Journal of Techniques

Evaluation of urban land uses"
This research aims to evaluate the urban land uses toAl- Samawa city, which determined by the master plan to show the extent of compliance with rules and criteria of planning and the ability of those uses to achieve the needs of the population in the present and the future and reach the goals that they were intended, which, reflecting the adoption of the master plan for integrated vision and clear to form and define urban land uses what believes in the success of this scheme to form a framework within which to deal with the two time and space and achieves the proper coexistence between the city and its society, and are assessed land uses, according to a range of considerations and principles of planning, which have been focusing on the planned adoption of master plan for a general philosophy and methodology to plan land uses with a clear future vision, rules and criteria adopted, and the use-sufficiency

In present study the ability to using the used paper to produce insulation material were studied for transient heat transfer through cylindrical tank containing hot water, and compared with fiber glass insulation. The material of paper insulation produced by changing the gathering used paper to dough by cutting, crumbling and dough it in water, then covering the tank by the produced dough with different thickness layers, and finally drying.
The dropping of the temperature with time were obtained experimentally and theoretically by finite Element method (FEM) by using the (ANSYS) software for five different cases, without insulation, insulation by fiber glass, and insulation by paper in three different thicknesses (1, 2 and 3 cm) respectively. The dropping in temperature in certain time were obtained, the results showed that the materials made from used paper give a good ability in insulation, the paper material with (3 cm) thickness have approximately the same insulation behavior of fiber glass insulation with (1 cm) thickness. The different ratios between the numerical results by (FEM) by using the software was very small, and this prove that the dependence ability to use (FEM) by using the software generally in engineering analysis, and especially in thermal analysis.

The planning laws have been legislated for organizing the aspects of life and caring for the urban environment of cities and keep maintaining them. They represent the civilized façade of any country, because they indicate their development and also maintain the environment of the residential areas and organizing them in accordance with laws. The importance of the study lies in the constructional planning laws in accordance which are roads and Buildings law No. (44) for the year 1935 and the Municipality Law No. (165) for the year 1964 and the subdivision of residential lands No. (940) for year 1987. It maintains the lands of the residential areas according to the specified lands.
The importance of the study the re-partition of the residential areas. This has an effect on the classification of the residential areas which has consequently an effect on the environment. The phenomenon of subdivision of the residential units (2003) for the instability of the security situation in all the country as well as the lagging of the officials from stopping the phenomenon. In addition to economic and social reasons due to the increase of the household and families as a result of the marriage of one son which makes it necessary to partition the house into many parts. The phenomenon began to take a commercial characteristic as the units were bought and re-partitioned into areas to be leased or sold.
The method of statistical description to describe the re-partition of residential lands with showing the reasons and the effects that led to this. The One-way variation test was used to strength of variables on re-partition of the land.

In the present study the heat transfer and the flow characteristics for the annular side of concentric tube in tube heat exchanger was experimentally investigated. The single phase water was used as working fluid for both sides of the heat exchanger. The passive technique was used to enhance the heat transfer. The discontinuous longitudinally wavy fins was used for this purpose. The water flow rate of the annular side was ranged between (3.33×10-5 to 8.33×10-5 m3/s), while the water flow rate of the tube side was kept at a constant level. The laminar flow was achieved in annular side for all water flow rate testes levels and the flow was turbulent for tube side. The heat transfer rate and the convective coefficient were augmented but this was accompanied by an increase in pressure drop and friction factor. The heat transfer rate was improved by a range of (15 to 25%). The friction factor obtained with finned tube was higher than that of the plain tube by (8 to 18%). The overall enhancement factor ranged between (1.11 to 1.19).

In radiant cooling system, all the sensible cooling in the space is provided by cooled metal panels or concrete slabs. These panels cool the room surfaces and occupants by absorbing radiant heat.
Radiant cooling systems may be delivered in three ways: ceiling-mounted suspended metal panels, lay-in panels in T-bar ceilings, or tubing embedded in concrete ceilings. Panel systems- either suspended type or T-bar lay-in type are made of steel or aluminum with copper tubing mounted on the backside. The other option is embedded plastic tubing (covered with Plaster) in exposed structural slabs.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency, radiant plate thickness and pipe spacing on the radiant plate of different types of plate material (Aluminum, steel and Plaster) of radiant ceiling system. Based on the thermodynamic principles, the analysis model of radiant plate is established. The efficiency of radiant plate can be simulated and calculated by the model. Under the different type of radiant plate material (thermal conductivity), thickness of plate and pipe spacing, the efficiency of radiant ceiling and the surface temperature distribution on radiant plate are compared and analyzed.
The conclusions show that radiant plate thickness, thermal conductivity of the plate material and pipe spacing have primary influence on the surface temperature distribution and the efficiency of radiant plate, and the Aluminum plate is the best material used in radiant cooling system because of its high thermal conductivity.

The study of Photovoltaic (PV) systems in an efficient manner requires a precise knowledge of the I-V and P-V characteristic curves of solar PV array. Therefore, this paper presents modelling and simulation of solar PV module using Matlab/Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photo current source, diode, shunt resistor expressing leakage current and series resistor represents the internal losses due to the current flow. The developed model allows the prediction of PV array behaviour under different circuit model and environmental parameters (temperature, and solar radiation).A particular typical 175Watt solar panel was used for model evaluation, and results was compared with points taken directly from the manufacturer’s published curves and show excellent correspondence to the model.

