demonstrates notable advancements over compared methods, yielding a CIDEr score of 78.3 and 36.3 for the MSVD and MSRVTT datasets, respectively. In the context of inference speed, our model achieved a latency of approximately 95 ms using an RTX 3090 GPU for a temporal video segment with 16 frames captured online from a camera device.

Metallic components in boating industry are being replaced with carbon fiber composites due to their light weight, excellent mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. However, the carbon fiber cost has obstructed the substitution. Hybridization is suggested to merge carbon and glass fibers in cost-effective composites while maintaining the desired engineering properties. This study experimentally examines the impact of hybridization and seawater aging on the mechanical properties of glass and carbon fibers hybrid composites. A range of composites ([C]6, [CGC]s, [C]3[G]3, [GCG]s, and [G]6) are fabricated and aged in simulated seawater solution before their tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness properties are examined. The results revealed degradation in properties due to the ageing, the degree of degradation is influenced by the s hybridization configuration. The [G]6 sample shows the highest tensile strength reduction of 30% compared to 20% for the [C]6. The remaining samples exhibit reduction percentages falling between these two extremes. A similar behavior is observed in the flexural test, though the extremes values are smaller, 10.2%, and 12.5%. The impact and hardness tests showed an inverse relationship between the glass fiber content and impact strength degradation due to aging, while they exhibited a linear correlation for hardness degradation due to ageing.

Squat-reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with an aspect ratio of less than two are considered effective structural members, where shear is the dominant failure mechanism. Squat shear walls are widely used in nuclear power plants and building construction and feature optimal cost and outstanding performance, due to their lateral strength and high rigidity to resist lateral loads. However, since the accurate evaluation of the shear strength of squat shear walls must meet the design specifications, its calculation may be very complex, challenging, and inaccurate using experimental and theoretical equations due to many influential and overlapping design factors, so it takes more time and higher cost to determine it. This study uses machine learning (ML) methods to build a shear strength prediction efficient model for squat RC walls to address these issues. First, a huge dataset of 1424 RC squat wall test specimens gathered from the literature is utilized for developing an ML model, by employing XGBoost, to predict the shear strength. Results verified that the XGBoost model had the best accuracy and least error while assessing the squat walls' strength at shear. Moreover, an XGBoost optimum algorithm fared better than the empirical models based on mechanics, with a 99.2% accuracy. Finally, to prove that the model can identify the most important variables that significantly affect the shear strength, parameter and sensitivity analyses were performed and the results showed that the wall length is the factor that contributes most to the ultimate shear strength of the squat shear wall as a percentage (7.62%), followed by the yield strength. For the web as a ratio. (6.88%), concrete strength (6.75%), reinforcement ratio information (6.56%), and geometric properties (6.01%), while the axial load represents the smallest contribution, reaching (4.16%).

Since the temperature distributions on concrete bridges are nonlinear, they lead to the self-equilibration of the stress distributions. To have a discussion about strains, deflection, and moment brought on by temperature changes. Three-dimensional finite element, Computers and Structures, Inc (CSI) Bridge finite element software is used to analyze 2 box girder bridge specimens; rectangle and trapezoidal cross section. The box girders were same in depth, span length, cross section details and material properties. These specimens were subjected to different temperatures values. They were tested under AASHTO thermal loading and temperature gradient specification. The finding showed that changing the temperatures at a constant rate during the days of the year, by increasing and decreasing, affects by a fixed amount all of the values of deflection, stresses, and moments, for each of the rectangular and trapezoidal sections by the same amount. Through the values of deflection, stresses and moments for both the trapezoidal section and the rectangular section, it can be seen that the trapezoidal section is affected by the temperature change in a lesser way than the rectangular section. That happened because the rectangular section is affected by the temperature gradient along the section in a greater proportion than the trapezoidal section by 16% in stresses and 56% in terms of deflection.

This research presents an experimental study of the dynamic response of pile foundation as a result of the vibration of a nearby foundation as a source of dynamic load in sandy soil with relative density of 85%. The experiments were conducted on dry and soaked state of soil. The pile raft consisted of a pile cap with dimensions of (100 x 100 x 10) mm, connected with four solid steel piles with a slenderness ratio of 30 and pile diameter is 8 mm, and the machine foundation (vibration source) with dimensions (80 x 80 x 40) mm. After having completed the soil layers preparation inside a steel container with suitable dimensions is used, the machine that generated vibration was operated by the rotating mass, as this vibration reached the pile raft. The results showed that the displacement amplitude, acceleration, velocity and settlement of the pile raft decreased with increasing distance with the vibration source (from 0.5B to 2B) for the three frequencies (10,15 and 20) Hz, while the decrease for displacement was (48%,23.83% and 42.48%) respectively in the dry state of soil. On the other hand, the decrease for displacement was (37%, 23.16% and 46.27%) in the soaked state of soil. Regarding acceleration, it was decreased to (29.66%, 45.79% and 40.38%) respectively in the dry and (100%, 21.88% and 34.04%) in the soaked state of soil. Furthermore, the velocity reached (45.38%, 42.96% and 38.18%) respectively in the dry and (54.05%, 11% and 28%) in the soaked state of soil, the settlement was (63.82%, 52.1% and 38.18%) respectively.