Journal of University of Babylon

One of the main causes of early failure of paving is water flow within its surface layers. In this study, a new ‎experimental work has been proposed to increase the permeability coefficient using two specifications aggregates ‎‎(G1 and G2) and to increase the coarse gradient ratios subjected to the scrb2003 limits. This enables the angularity of ‎aggregates to maintain coherence and to ensure acceptable stability characteristics. In order to accomplish this ‎purpose, several models have been prepared to study the effect of increasing‏ ‏proportions of coarse aggregate on the ‎properties and whether they serve the desired purpose. The results showed an increase in the stability of G2 in ‎general in contrast with the results of G1. The permeability coefficient also increased for G2 mixtures by 0.005. ‎Indirect tensile testing demonstrated an increase in T.S.R of 10.5% for the specification of G2‎‏.‏

The problem of green areas is considered one of the most complex urban planning problems ‎in Najaf, under the influence of rapid population growth with relatively high growth rates of 2.6 ‎percent in urban areas This is faced by an irrational use of empty and unused areas, and also the ‎fixity of residential neighborhoods in the city center and the expansion of the population on green ‎areas and agricultural areas for housing purposes, this will undoubtedly complicate the problem ‎more. The study aims to develop solutions to this problem within an established master plan by ‎calculating the current sustainable standard need for green areas based on the population size at the ‎end of each year for each neighborhood alone‏.‏‎ and forecasting them and showing the importance ‎of their planning within an integrated urban planning system. The research adopted the descriptive ‎analytical method of real historical data for each of the residents and spaces of residential ‎neighborhoods that were divided into six districts in order to facilitate their study and analysis of ‎their variables. And predicting what will happen in the growing sustainable standard of green areas ‎for the next five years in the city center, and the most important result was that the decision makers ‎have to provide new expansion areas outside the city center in the new neighborhoods camp, ‎otherwise the green areas will disappear in the city center.‎

Housing is a key sector of any national economy, and is particularly important for urban ‎development, Moreover, it is a vital issue in any government policy in all countries of the world, ‎Despite the growing expectation that the private sector should play a very important role in ‎financing low-income housing, the official financial sector is reluctant to finance low-income ‎housing, especially in poor third world countries. Government financing policy for low income ‎housing emphasizes the problem of affordability and funding sources, This paper addresses the ‎evaluation of the government's funding policy for low-income housing in Iraq, census data for the ‎years 2016-2020 was used to analyze population indicators, Number of families, housing stock, ‎housing supply, housing need and housing deficit, so to complete the analysis. This paper used the ‎method of relative importance of housing stock, housing supply, housing need and housing deficit ‎weighted by the number of families. The results were, the housing deficit recorded increasing rates ‎of relative importance under the influence of population growth. While the relative importance of ‎the housing supply does not meet the growing housing need. Therefore, government financing ‎policies for low income housing were ineffective because they did not meet the growing housing ‎need and did not fill the housing deficit.‎

The unique performance offerings of Ni-Ti alloys which involve the shape memory effect, ‎super elasticity and biocompatibility have led to widespread acceptance of these alloys as ‎valuable engineering materials. Deposition thin film from graphite target on nitinol by using radio ‎frequency sputtering as physical vapor deposition method ‎‏.‏‎ Determination the improvement in ‎hardness, wear rate, roughness, corrosion rate and cell viability before and after deposition. Three ‎values of radio frequency sputtering as (200W, 400W, 600W) are used. The deposited film is ‎considered as diamond like carbon DLC depending on peaks of Raman spectroscopy. DLC had ‎good characteristics as antibacterial property, low friction coefficient, high wear resistance and ‎good corrosion resistance. High power led to high Vickers hardness as 657 with low specific wear ‎rate as 7.34*10-8g/cm. High corrosion resistance achieved after 400W as 0.001mm/y and high cell ‎viability as 93.11%. The optimized results from genetic algorithm with fuzzy inference system ‎pointed as power 222W, Vickers hardness as 666,corrosion current density 0.138,and cell ‎viability as 88.8. ‎

In this study, an artificial neural network was formed to estimate the load- deflection curve ‎behavior of simply supported beams with polymer reinforcement. Available actual (experimental) ‎values for several beams from previous studies were used to construct a neural network model.‎
The results obtained from this network were compared with the actual values and with the ‎specifications of the American Code ACI 440.1 R and it was found that the values obtained from ‎the neural network are very close to the laboratory values and present more accurate results than ‎the values obtained from the equations of the American Code, where the neural results were more ‎compatible with the actual study curves with a greater degree compared to what the American code ‎equations estimated.‎

This work is to build pneumatic switch, especially depending on air or gas flow, from a very ‎cheap parts available as a waste material in reforming shops and small factories. Also, this ‎pneumatic switch is carefully designed in a way that any primitive technician or smith can build it. ‎At the beginning, the parts of switch are designed using Catia Software and some parts are imported ‎to ANSYS WORKBENCH 2020 R2 software to check the mechanical stresses associated with ‎loads. Then, theoretical computations are made where the angular displacement is calculated, based ‎on equations solved by MATLAB software, when the switch faces‏ ‏flow air stream for different ‎speed magnitudes. After that, a real switch is built and be subjected to those same different air ‎speed magnitudes used in theoretical computations. Then, comparison between‏ ‏the two results is ‎made, which show there is a relatively slide difference in angular displacement readings as well as ‎the switch has enough strength to resist the loads based on what is computed in theoretical side‏ ‏and ‎what is noted in practice. ‎

The purpose of this review article is to highlight the various approaches for measuring ‎polymer degradation. Different tests (mechanical, thermal, rheological) give good evidence about ‎polymer properties. From these tests, the effect of varying degradation factors on the general ‎properties of the polymer can be estimated. Change in weight, thermal tests, dynamic mechanical ‎analysis tests, structural tests, and the rheological test show the changes in the material behaviour ‎before and after the effect of the different environmental factors. ‎

The aim of this mini review article, discussed the recent research in the field of polymer ‎nanocomposite deals with properties of polymer solution parameters such as viscosity, molecular ‎weight, concentration of polymeric substance in solution and surface tension of solution on ‎morphological properties of nanofibers produced by electrospinning technology such as nanofiber ‎diameters and the number and size of beads formed on the surface of the nanofiber web. All ‎researches have proven that the viscosity or concentration of the polymer solution, lead to increase ‎the diameters of the nanofibers and reduces the size and number of beads, as well as converting ‎the fiber path jet from unstable and unmonotonous to more stable. This behavior positively affects ‎the formation and orientation of the fibers, but did not lead to the enhancement of the crystalline ‎and thermal properties of the nanofibers. Therefore, other researchers studied adding nanoparticles ‎such as salts to polymeric solutions to get rid of the number and size of beads in the nanofiber web ‎as a result of using low concentrations. These nanoparticles improve the morphological properties ‎as well as enhance the crystalline and thermal properties of the nanofiber network, leading to ‎increased engineering and medical applications such as wastewater treatment and drug delivery.‎