Diyala Journal of Human Research

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of a proposed program based on service learning in developing reflective thinking among sixth-grade primary school students. To achieve the research goal, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is a non-randomized group design with a post-test only. The researcher chose (Balat Al-Shuhada) school, affiliated with the Second Karkh Education Directorate. In a simple random way, Section (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group, whose students will study social studies according to the proposed program, with (18) students, and Section (B) represented the control group, whose students will study social studies according to the traditional program, with (19) students, so the research sample was ( 37) Schoolgirl. The researcher conducted statistical parity between the students of the two research groups in the following variables: chronological age, intelligence test, and application of reflective thinking skills. The researcher prepared the proposed educational program in accordance with service learning, including educational objectives, educational content, teaching strategies, activities, educational methods, and evaluation methods, which consisted of the teacher’s guide and the student’s book. The researcher verified its validity by presenting it to a group of arbitrators. The same researcher studied the two research groups during the experiment period, and after analyzing the data, the researcher concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in the contemplative thinking test, and in favor of the experimental group.

The book Al-Tathkirah al-Hamduniyah by Ibn Hamdun is considered one of the literary books rich in historical aspects. Therefore, the historian who engages in writing history must expand his scientific and research horizon in its comprehensive sense, and be dominated by diversity in the aspects of historical narratives in the contents of other books, familiar with other sources other than history books to benefit Including the study of historical events in a way that enhances the direction of his scientific and intellectual path in writing the events of history. Of literary value among the books of literature and a great cultural repertoire for its reader. Our research dealt with the personal and scholarly life of the author Ibn Hamdun and the most important historical aspects of the Umayyad family, the Sufyani branch, as a model.

The research dealt with the study of urban encroachment on agricultural lands in the city of Khanaqin, where the city of Khanaqin is witnessing a remarkable growth in population growth rates resulting from natural population increase and internal migration. As a result of this increase in the city’s population, we notice an increase in urban encroachments on agricultural lands within the city at the expense of agricultural lands to accommodate Population increase. The research relied on the scientific method to collect the data contained in this research from official sources, the descriptive approach to determine land uses, and the analytical approach to analyze the data obtained. Green spaces within the city were identified between the years (1997 - 2023) and knowledge The population increase for the same period and the resulting noticeable decrease in green spaces and the increase in the number of housing units and their percentages out of the total housing units and the resulting bulldozing of green spaces, and knowing the percentages of green spaces and the percentages of encroached areas, and remote sensing techniques were Geographic information systems play a major role in explaining the change in the type of agricultural land

Multidimensional ideal perception and its relationship to the self-plans of middle school students
Summary of the research the current study, which was conducted on middle school students, aimed to identify the multi-dimensional ideal perception and self-schema of middle school students. In addition to the correlation between the two variables among middle school students. The study sample consisted of (400) male and female students, and the researcher used two tools in this study: she adopted the scale (Al-Shammari, 2019) based on the definition and dimensions of the Stoeber, Kobori, & Tanno, 2010 scale), and the researcher adopted the scale (Al-Hasani, 2021), and the results of the study were as follows: Middle school students are characterized by ideal, multi-dimensional perception and self-plans. The results also showed that there is a direct, statistically significant relationship between multidimensional ideal perception and self-plans. In light of the results of the study, conclusions, recommendations and proposals were drawn up

The phenomenon of lust is almost a characteristic or variable of the personality, and it does not depend on transmitting good ideas, but rather goes beyond that by transmitting negative thoughts and irrational erroneous beliefs. This phenomenon also contributes to its spread among students and the adoption of those erroneous ideas and their actual practice. Self-control is considered one of the important and most influential factors for social control. To confront all the influences they are exposed to and not fall prey to deception, this study aimed to reveal the relationship between deception and self-control for university students and to indicate the type of relationship to sex. The research sample consisted of (300) male and female students at the University of Tikrit, and the results concluded that “university students enjoy... With a high level of desirability, it is higher among females because they look at things from different points of view, and there is an inverse negative statistically significant correlation between desirability and self-control among the research sample. This is because university students gain their experiences through their interaction with the external and university environment, which has a major role. In their tendency to desire lust and color their thinking about it, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and proposals.

