Journal of Jurisprudence Faculty

Thematic interpretation is a new approach that must be adopted. This opinion is represented by Professor Amin Al-Kholi, who was the first to call for it at the Egyptian University, when he said: ((The correct opinion - it seems - is to interpret the Qur’an topic by topic, not to interpret it according to its order in the Holy Qur’an, chapters or sections...)).(1)

Professor Al-Kholi was followed in his new approach by many modern interpreters and researchers, and the research will have a brief pause with some of them.(2)

Sayyid Qutb is considered one of those who adopted the objective interpretation approach and applied it in his book (Artistic Imagery in the Qur’an). He collected the artistic images in the Holy Qur’an, reviewed them, and showed the method of depiction in them and the wonderful artistic harmony in their production. His concern was all directed to the purely artistic side, without addressing linguistic, theological, jurisprudential, or other Qur’anic topics.

والرسالة التي بين أيدينا المسماة بـ( الرحمانية) مطبوعة ضمن أعمال المؤتمر الأول للذكرى السنوية الأولى لرحيل العلامة السيد عبد العزيز الطباطبائي- تلميذ الشيخ الطهراني- , وهي نسخة فريدة , قدّم لها العلامة الثبت والمحقق البارع السيد محمد رضا الحسيني الجلالي, وبعد الاستئذان الشخصي من السيد الجلالي وافق السيد الجلالي على تحقيقي للرسالة, وقد نقل جوابه ليّ الأستاذ المحقق حسين جهادي الحساني . وقد شرعتُ في تحقيقها وجعلتُ التحقيق على قسمين : الأول : الدراسة – وتقع في مبحثين: سيرة الشيخ الطهراني وآثاره, و: المخطوط وعملي فيه . والثاني: تحقيق الرسالة. ثم ألحقت بالتحقيق المصادر التي اعتمدت عليها .

