Kufa Journal of Arts

Al-Jawahiri witnessed many political events in his homeland, Iraq in particular, and the Arab world in general, and expressed his opinion on them, embodying his national affiliation, as his poetry was a mirror that reflected to us the political and social issues revolving around him for a century. This research dealt with Al-Jawahiri’s view of a political phenomenon that includes freedom of expression, which helps protect people and enhance their rights, and enables exposing and condemning violations of human rights, as freedom of expression is one of the things that helps support rights such as the right to education, freedom of thought, the right to vote, demonstrate and protest, the right to justice, and others, all of which include political and social rights. The research concluded that Al-Jawahiri’s view of freedom of expression was a negative view; because it was fought by the ruling authority and violated by corrupt parties, as it does not represent the will and aspirations of the people.

The ancient Arab poets described the night as long and short, and added to it names and terms that symbolize and reveal meanings and connotations of its length and shortness. They bestowed upon it descriptions that reveal their sorrows in some of their nights and their suffering in it, and may indicate their happiness and admiration for it. These poets drew beautiful, explicit and suggestive images to describe it as long and short, and attributed the length and shortness of the night to reasons and causes that sometimes differ from one another and agree with one another. They have opinions and positions regarding the length and shortness of the night that sometimes agree and sometimes differ. Some of them describe the nights of separation as long and the nights of union as short. Some of them shorten the nights of youth and lengthen the nights of old age. Some of them consider the night short in one town and consider it long in another. Some of them do not believe in the length of the night and do not acknowledge its shortness at all. Some of them enjoy the length of the night and others hate it and get bored with it. They have reasons and causes for this difference in positions and differences in trends, and their expressions about the length of the night and their opinions about the length of its moments, the shortness of its hours and the slackness of its durations reveal their emotions and embody their concerns during the night. And what they create of artistic paintings to depict their suffering and what they endure of sorrow and pain and enjoy of joy and delight during the night are expressions, styles and expressive images that call for stopping at them and studying them. This research deals with the study of the length of the night in ancient Arabic poetry from the pre-Islamic era until the end of the Abbasid era, relying on the descriptive analytical method, represented in conducting research on the main topic that includes the verses composed by poets describing the night as long, then aims to study the content of the verses and their meanings and reveal any possible development in the contents and images of describing this night and the meanings used in them during the specified period of research.

The research studies the phenomenon of complete congruence in Quranic structures and its effect on textual coherence in the Holy Quran. Congruence, as a verbal repetition of the structure, works to cohese the paragraphs of the text and strengthen its parts in form and content. One of the manifestations of textual coherence in congruent structures is the phenomenon of semantic counterpart, which means the semantic meaning that corresponds to the content of the structure. Semantic counterpart comes in various forms, including: interpretive counterpart, in which the semantic counterpart interprets the content of the structure semantically; reciprocal counterpart, in which the counterpart exchanges some words of the congruent structure; and complementary counterpart, in which the counterpart is integrated with the semantically congruent structure. These semantic relationships between the semantic counterpart and the congruent structure form bonds that bind the parts of the text together.

The current research aims to identify emotional balance and hasty conclusions and the extent of their relationship with each other among a sample of teachers in primary schools distributed in the districts, centers and sub-districts in Najaf Governorate. The sample size reached (475) male and female teachers. The researcher adopted the emotional balance measurement tool and built a tool to measure hasty conclusions. The results showed that the sample of teachers has emotional balance and does not have hasty conclusions. There is no difference between females and males in emotional balance, and there is a difference between them in hasty conclusions in favor of males. As for the relationship between emotional balance and hasty conclusions, it is a negative correlation. The researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions from the current research.