The impact of singing on the nature of human formation, stirred his mood, and expressed his inner selves, and it is an old phenomenon in human societies. Recovering his cultural references and including them in the text of the novel, and drawing the reader's attention to the narrative diversity and the richness of the author's thought And evoking reality and simulating it in approximating times and activating narrative functions in the service of the text and intensifying its identity, and when restoring historical time, the assets, actions and arts that give the narrative realism and credibility return with it. And it continued to exist after the fall of Granada and its impact on Western and Arab societies, and considered it an identity expressive of the memory of the people of Andalusia

This research, entitled (Textual openness to non-literary arts in the poetry of Fadel Al-Azzawi), deals with the concept of openness of the poetic text to non-literary arts, such as painting, art, sculpture, cinema, and drama, as it has become clear that the contemporary poet is no longer restricted by meter and rhyme; Rather, photography and its use of the rest of the arts became a means of influencing the recipient. The more the poet varied his images, the more influential he was on the recipient. This wide overlap between poetry and the arts did not preserve what is called the purity of literary genres and genres, so the poetic text became liberated from all classifications and benefited from all. Arts to amaze the reader with the beauty of casting, the mastery of mixing, and the interweaving of each other, in a beautiful and captivating arrangement. The necessity of research necessitated distributing the material into four axes, preceded by an introduction, followed by the results of the research, along with Its value, refinement, and approval, because the condition of poetry is condensation, brevity, and impact on the recipient. As for the second axis, it came under the title (Openness to sculpture, considering that sculpture is an ancient art whose origins go back to the beginnings of humanity and their writings, drawings and carvings on the walls of caves and stones to express what is in their souls, passing through our current era and the building of temples, statues and monuments and the depth of their expression of The first axis was titled (Openness to drawing or formation, considering that the image is the most important element of poetry, and considering poetry as an image and drawing with words. When formation and drawing overlap with poetry, the Record the names of the sources and references on which the research was based. The depths of feeling, the interiors of souls, and the density of meanings within them.
While the third axis was entitled (Openness to Cinema - Directing and Editing) because the art of cinema and its attractiveness in displaying scenes, its spatial movements, and zooming in and out, are techniques that helped poetry combine the disparate elements to attract and entertain the recipient, so he feels that he is in front of an elaborate cinematic presentation, M Therefore, it is the deepest and most powerful method of expression.

The current research aims to identify (Positive Illusions among Students at the Preparatory Stage). In order to achieve it the researchers constructed the scale of (Positive Illusions) according to the theory of Taylor and Brown (Taylor, 1988). The scale consisted of (30) items and the truthfulness of the scale and its stability were confirmed, as the correlation coefficient reached (0.79), and the Alpha-Cronbach stability reached the correlation coefficient (0.86). The sample consisted of (400) female students in the Preparatory stage. The research sample was selected by random stratified method with proportional distribution, and using the statistical program (SPSS), as statistical means to reach the following results: High level of positive illusions among preparatory school students. In the light of research results, it was concluded with suggestions and recommendations.

The current research aims to study moral security and its relationship to emotional trust among university students. This required the availability of tools to achieve the research objectives, and by reviewing previous studies and standards and the literature on the research variables, the researcher built a measure of moral security, and adopted the measure of emotional confidence according to (Jaber and Saddam 2016). After applying the two scales to a sample of (300) students from the scientific departments of the colleges of Tikrit University and processing the data with appropriate statistical means, the research concluded that the sample of university students in general is characterized by a high level of moral security. There are no differences in the level of moral security among the students of the research sample according to The gender variable (males - females) and specialization (humanities). The sample of university students in general is characterized by a high level of emotional confidence, and the presence of statistically significant differences in emotional confidence according to the gender variable (males - females) and in favor of males, and according to the specialization variable (scientific - humanities) For the benefit of the humanitarian specialty, there is a positive correlation between moral security and emotional trust