Abstract

Great thanks for Allah and praying and peace upon our prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him)
In order to know the linguistic issues in this sura, we divided this research into five chapters followed by conclusion; the conclusion contains the most important results.
We started our research with the phonetic level and studied assimilation and simile in the separated speech. Then we studied the alteration and finally we ended with omission.
The second level was the morphological level. In this level, we studied the all types of verbs like the transitive (mono, die …etc), derivational verbs (the verbs which derived from adjective, nominal agentis. In addition all types of plural were studies in this level.
The third level is the grammatical level. We explained the predicate and compositional styles like negation, Interrogation, exclamation and condition. We explained the most important particles in this sura.
The fourth level was about the rhetorical level in Ebraheem Sura, which includes some types of rhetoric like omission, metaphor, antithesis, metonymy, contrast and we ended this level with invocation of Allah.
The fifth level was semantic level. This level included the significant of advancing and delaying of subjects and objects and some other forms. Then the significant of repetition in addressing and we ended this level with invocation to Allah.
We tried to study this sura rhetorically by using some grammatical references and sources and books of explanation and rhetoric books like Sibawayeh book and Al-Khasa'es book for Ibn Jeny, Dala'el Al-E'ejaz for Al-Jerjany, Al-Kashaf for Zamakhshary and other books.
The most important results from the linguistic study are: -
1- There is a clear harmony in the subjects of this Sura. The Sura dealt with the grace of belief in Allah and the unbelief in Allah; these two images can be seen clearly in two models. The first knew the grace of Allah. The other model didn’t know the grace of belief. The prophet Ebraheem represented the first model. That is why the name of Sura is Ebraheem because he was best model for any one appreciates the grace. The other didn’t belief in Allah and this was a curse for him and this is the main aim of the Sura.
2- Any one studies the verbs in this Sura; he can notice that the verbs are in different tenses. The present tense mentioned in this Sura about 91 times. The past tense verbs mentioned in this Sura about 85 times, the command verbs mentioned in this Sura about 15 times. All this because the present tense verbs represent the meaning of happening, renewal and the circumstantial expression or phrase.
3- The text in Koran used the derivations to explain a different meaning in each time. This meaning can be specified by the context. The infinitive is largely used in this Sura, it was mentioned 80 times. The attribute used her 25 times. Active participle used 12 times. The form of hyperbole used 10 times.
4- We can feel the accuracy of use for the sentence and word in Holly Koran. Each word has it own meaning, its rules in the sentence. The Koran uses the word once as singular then uses the same word in plural. The broken plural used about 34 times. The masculine and feminine plural used about 14 times for each.
5- Through the grammatical study for the Sura; we can notice that Koran used interrogative particle (Hamza and Hal) and the interrogative particle (Kayf (HOW), MA (WHAT)) in different portions. The Hamza was the highest and it was used 6 times. The use of Hamza coordinates with the Arabic styles in believing in negation and approval, exclamation and denying … etc. The use of Kayf mentioned twice. (Ma and Ma) once. The research dealt with negative (LA) and it was used 3 times. The negation style in the text of Koran used many time; like (MA) used 7 times, (LA) 9 times, (Lema) 5 times and (AN) 3 times.
Also, we noticed that there are a strong relation between the condition and its answer. At the beginning the condition started with word of condition then by apocopate the present and past verbs in condition and in answer. The conditional particle (AN) used 5 times, (MAN) 2 and (LEU) used 1 in this Sura.
6- The main style of the Sura was the direct speech and taking care for the psychological condition of the addressee, especially in addressing Musa for his tribe and when he reminded them in their state in lowness, enslavement, violence from Pharaoh. So, the direct speech used her to listen and to contemplate and distinguish right from wrong.
7- The Sura depended on the remote style in reminding the old tribes and how they didn’t believe their prophets at their times.
8- The Sura depended on simile in clarifying the image of belief like good tree, its origin is in earth and its top is in the sky and stable, while the tree of unbelief is like bad tree which does not last long.
9- The Sura explained the two contracted images the good and the evil by using the mentioned devices.
10- The rhyme of Sura is identical and we can see that the end of all verses of the Holy Koran in this Sura is identical.

aAbstract
The objective dealing of what is needed to be understood of the Holy Quran via gathering all the verses and suras of the Quran relating to the studied subject.
The verses are arranged according to the revealing to show the time and place of revealing, considering that the importance is of the general term and not of the revealing reason.
To understand the terms’ significance, it is necessary to know that the Arabic language is the language of the Holy Quran, so it takes the original linguistic significance.
To understand the expression secrets, we have to refer to the context of the Quran, considering its significance and comparing the interpreters’ sayings with it to adopt what corresponds with the Holy Quran.
The research believes that the method to which Sheikh Ameen Al-Khawly has call is the better to exhibit the quranic miracle and the objective unity of the Holy Quran’s verses. And that means that this method is helpful for both of the researcher and student, because the subjects are classified and arranged according to the Holy Quran verses.

Summary
The Civilizational Encyclopedia of Ahlul Bayt, which was documented by Dr. Muhammad Hussein Ali Al-Sagheer, was distinguished by the following:
1. It explored the civilizational features of the phenomena of Islamic history through its study of the biography of the Ahlul Bayt in a study that moved away from imitation in its presentation, and distanced itself from imitating the predecessors in their writings of that biography in what can be considered an innovation in the field of contemporary historical writing.
2. It relied on the rhetorical and artistic character in expressing phenomena, facts, events and personalities, without compromising their credibility or moving away from their authentic reality through exaggeration and exaggeration, but rather drew in the reader's imagination an artistic image expressing reality in its clearest manifestations and brightest truths, moving away from the language of histories characterized by dryness and formality in expression.
3. It can be described as an excellent semantic analytical study through what it has provided us with in terms of clarifying values ​​and solid scientific investigation into many of the prevailing concepts and established ideas, until it returned as an institution for a new method in historical semantic research, which was not familiar to the predecessors in their studies nor known to the contemporaries in their encyclopedias.
4. It has provided researchers with a unique method in scientific criticism methods through what Dr. Al-Sagheer discussed of the proposals and opinions of the ancients, the latecomers and the contemporaries, in addition to the methods of intervention, correction, and the etiquette of quoting and abbreviation that does not compromise long texts and does not harm the ideas and opinions of others.
5. It has dealt with Islamic revolutionary thought and clarified the features of this thought and the depth of the revolutionary experience in Islam, through its study of the climates, circumstances and requirements surrounding all the revolutions and uprisings that shouldered the burdens of preserving the Islamic path from deviation, fading or weakness.
6. This serious study, which adopted the civilized character of history, did not skimp on presenting a comprehensive presentation of the social and economic paths that accompanied all the events and incidents in a way that most of those who previously attempted to write the political and intellectual history of the Arab and Islamic nation did not pay attention to.