In general, laser shock peening (LSP) technique is a surface treatment to increase the resistance of metals and alloys to fatigue failure. The aim of the present work is to study the improvement of fatigue life of AA-7075 at constant and variable load by using laser shock peening (LSP) technique with two energies, 250mj and 500mj, on the surface to be treated. The results show that the fatigue life has increased in different percentages at different constant stress amplitude loading. The average improvement in life factor was approximately (1.534) and (1.157) at constant amplitude stress in the range (0.3- 0.8σ_u) for specimens treated with laser shock peening (LSP) technique with 500mj and 250mj respectively. The experimental results of cumulative fatigue damage under variable amplitude stress tests which have been conducted into two-steps program: Low-High stress (156312MPa) and High-Low stress (312156MPa) have also showed improvements in life factor of 1.61 and 1.54 respectively for specimens treated with 500mj laser shock peening (LSP) compared with that of untreated specimens

The force transmitted from Bernoulli–Euler beam, resting on a nonlinear vibration isolator at each end and subjected to a moving harmonic load, has been investigated in this paper.
The vibration isolator consists of nonlinear spring and nonlinear damper. Assumed-mode method is used to obtain the nonlinear equations of motion. The effect of the nonlinear characteristics of spring and damper on transmissibility ratio is discussed. Also the effect of velocity of the moving load is explained.
The simulation results show that the increasing of the nonlinear parameter for each spring and damper leads to reduce transmissibility ratio. Results have confirmed that it is not necessary to install nonlinear spring with nonlinear damper in order to reduce transmissibility ratio more. The vibration isolator which includes linear spring and nonlinear damper may give good isolation. For the velocity effect, the results show the velocity values of moving load have clear impact on the transmissibility ratio especially at resonance state where the increasing in velocity leads to reduce transmissibility ratio.

This paper presents two stages: The first stage discusses the use of wood ash for the production of High Performance Mortar(HPM). The different weight percentages used for wood ash are:6,8,10,12, 14 and 16% as partial replacement of cement. Thus, the experimental tests includeddensity, compressive strength and flexuralstrength. The results illustratethat the wood ash decreases the density of HPM. Besides, the inclusion of10% ofwood ash as a partial replacement of cementgives the best compressive and flexural strengths of the HPM. Whereas, the second stage shows the use of optimum percentage of wood ash (10%) with different volumetric percentages of palm fibers (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2%) which are incorporated in HPM. The experimental tests included density, compressive strength , flexural strength and toughness performance according to ASTM C1018 and ASTM C1609. The results indicated that the use of palm fibers would reduce the density of HPM. The use of 0.6% of palm fibers with 10% of wood ash increase the compressive and flexural strengths by about 15 and 30%, respectively. Besides, the use of 0.9% of palm fibers enhances significantly the flexural toughness of HPM

The genetic algorithm is one of the search methods, which finds the optimal solution. This work focuses on using Genetic Algorithms to cryptanalyse knapsack cipher based on three knapsacks. The knapsack cipher is with a knapsack sequence of size 8. Different values of parameters have been used: Population size, number of generation.

Suppression of Multiuser Interference (MUI) and mitigation of multipath effectssignals constitute major challenges in the design of third-generation wireless mobile systems. The objective of this paper is to find the most suitable technique for implementation in Fourth Generation (4G) communication systems. An Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) has been distributed at the receiver module to decrease the fading effectssignal caused by proposed Stanford University Interim (SUI) Channel Models. AAS uses beamforming system to focus the wireless beam between the base station and the subscriber station. The Least Mean Square (LMS) system is used at the receiver to direct the main beam towards the wanted Line of Sight (LOS) signal and nulls to the multipath signals. It has been verified through this thought byMATLAB simulations that the performance of the system important advances by AAS approximately 3dB, where beamforming is employed in the direction of preferred user. The performance of the scheme can be more developed by increasing the number of antennas at receiver.

This research deals with the study and analysis of the evaluation of values of construction elements adopted by an old traditional architectural since when man knew construction and its impact on an contemporary. Arabic traditional architecture; urban planning, find for that was addressed to the types of essential structural elements in traditional buildings and construction materials used, method of conventional construction, as well as touched on the elements of originality in the city and the Arab house, and the promise of the elements of construction are different ,and the details of a link such as doors, entrance, path or yard, iwan, arcades, windows, basements Ahulagat and Aelshenachel ,and clarify what set apart by those elements of the features in the Arab city and its various components ,and its components, which produced a system diagram represented in twisted narrow alleys, and the adoption of the principle of hierarchy which interact successfully with the climate, environment, and social order, but the appearance of colonization left a mark on traditional architecture, which hid a lot of value and structure elements such as Almlaagaf or Aelchenachel or local cheap materials that are no longer exist, and replaced by imported materials, which do not represent the spirit of the city of Arabs contemporary, then touched find out how to consolidate these cultural values, and the steps that have been taken for the sake of the legislation based on Iraq as a model for it. The research present a constructional and planning containing some of these cultural values.