The study aimed to determine the reality of bullying among students with learning Disabilities in the primary school in Jeddah from their teachers’ perspective’and to achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive survey approach was used, where the questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (134) teachers of them (96) teachers and (38) teachers learning Disabilities for the primary school in Jeddah. The results found that the arithmetic averages were high and medium for each of the following areas (physical bullying, verbal bullying, and social bullying), and they were of a medium degree for the field (sexual bullying). The results of the study also found that there were no statistically significant differences in the first domain (physical bullying) and the fourth domain (sexual bullying) depending on the gender variable, while it was found that there were statistically significant differences in the second domain (verbal bullying) in favor of a (female) category, as it was found that there are statistically significant differences in the third domain (social bullying) in favor of the (female) category. The results of the study also showed that there are statistically significant differences for all dimensions of the study according to) years of experience) variable in favor of (less than 5 years) category, and the results also showed statistically significant differences in all fields of study according to) educational qualification) variable, in favor of (postgraduate studies) category. The study recommended the necessity of presenting and preparing workshops for parents of students who suffer from bullying behaviors, in order to raise awareness of the dangers of this problem and help them to reduce or eliminate it among their children, and the need to prepare awareness workshops for students with learning Disabilities about proper behaviors when exposed to bullying by their peers.

The Spanish administration exerted colonial control over Equatorial Guinea in West Africa from the late 18th century until 1968. During this time, various figures worked within the colonial administration, differing in their loyalties and approaches. Francisco Macías Nguema (1924-1979) was one such figure who progressed in his official roles and became politically active, eventually becoming the first president of Equatorial Guinea after independence in October 12, 1968.
His tenure was marked by severity and cruelty as he imposed a comprehensive system on the country, leading to political, economic, and social crises. He was ousted in a military coup in August 3, 1979, by his nephew, Teodoro Obiang Nguema, and subsequently tried and executed on September 29 of the same year

The study deals with the spatial analysis of banking services in Diyala Governorate, which aims to shed light on the distribution of banks throughout the governorate’s districts and the extent of their adequacy in serving the governorate’s population according to the Iraqi local standard, and to identify the extent of ease of access to banking institutions spread unevenly in the governorate through an indicator The lengths of streets in each district. The study used several approaches, namely the statistical approach to reach accurate results regarding the adequacy of banking institutions, and the descriptive approach, which is a main approach to the study in addition to other approaches. Also, resort was made to the field study that was used to determine the numbers of banks and smart financial card offices and their locations. The study reached a number of results, namely that all the banks of Diyala Governorate do not conform to the Iraqi local standard, which specified that each bank serve (32,000 people). As for the Iraqi standard for area, which specified that the area of the bank should be (100 m2), all banks would be identical.

- Building an educational program based on self-regulated learning strategies for fourth year science students in chemistry.
- Identifying the effect of an educational program based on self-regulated learning strategies on associative thinking and self-learning skills among fourth year science students in chemistry.
The researcher followed the descriptive approach through a group, the most important of which is the planning, implementation, and evaluation phase of the program. As for the experimental approach, the researcher used an experimental design with partial control. The research community consisted of fourth-year science students in the middle schools of Baghdad / Rusafa Governorate III for the academic year (2021-2022). The research sample consisted of (52) students, with (27) students in the experimental group and (25) students in the experimental group The control groups were rewarded on several variables, including the research requirements, which were represented by the educational program based on self-regulated learning strategies. The preparation went through three stages, namely (analysis, synthesis, and evaluation), and each stage had sub-steps. As for the research tools, the first tool was the associative thinking test, which included (30) paragraphs of (10 items for each skill) As for the second tool, the researcher adopted a scale, which was the self-learning skills scale (Al-Bahadli, 2022), as it consisted of (35) items in its final form. The researcher verified the apparent validity and reliability if the reliability coefficient of the associative thinking test reached (0.88). The self-learning skills scale (0.65) was also extracted The psychometric properties of the two tools were analyzed statistically, and the results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group in associative thinking and self-learning skills. In light of the results of the research, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations, and proposals

The study took the fragmentation of residential units in the city of Baquba and appeared significantly after the conversion of housing units into smaller sections. The economy comes at the forefront, due to the increase in land and rents in the study area from the high housing prices, and sometimes the division of housing units for commercial purposes in order to improve the standard of living of the family.
In addition to the expansion of housing units, which exacerbated this phenomenon, the community factor (as a single married child) also has a clear role in the division of residential units and reduces the likelihood of obtaining a separate housing unit, forcing him to live with his family.