The science of Hadith occupied a great position in the Islamic world, and its narrators adopted multiple approaches in establishing its terminology, establishing its rules, defining its boundaries, explaining its characteristics, and detailing its narrators. Cities had an impact in refining the character of the narrators and determining their Hadith approaches. As a result, each city had its own school, and schools were not as common at that time as they are today, since the beginning of education in Islam. In the Holy Prophet’s Mosque, the Prophet (peace be upon him) would sit and people would gather around him in circles, listening to what he said and following it. Their Hadiths were received by the recipients, and these people would travel to the corners of the earth to gain understanding of the religion and to warn their people if they went to them. They dispersed in the Islamic cities and capitals: Basra, Kufa, the Levant, Wasit, Egypt, and other Islamic capitals, where many drew from the seas of their knowledge, so they composed principles and books, and formed students and narrators, and were able to achieve and establish schools as a result of that due to the availability of the three components (student, teacher, and book). Some researchers explain its meaning by saying: (The school is nothing but a teacher Influential and influential students, and they have come together to achieve one effect and have followed one method to reach it) ( ).
Accordingly, since the Islamic countries emerged during the era of eternal Islam, a natural issue arose in them: schools of narration and the noble hadith, considering that the hadith is the second source in Islamic legislation and constitutes the largest part of the legacy of jurisprudential, moral and doctrinal rulings. The Islamic religion is Qur’anic in principle and modern in detail. The Noble Hadith is detailed and applied, interpreted and clarified, and explains the Quranic verses.
Ancient Islamic cities were established in Iraq, the first of which was Basra, the second was Kufa, and the third was Wasit during the first and second centuries AH. After studying the Kufa Hadith School, I decided to compare the three Hadith schools within the limits of that single time period, which is the first and second centuries AH, to define the characteristics of each school and its trends to know the agreements and differences between the Hadith scholars in the countries, despite the difficulty of containing the books that dealt with the Noble Hadith and its history to crystallize an independent Hadith school, but we tried hard to compare the Hadith schools in Basra, Kufa, and Wasit to adopt the difference in visions and reject and accept the news and the conditions and standards for accepting the narration and to identify the precise joints in each Hadith school justified by scientific and methodological material that Islamic universities dealt with under the title (Hadith Schools). In addition, this method gives the reader a complete impression of the narration of each school and its chains of transmission that shed light on knowing the causes. Hadith and its disclosure, as it requires the skilled expert in that art, and perhaps the skill and experience stem from reviewing these schools and contribute clearly to revealing the causes and reasons for the hadith.
The research may consist of an introduction and a preface in which we addressed the definition of the school and the definition of the noble hadith in a brief manner and included three topics. As for the first topic, I talked about the emergence of the three hadith schools, and in the second topic I addressed the names of the teachers of the schools and the names of the followers and narrators, and in the third topic we addressed the study of the schools’ interest in the various sciences of hadith and addressed the narration of hadith in meaning and the methods of carrying the narration. Then there was the conclusion in which I mentioned the most important results I reached, and then mentioned the sources and references.

