political issues

The need for international cooperation in all fields was the focus of the United Nations, being the main pillar of the world's security, peace and economic transformation. The United Nation was tasked with overseeing the organizations established during the League of Nations era and other organizations that will emerge afterworld. However, this has led to the emergence of problems related to the achievement of the designated goals due to organizational and operative circumstances. Thus, the United Nations has been obliged to accomplish what has been delegated to achieve in accordance with its international legitimacy and resolve the problems that may arise between the specialized international agencies and the United Nations.

This study examines the strategic stakes taken by Iran's policy towards Iraq and its practices in the context of a regional context that is witnessing rapid geopolitical changes, mixed with an Iranian desire to emphasize its indispensability to all regional equations in the Middle East to ensure its national interests. The study seeks to clarify the strategic effectiveness of Iranian attempts to delineate a new geopolitical reality in the region by developing its relations with Iraq, in addition to being a proactive tool to deter geopolitical influences that target its vital interests. The study also discusses the challenges and threats facing the Iranian strategy in the context of transformations, whether on the Iraqi political arena or at the regional and international levels.

Psychological and social studies have proven that young people are more emotional and interactive in society, and more willing to be drawn after the temptations of life, deviation, mental disorders and being affected by new trends and unstudied imitation. These studies have confirmed that there is a dialectical correlation between the increase of deviation among young people and and the nature of the social, economic and cultural structure of the society, as it can be noticed in industrial advanced societies, for instance. And on the contrary, we note the decline of this phenomenon in societies known as (conservative) in which religious principles, values, morals and virtue prevail, such as in the Islamic societies. Young people represent a high proportion of the population in Arab and Islamic societies and developing countries, including Iraq. Therefore, we find that the nature of the political and social in Iraq after 2003 and the accompanying security disturbances resulted from the American occupation and the presence of terrorist groups that tried to influence the thought of young people and recruit them on their side. Yet, Iraqi society as whole, represented in the political, religious and social institutions have played a significant role in confronting these ideas and protecting young people from them.

The research reviews the historical roots of the relations, coordination and cooperation between the Russian Federation and the extreme populist right-wing parties, and the motives and goals of the two parties in this relationship, which began to take an upward pattern from the early nineties of the twentieth century. The relations between the two were not limited to a specific aspect but had multiple aspects and patterns of political, partisan, media and financial cooperation in order to achieve the main goals and objectives of this relationship, being addressing the repercussions of globalization and the attempt to dismantle the European Union and NATO, in addition to gaining support and legitimacy for Russian policies that do not enjoy European and international support. Also, the two sides seek to mitigate the effects of European and American sanctions on Russia, and influence European policies within the institutions of the European Union and European countries. Further, this paper traces the impacts of the Russian-far right parties relations on the European political landscape.

This study analyzes the phenomenon of partial actors in the international system, discusses the reasons and factors for the emergence of these formulas in international relations currently, analyzes the causes of the crisis of the multilateral system, and analytically reviews the structural and liberal realist approaches. The theories of these formulas, and the attitude towards them, in an attempt to extrapolate the future of the multilateral system in light of the growth of small actors in many geopolitical fields in the form of security and a double, triple and quadruple strategy. . The study analyzes the pros and cons of moving from a pluralistic system to small actors..

The United States is clearly interested in the Palestinian issue. Indeed, an important part of the developments that occurred to that issue, and what it ended up with, came as a result of American policy. The reasons behind this policy are the relationship between American decision-making centres and interest groups with (Israel), which is based on providing support, at the expense of Palestinian rights. As Trump's administration came to office in 2017, it tried to push for the path of ending the Palestinian cause by adopting the deal of the century, recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, supporting Israel's normalization with Arab countries, and portraying (Israel) as a country that can be relied upon to deal With challenges and security threats.
By studying the variables affecting the American policy towards the Palestinian issue, and the most prominent trends that affected the American policy, the paper concludes that the state of Palestinian affairs determines the way the US deals with it and vice versa.

Despite the adoption of many legislations and laws that punish people, entities, institutions and employers when they employ children in dangerous professions and for long hours that are not consistent with the physical and psychological capabilities of most children, which represents a serious threat to the future of childhood, especially in Iraq after 2003.
After the year (2003), Iraq was subjected to conditions of political and security instability, which were reflected in the Iraqi societal reality, especially the economic and social reality. Kabir, and hundreds of thousands of orphans and widows, and families headed by women, which forced many of these vulnerable groups to push their children into the labor market early, due to the lack of human security for many of them, which made many children move away from school seats, and live in living and psychological conditions Difficult
The expansion of the phenomenon of child labor in Iraq has many societal effects, whether political, security, economic and social, that could threaten the societal reality in Iraq, given that children are the backbone of development, and they are the men of tomorrow, and the pillar of the future, which requires the Iraqi political decision-maker to develop remedies and solutions for those Dangerous phenomenon, and according to a targeted government program, and rational public policies in legislation and implementation.