The research included investigating the requirement (mentioning the name of the sun) from Chapter Eight of the book Al-Istiqāl and Explanation of Attributes from the Words of Scholars and the Language of the Eloquents, by Abu Abdullah Al-Subhi (4th century AH). The research included a brief introduction in which I explained the importance of the book, as it is one of the advanced works of derivation and the investigation method. The introduction was followed by a picture of the beginning and end of the chapter of the manuscript, and then the verified text. A conclusion included the most important results, followed by footnotes to the investigation, sources and references.

Theft crimes are one of the most serious crimes against money. These crimes are more serious if they were committed by the juvenile category, which is that category that represents the basis of society and its first building block, and it must rely on building its future. If that category has deviated, it portends a dangerous future for the society in which they live, and the ages of this category range from (9 - less than 18 years). Therefore, the research was entitled (Spatial analysis of the theft crimes committed by the events in Muthanna Governorate for the period of (2008-2017) a study in crime geography) The research aims to identify the size of theft crimes committed by the category of juveniles in Muthanna Governorate and identification On its spatial variation to reveal the reasons for that discrepancies and to know the relationship between theft crimes committed by the category of events and other environmental variables, the research reached a number of results, the most important of which are: The general course of these crimes indicates the increase, as it reached in the base year 2008 (19 crimes) registered in the study area to rise to (62) crimes in 2017. The Samawah District Center ranked first among the most numerous administrative units for theft crimes committed in the governorate, which amounted to (46.9%) of the total robbery crimes recorded in Muthanna Governorate

This research aims to elucidate Ibn Kaysan's (d. 299 AH) perspectives in Al-Nahhas's book "I'rab al-Qur'an" (trans. Parsing of the Qur’an) (d. 338 A.H.). The study began with an introduction highlighting Al-Nahhas's attention in his book "I'rab al-Qur'an" to Ibn Kaysan's linguistic opinions. I approached the subject based on nominatives (marfu'at), accusatives (mansubat), genitives (majrurat), and miscellaneous cases. Additionally, the conclusion summarized the research's main findings, followed by a list of sources and references

Many different clothes and furnishings spread in the countries of the Islamic East, as a result of the multiplicity of social strata in this region, in addition to the diversity of materials for the clothing industry, which led to the abundance and diversity of clothing in the Islamic East between woolen clothes, cotton, silk and others.
On this basis, our research was divided into paragraphs in which we mentioned the types of clothing and furnishings mentioned by Al-Safadi in his book Al-Wafiyyat al-Wafiyat fi Countries of the Islamic East.

The research aims to shed light on the events of the political role of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, and the extent of its impact in blocking the internal political situation in the country. The Khmer Rouge carried out a number of military operations during the period (1994-1999) aimed at restoring some important areas subject to the domination of the Khmer Rouge as a political force in Cambodia, as well as maintaining the real power in the country under their control, but they failed to achieve those goals, after the emergence of defections within their movement, and the interruption of external support for them by Thailand and China, which precipitated the end of the Khmer Rouge movement as a political force in Cambodia.

The importance of the Panama Canal to the United States of America has emerged as it represents an important site linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, in addition to the economic importance that this canal represented for the United States of America. Therefore, the latter sought to regulate the relationship between it and the Panamanian government regarding the American Canal, which led to the signing of treaties between the two parties in 1977. The United States continued to control the canal until the year 2000, according to the Carter-Torrijos Treaty that was agreed upon by the United States of America and the State of Panama. After that, the United States of America isolated the canal by building a wall separating it from the Republic of Panama to completely isolate it from those around it.

Various research studies that have focused on the history of Arabs before Islam hold significant importance due to the wealth of information they contain, contributing in one way or another to enriching societies with lessons and insights from the past. These studies serve as guiding stars illuminating the present of nations and their future. Hence, societies have been keen on studying their history. Moreover, many social, religious, political, and economic phenomena cannot be adequately understood without delving into their ancient origins in the pre-Islamic era. This research, titled "Arab Kings," delves into the division established by Al-Nuwayri in his book 'Nihayat al-Arab fi Funun al-Adab,' encompassing the kings of Qahtan, the kings of Sham, and the kings of Hira. The researcher explores each king's reign period and the events that transpired during their rule.