The phenomenon of inflection is one of the phenomena that have been saturated with research and study, but what distinguishes those studies and research is that they collected the opinions of the ancients and moderns, and each of them has a vision that he sees as the first if applied correctly, so I was eager to know the correct application, especially in the field of teaching as the first field because it constitutes the important element in preparing generations who master the Arabic language even in its simplest forms; so the research came focused on the facilitation call as a facilitation of the expanded ancient; to stand on the extent of the application that affected the grammatical lesson from those efforts that were made and are still being made.
The research came to include three topics, an introduction and a conclusion that included the results of the research. As for the first topic, it included the opinion of the ancients and moderns on the phenomenon of inflection, and as for the second topic, we discussed the phenomenon of inflection and the facilitation call of some moderns, and as for the third and final topic, it included some aspects of inflection in the Holy Quran, and then the research concluded with the results that it reached.

Abstract
The creative personality of these two interpreters was initially prepared by its joint factors of formation from environment, genetic and culture, in addition their high-level smartness, and their insight in deducing and concluding. There have been three sequential cultures that feature their interpretation tools: jurisprudence pioneer culture, knowledgeable tact culture, and artful pure culture.
So, their interpreting method of the Holy Koran emerges from their ability of comprehension in arranging and classifying what they have comprehended in such a way that fulfills its intended results; comprehension which means knowledgeable interwoven, and the vastness of methods they (Al-Tabataba'ee and Al-Sabzawari) have comprehended.
Al-Tabataba'ee started working on his interpretation "Al-Mizan" after having deeply acquainted with philosophy, studied it, wrote on it, and worked hard on it. Therefore, philosophy has its characters on his interpretation.
Al-Sabzawari worked on his interpretation "Al-Mawahib" also after having deeply acquainted with jurisprudence from the conclusion and the derivation point of view; studied it, wrote on it, and worked hard on it, and then linked it with gratitude, so as to reach moral and purification goals.
So, there has been scientific feature in both interpretations. And we can say to all Muslims that there is a characteristic of conclusion established by these two scientists' Koranic exposure, depending on the Holy Koran and the manners and knowledge of the decent family of the Prophet.

تكتسب أهمية الوكالة بالخصومة من ناحيتين: الأولى : من الناحية الواقعية مهمة جداً لان التعامل بها شائع بين الناس في تصرفات كثيرة ، وتحتل جانبا َ مهما َ في ميدان القضاء وقد باتت فئة كبيرة من الناس تمتهن مهنة المحاماة. اما الثانية : فهي الناحية الاجتماعية اذ انها في الحقيقة مظهر من مظاهر التعاون المؤدي إلى إيجاد نوع ترابط بين افراد المجتمع اذ قد يكون مبعث التنازع تصور البعض ان الحق له وان لم يقصد غمط حق الغير، فيجر ذلك الى الخصومة حتى يظهر الحق امام القضاء .

الملخص باللغة الانكليزية
The Persian vocables in AL-Bukhalaa book
Lexically Study and arranging
For each nation , a history , and Arabs had pure history with different colors of arts and cultures , and had many scientists and thinkers which they draw the structure of language and literature , so all that make a pure history become a source of all humanity .
ALJahid is on the head of list of many scientists and thinkers in philosophy , history , grammarian , and philological .and the trace of his culture shown in his authoresses.
Today we take one of ALJahid's authoresses which is (AL-Bukhalaa book) , which represent the fun spirit of ALJahid , he take in this book many misers in Basra and Karasan they see or hear about them , and he could to give a clear picture of their life talking in Arabic speaking and their languages .
AL-Bukhalaa book gave a picture of many non-Arabic cultures and its effect on Arabic culture. The book had many Persian and Arabic-Persian words , this research is divided into two parts ,the first one in the principle of Persian vocable and the result of his enter to Arabic language , like intruder and non-Arabic . and in the second part we prove this vocables and at last the sources of research .