The impact of the technological revolution’s penetration into the various spheres of life was not limited to the political, economic and societal interactions of states and individuals. Rather, it extended to the creation of a new arena of unconventional wars, far from the arenas of land, sea and air. The new arena of conflict is the cyber domain. The latter presented a new set of elements that incentivised state and non-state actors to use them as a tool of competition, domination, conflict, and unconventional terrorism, to the extent that it may move the world from various electronic attacks to a “cyber war.” Russia is among the first countries to use cyber capabilities in the military field, as it has been interested in developing and increasing its offensive capabilities in this field since 1998. The Russian strategy in its conflict with Ukraine relies on offensive electronic weapons as a power multiplier in wars, meaning that it increases the combat capabilities of the state if it is used alongside other military capabilities. This strategy also relies on hindering the opponent's information infrastructure and its military and civil communications before embarking on military operations.

China has paid great attention to the Arab region, especially in the economic sphere. China’s interests have increased at the political, geographical, energy and security levels, in order to achieve the goals of Chinese foreign policy that are characterized by peacefulness, independence, mutual benefit and common prosperity. China needs its relationship with Arab countries in order to achieve its international ambition and to practice its role as a major global power.

The BRICS countries seek to change the current international order through economic means that would lead to a change in the nature of power and the pattern of its distribution at the global level, The BRICS group strengthens its economic policy in accordance with the group's shared interests. After the military alliances proved unsustainable, except for NATO, many of these countries see that the existing global economic system is unfair and sought other alternatives. Accession to the BRICS group means joining an economic not a political alliance, however, the increase in economic cooperation will affect the political sphere.

In the twenty-first century, the geography of change has become widespread with the fragility of the ruling strategy of change. Afghanistan today is more like a corridor, at which Asian roads intersect, where South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia meet, and it can be the main corridor for these three regions, as it is located at the crossroads between the Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. What Afghanistan provides in terms of communication opportunities between Asian regions can open many economic opportunities for many countries of the world, whether in the field of energy transfer. Afghanistan has already adopted such projects, as the Taliban's control of the country did not prevent them from negotiating with the company ((Unocal)), Regarding the management of the Turkmenistan-Pakistan pipeline: Turkmenistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI), the Otape pipeline is intended to transport gas from the Caspian Sea within the scope of a modern continuity of the Silk Road, which is scheduled to open in 2018. Afghanistan is a bridge to link the economic interests of the countries of South Asia and West Asia in the region Central Asia and Iran, which is important to understand to explain the international conflict over Afghanistan, because they are countries rich in energy resources, while the countries of Southwest Asia and South Asia (especially Pakistan, China, Bangladesh and India) are densely populated and energy-hungry countries, so they need access to the previous countries .

The Arab region and the Middle East as a whole are going through a time of political and security instability. the rise of non-state armed actors, repeated military interventions from external power in the internal affairs of the States of the region, a state of disintegration, collapse, and failure of some nation-states, and fierce competition between regional powers to dominate and control the region. Turkey's strategy for dealing with all other problems in the region was to use its hard power, either directly or through proxies. At the same time, it has paid less attention to using its soft power to realize its dream of reviving the glory of the Ottoman Empire and increasing its influence in the region. In this situation, Turkey has sent troops into Syria, Iraq, and Libya, either directly or through proxies. Turkey is one of the most effective countries in the world when it comes to using smart power right now. This isn't just because of its intellectual and religious influence but also because of its strategic role in all areas.
The research is based on the hypothesis that "the more Turkey succeeds in employing its hard and soft sources of power as tools for its intelligent power in implementing its foreign policy and strategies towards the Arab region, the more it helps to emerge as an influential regional player in the region." As a result, the research was divided into two main parts, the first of which addresses the use of soft power tools in Turkey's strategy towards the Arab region, while the second addresses the use of hard power tools in Turkey's strategy towards the Arab region.

The water file in Iraq is considered the most sensitive file، due to the decline in water. Water does not return to a state of shortage، but rather as a result of weakness in rational and efficient administration، as well as the imbalance in water policies، which made Iraq unable to overcome the shortage and scarcity that occurred، so the state of political instability، divisions and agreement of a general philosophy In Iraq، something that prevented Donat as well as the role of climate and lack of rainfall، and poor water rationalization.

With the development of international relations and the increase of economic interdependency within the international community, the use of aggression and wars has been gradually abandoned. Additionally, the development of intercontinental weapons and nuclear weapons has compelled the states of the world to use more rational methods when it comes to the imposition of international sanctions, therefore the latter became of an economic nature. Believing in the effectiveness of economic sanctions in addressing threats to international peace and security, the United Nations stipulated them in its charter and confirmed their significance through UN Security Council and through the General Assembly of the United Nations' historical resolution (Uniting for Peace).
Accordingly, international economic sanctions became economic measures that represent the collective will of the international community and are taken against a country or countries, within international legal regulations, with the aim of urging them to respect the rules of international law, and not to take action that threatens international peace and security. The international economic sanctions imposed on Iran are considered a new kind of sanctions because they target certain individuals and entities in particular, known as the smart economic sanctions. Therefore, economic sanctions have succeeded to some extent in curbing Iran's development of its nuclear program and its transition from a peaceful to a military one. The thing that was evident in Iran’s acceptance to participate in (5+1) dialogue in order to reach a deal pertains to its nuclear dossier.