This research stands at an important issue, which is the obstacles to understanding the text, which cause a problem in the linguistic communication between the originator of the text and its reader or listener, so that they miss the correct understanding, in whole or in part, from knowing what the author means .
These barriers were referred to by the great linguist, Ahmed bin Faris (d.: 395 AH), and he specified that they prevent understanding speech in all its forms from the Holy Qur’an, the noble hadith, and the speech of the Arabs, its poetry and prose, with selected examples from these texts, so this research came to highlight this important issue, A descriptive and analytical linguistic study, as well as a prelude to identifying understanding, its importance, validity, and related matters

This research discusses (the position of Ibn Hisham (d. 761 AH) towards Ibn Malik (d. 672 AH) In His small entourage on the Millennium in the connected door), This is by shedding light on Ibn Hisham’s position on Ibn Malik In his "The Minor Footnote" in important chapter of Arabic grammar, which is the connected chapter, The importance of this study is due to clarifying his position on Ibn Malik. He was fair to him in some places and agreed with him in some of them, disagreed with him in some of them, and corrected him in others, He commented on some of the Alfiyya verses and Including what is related with Connected , He explained that the reason for naming the connectors by this name Because it was placed Lacking of connection, not because they put to describe Acquaintances by sentences ،This research is an explanation of Ibn Hisham’s views and his position on Ibn Malik.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of Alan Hoffer in, Positive thinking among first-year intermediate science students.To verify the aim of the research, the following null hypothesis was developed:
(There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) betwen the average scores of the students in the exprimental groupe who studied according to the Alan Hoffer model and the average scores of the students in the control group who studied in the usual way in, Positive thinking.)
The experiment was applied and the researcher adopted the experimental method with partial control for two equal groups and a post-test of, Positive thinking. The research sample consisted of (70) students, with (35) students for the experimental group and (35) students for the control group. They were rewarded in the two variables (chronological age and intelligence test). Positive thinking scale. The scientific material was determined and teaching plans were prepared for the two research groups. The researcher prepared a post-test Positive thinking scale consisting of (30) items. It was presented to a group of arbitrators. The scale was applied to two exploratory samples. The research experiment was applied in the first semester of the year (2023). – 2024), and after completing the experiment, the, Positive thinking scale was applied to the students of the two research groups at the same time, after which the answers were corrected, and statistical treatments were carried out using the t-test, as the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05), between The two groups are on the post-scale and in favor of the experimental group. Based on the above, the researcher concluded the effectiveness of the Alan Hoffer model in Positive thinking for fifth-grade science students. In light of the results that were reached, the researcher drew some conclusions and recommended some recommendations

The research addressed trends in urban expansion in Mansouriya district for the year 2020. The researcher touched on the use of geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques in studying trends and axes of urban growth within the Mansouriya district. In order to achieve this, the researcher relied on satellite visual processing for the year (2020) within the American satellite (Landsat) series of visuals. The research showed that growth in built-up lands followed different axes and directions within the Mansouriya district, but the southeastern axis, whose extension reached (13.52) km, is considered one of the most urban axes of the research area as a result of the presence of the city of Mansouriya within this axis, knowing that its lands are among the most fertile. Agricultural lands, in addition to the growth of urbanization in different directions and axes within the research area, especially with the extension of irrigation streams and transportation routes. This also results in an expansion of agricultural lands, while the northern, northeastern, northwestern, and western regions are devoid of urban growth

The administration of President Barack Obama is considered distinct due to its adoption of a philosophy and a different approach from its predecessor. Obama focused on change and adopted a different strategy towards Iraq, which contributed to his win in the presidency. The American occupation of Iraq is considered one of the reasons for the failure of American foreign policy during the time of President George W. Bush. Therefore, the Iraq file is an important indicator that must be taken into account when evaluating Obama's commitment to his promises. In Obama's view, the Iraq file is one of the most difficult files in the Arab world, which led to the adoption of a different strategy by the United States towards Iraq. The American administration followed a specific strategy during the Second Gulf War and the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. This decisive decision was among the strategic decisions made by the American administration since the beginning of the Second Gulf War, and it represented Iraq's submission to American control, the overthrow of the ruling regime, and the implementation of a new political process in the country. This was done through explicit and clear American intervention, later solidifying the presence of the United States in Iraq. The constitution declared in 2005 contains a clear orientation towards achieving the goals and interests of the United States in Iraq, and establishing a political system that promotes sectarianism and provides mechanisms to enhance a political system that achieves the goals and interests of the American administration. Iraqi politicians acted as instruments of control by the occupying authority, led by Civil Administrator Paul Bremer. Additionally, they arranged the situation in the country according to the aspirations of the United States in Iraq and the region, and made the political system and political class serve the goals of the American administration during the presidency of George W. Bush and Barack Obama until 2016. Overall, President Barack Obama's policy in Iraq can be seen as a reaction to the results and consequences that resulted from the United States' policy towards Iraq and the region during the presidency of George W. Bush

The study of pre-Islamic poetry in light of modern theories has occupied great importance among researchers to discover the creative aspects of the poetry of this era, through its most prominent documented examples that we have in our hands, which are the poems known as (Al-Mu'allaqat), and an aspect of it has been represented by the feminine connotations that have not received careful study according to The basics of the pragmatic approach, including speech acts. The research raises a problem related to the pragmatic dimensions of the feminine symbols in the Mu’allaqat, which were full of them. The pragmatic approach was chosen because of its response to the nature of the poetic and stylistic structure of the Mu’allaqat, which represent the highest examples of pre-Islamic poetry, and the breadth of the pragmatic lesson material and the difficulty of confining it to one study. Speech verbs with feminine connotations were chosen. The study concluded with a number of results, perhaps the most important of which is the response of the pre-Islamic poetic text to the data of modern critical approaches and the specificity of the feminine presence represented by its symbols in the poetic text and its accumulation of meaning and deep connotations that exceed the apparent connotation. The study included three axes, the first of which dealt with the subject of the feminization of the poem and the problem of the feminine text, which dealt with apparent and implicit textual symbols in addition to the natural symbols that formed the main material of the ancient Arabic poetic text. It goes beyond the concept of gender in its modern perspective to a broader level that includes structural patterns of a feminine nature. At the forefront of these patterns stands the concept of the poem itself, with its descriptions mentioned by the ancient poets in their poems, not only with meanings (a poem, a rhyme, a single, or other names), but with everything related to the method of constructing the systems of meanings used in forming images. While the second axis dealt with the term verbs. Speech in a pragmatic perspective according to Austin’s approach, which links the speech act to achievement and is divided into several stages, which the research dealt with through study and application to the Mu’allaqat models, while the third axis dealt with the application of the types of speech acts to feminine symbols in the poetry of the Seven Pre-Islamic Mu’allaqat

In the name of God and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of God Muhammad, may God bless him and his family and companions, The re-search provides an extensive presentation of the symbol by defining its lan-guage and terminology, The Qur’anic symbol is especially present in the po-etry of Yahya Abbas Al-Samawi, relying on the Qur’anic symbols contained in the poetic text, The Qur’anic symbols contained in the poetic text were carefully selected and texts close to the recipient to facilitate the researcher, In the first section, an introduction was presented about the life of the poet Yahya Abbas Al-Samawi and his writings, and then we studied the symbol, its language and terminology, It is one of the most reliable and widest dic-tionaries. We also studied the types of symbols in the research in, order for the researcher to be fully familiar with the subject of symbols, In the second section, there was a detailed and analytical study of the symbol in, the poems of the poet Yahya Al-Samawi. The research included most, types of symbols through the poet’s poems, We mention some of these types1- is the legendary symbol. What is meant by myth is fantasy, which is not realistic and cannot be believed.2-The religious symbols are derived from the reli-gious books brought by the prophets and messengers.3-There are literary symbols, which are a link and connection between the level of symbolic sen-sory things and the moral state in which the writer lives.4-The Sufi symbol. The symbol is a hidden meaning stored beneath apparent words, only thos who understand them reveal it. 5-are the heritage symbol, which means that heritage is not a static movement, but a renewed life, and the past is only revived in the present.