The research addresses the issue of the common European policies that were able to achieve success on the economic and financial levels, and were able to build an important economic power. Yet their success does not mean that these policies are capable of facing various internal or external challenges, and others related to the expansion of the European Union countries, which may increase those challenges because the policies of the new members might differ from the policies of the existing members which have been agreed upon.
The common European policies adopted by the European Union have proven that they have positive and beneficial economic effects and have great weight at the international level that could not be underestimated, despite the limitations and obstacles they encountered in the beginning. Therefore, the member states of the European Union seek to strengthen the ties between members to achieve economic and even political and security integration, and then unify these areas within common policies in which each member will participate .
The importance of the research lies in studying the development of the economic path of the European Union, which has become an important center of international transactions, especially economic ones, which helps us to understand how the European Union was able to develop its economic capabilities and overcome the deficit that occurred in the European budget, which caused a lot of confusion in European financial issues. The research covers two parts , the first being the internal and external challenges facing the common European policies , and the second one examines the reality of European economic policies and their challenges. Further, this paper includes a summary of the most important findings of the research.

The technological and information revolution has led to the emergence of cyberspace as an area of competition and conflict between international and regional powers, which prompted the emergence of the concept of electronic or cyber warfare. The latter is carried out through electronic attacks and the control of computers, information, electronic networks and information infrastructure. Some see cyper wars as part of future wars, and they are no less dangerous than conventional wars, in terms of the threat they pose, and the size of the destruction they can lead to, given the high speed, wide spread, and the fact that they are implemented in ways that are often difficult to follow

Corruption constitutes a dangerous phenomenon wherever it occurs and however it is practised. Corruption results in problems and challenges to the stability and security of societies, and affects their moral values and justice, which in turn affects their development and the rule of law within them. Corruption is associated with forms of crime, especially organized crime, economic crime and money laundering. Various corruption practices also have an impact on the resources of states and societies, which threaten the political stability and sustainable human development of these states and societies. Therefore, corruption has become a ubiquitous phenomenon, affecting all societies and economies, including Ghanaian society. The fight against corruption has become a responsibility of the state and individuals, which calls for cooperation between the government and individuals to combat it and reduce it and its effects, with the support and participation of individuals and groups outside the public sector, such as civil society and the media. Government seeks to establish institutions that enhance the state’s ability to prevent and combat corruption effectively. Combating corruption requires confronting it with advanced technical methods, such as raising awareness of the dangers of corruption at the internal and international levels, preparing the environment that would help anti-corruption measures to take effect, achieving cooperation at the legislative and judicial levels, establishing procedures to prevent corruption and then processing its consequences when they occur, and preventing expansion and spread of corruption.

Terrorism and radicalism phenomena are not new rather they are as ancient as human existence. These phenomena have dire and significant impacts on international peace and security as they have started to spread internationally, noticeably during the last two decades of the twentieth century. Terrorism has undergone numerous fundamental changes after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as it has become a global phenomenon that is not related exclusively to a certain state or a group of states and its effects can be felt by all the actors across the international arena. Indeed, terrorism and radicalism phenomena are among the most perilous challenges that the world faces today. The international community is dealing with a wide set of local, regional, and global transformations that caused a wide range of challenges and problems, among which terrorism and fundamentalism are the most dangerous ones as they threaten international peace and security and wreck the future of the next generations. This requires addressing the issues of terrorism and the exercise of violent extremism that sprouts from them. There is also a need to unite the efforts of various bodies, institutes, regional and international organizations, civil society organizations, and political and thought figures, each in its own capacity and roles, coordinating and complementing each other. These institutions should seek to practice their own significant role in order to diagnose the root causes and exogenous and endogenous impetus of terrorism.

Class consciousness represented its highest stage in modern Marxist thought. According to Marx, Engels and Lenin, class consciousness is not just a reflection of reality, rather it is formed dialectically through the reflection of consciousness on reality. Consciousness used to be seen as an outcome of the evolvement of reality, yet it became a tool to improve reality. That is, the superstructure affects the base, unlike what Marx claims. Lenin bestowed considerable significance on consciousness as it plays an important role in the process of historical development. Lenin considers class consciousness as a tool employed by the proletariat to change the Bourgeois via revolution. However, although Lenin agrees with Marx and Engels about the use of consciousness as a means to change the system, he differs from them as to how consciousness is attained. Lenin did not give any role to spontaneity and syndicalism and denied that proletariat class consciousness is self-generated, rather it is transferred from the class of the educated, students and political parties. Lenin emphasized the role of proletariat ideologies in propagating and raising awareness of the revolutionary goals among people, unlike Marx who considered ideologies as fake consciousness and impediment to achieving true consciousness. Contrary to Marx, Lenin emphasised the importance of uniting workers with peasants and the necessity to organize them in one vanguard party that carries the torch of revolution and establishes the socialist state, which then will demise as the communist awareness starts to take root.