Charitable work is every work in which a group of people participates to achieve a public interest and humanitarian, religious, scientific, or economic purposes, and all money, effort, or time is spent in the interest of people, making them happy, and alleviating their suffering. The most important financial resources for charitable work in Islam were zakat, ongoing and charitable alms, expiations, and endowments. One of the forms of charitable work in the Abbasid era was to help the poor, the needy, the afflicted, and the Sufi ascetics find shelter for themselves, as they were unable to buy or rent a house, so they would build huts for them to take refuge in, Or providing housing for them in mosques, which was considered a social phenomenon known in Islamic society since the first era of Islam, but it was limited to the poor, ascetics, travelers, and those who cannot find a home. It is likely that most of those residing in mosques depend for their livelihood on the endowments allocated to mosques, and this included sponsoring The Abbasid caliphs devoted their efforts and care to what was good and armed their nation, so they built mosques in Baghdad and paid special attention to them, as well as establishing water-sheds, which are large buildings used as a residence for ascetics and a shelter for the sick in special circumstances, in addition to continuing to provide water to those residing in them, As for the pilgrims and travelers, they used to stay in tents - rest houses or hotels - to live in for a while. The wealthy people built these tents and parked them on the street, and the government established special places for them to drink water, and it also provided them with food. There is no doubt that the Abbasid Caliphate and individuals were busy providing care. Health care for members of society in general, so patients received a great deal of that care when fixed and mobile bimaristans, or in its modern concept (hospitals), were established. They are one of the public charitable institutions built by caliphs, kings, sultans, princes and other wealthy people, as an ongoing charity and service to humanity and in memory of them, In addition to establishing a home for Sufis, its meaning changed. It was no longer limited to being Sufi homes, but rather it became a guest house for expatriates and travelers because of the food and housing it contained. It also promoted an abundant amount of education due to the availability of books in some of them, in addition to being permanent shelters for people with disabilities, the elderly, and the blind. Food and money are distributed to them from the state and individuals, and they have also become shelters for divorced and abandoned women until they return to their husbands or get married, the caliphs were interested in connecting and building it and providing means of subsistence and hygiene for the residents. Accordingly, the services available in Rabat began to benefit the Sufis and the rest of the poor and disabled members of society. The Abbasid caliphs and members of society cared about the orphan, so he was ordered not to oppress him, to be kind to him, and to preserve his money. When the endowment system appeared In the Islamic State, and its outlets became clear, poor orphans had a share, The charitable endowment represented an important aspect of endowments in society, and its purposes were devoted to the poor in general, and for their public benefits, including education. The prisoners received good attention and care from the Abbasid caliphs, like other social groups. They had a share of charitable donations, especially on happy occasions. Or sad ones alike, which arouses compassion and kindness among members of society and encourages cooperation and love. The Abbasid caliphs were also interested in establishing Ramadan guesthouses in Baghdad for the poor and needy to break their fast in.

Al-Muqdadiyah District is one of the districts of Diyala Governorate, which is located between longitudes (44o.45) and (45o.15) to the east and latitudes (33o.45) and (34o.00) to the north, with an area of (1054) km2. The research aims to know the physical and chemical properties of the soil on the one hand and to reach a better understanding of the behavior of the soil and its impact on the biological environment on the other hand. More precisely, the study of some of the physical and chemical properties of the soil was aimed at identifying those properties and their direct impact on soil pollution with salinity and heavy metals and to achieve This was based on the analysis of laboratory tests for soil pollution in the study area, based on international standards, and knowing the extent of its effects by exceeding those limits. This is done through the results of laboratory analysis of soil samples in the study area, as (30 models) were collected from (30 sites) from the study area, with two models, the first In the month of January (winter of 2023) and the second in July (summer of 2023), the samples were chemically analyzed by knowing the chemical properties of the soil (organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved salts T.D.S). The study reached a number of results, the most important of which is that the spatial distribution The qualitative characteristics vary from one place to another and according to the nature of natural and human sources. The study found that the highest concentration in terms of chemical characteristics was (total dissolved salts (T.D.S.)) and it exceeded the internationally permissible limits