The novel Women of the Thresholds is a social story that focuses on the American invasion of Iraq, and Hadiya Hussein seeks to show the horrors of war and its effects on society. This research, using its descriptive and analytical approach, attempts to study the different components of time in this novel based on Gerard Genette's theory. According to Gerard Genette, time is manifested in systems, continuity (duration), and frequency. The study concluded that time is one of the important elements in this novel and enjoys the absence of linearity in time and its violation, as time ranges between the past and the present. These violations and paradoxes did not create a disruption in the narrative, but rather made it harmonious and put the reader in close contact with the events of the novel. The use of time indicators is consistent with the writer's goals (which are to show the horrors of war and its effects) because showing the state of war and its impact on people requires more clarification and more details. Despite the slow pace of the novel, this provides a context to bring the reader closer to the atmosphere of the story. Consequently, it makes the reader more connected and sympathetic to the characters of the story so that he can see himself in their position. It can be said that Hussain's gift is looking for information and meaning more than narrative structure and its magic. She puts the elements and structure of the narrative in the service of meaning, so sometimes the structure falls victim to meaning as it makes the novel boring for the reader because of the additional descriptions in it

In this study, we have discussed the book (Al-Bukhala) by Al-Jahiz, which is considered one of his most wonderful books, if not the most wonderful. It was distinguished by its objective, precise treatment, and he collected in it many stories related to the misers of his time. It dealt with the theologians and the Mu'tazila, and was distinguished by its verbal beauty and correctness of meaning, and in the fertility of imagination. He depicted his society in an accurate depiction that no other depiction could compare to. He depicted the life of Basra and Baghdad during his era. The researcher believes that the book Al-Bukhala is one of the books he wrote in the last years of his life, when he was afflicted with paralysis. It is one of the books written during his illness, along with the book (Al-Hayawan), which was the last thing he wrote. What indicates this is what is mentioned in the book itself in his story with (Mahfouz Al-Naqqash), in which he says: He said, O Abu Uthman, it is colostrum and roughness, or it is the night and its stillness, then a night of rain and humidity, and you are a man who has advanced in age and still suffers from paralysis.

The Freedom Renaissance Party of Iran is one of the Iranian parties that played an important role during the period following the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Its activity was clearly evident during the rule of Mehdi Bazargan (February - November 1979). It participated in many political and cultural events, expressed its opinion, clarified its position on all political and social events and developments, and presented a number of proposals at times when the country was in dire need of them. The party’s statements, which formed the main material for the research topic and were issued almost daily, carried within them the party’s programs, aspirations, and the visions of its leaders. By reading and analyzing many of them, it became clear that the party had serious national positions, many of which supported political power and the gains of the Islamic Revolution. The party's problem was that it opposed most of the directions and decisions of the executive authority and commented on them in a way that was not acceptable to the political power centers of the Revolutionary Guards, the Revolutionary Court, and other formations. Because of those positions, its members, leaders, and even its supporters were exposed to legal prosecution, and the judiciary began to pursue many of them. Some of them were hidden in prisons, some were deported, and some were placed under house arrest.

Since the era of the first generation until today, Islamic poets have recorded the verses of loyalty and love that their hearts and consciences harbor and that are stirring in their chests towards the Chosen Prophet (peace be upon him and his pure family) and his pure progeny (peace be upon him). Commitment is the poet or writer’s participation with people in their social and political concerns and national stances, and standing firmly to confront what that requires, to the point of self-denial for the sake of what the poet or writer has committed to. Sayyid Rida al-Hindi addressed poetry in its various purposes. He possesses a soul full of faith, as we see him turning to God Almighty and asking for His pardon and forgiveness and hoping for the best of this world and a good reward and outcome. Sayyid Rida al-Hindi mentioned the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) more than once in his collection of poems, to the point that he devoted a large part of his collection to praising them. This article, which has relied on the descriptive-analytical method in its research, has reached important results, including: Sayyid Rida al-Hindi expressed his love and sincerity towards the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and their positions. He also referred to their virtues and merits. Sayyid Rida al-Hindi’s adherence to the Ahl al-Bayt in general and to the Prophet (peace be upon him) in particular indicates his commitment to these noble and righteous people. The poet longed to visit their graves and sympathized with their misfortunes. He was always keen on visiting the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) grave, as he believed that visiting his grave is a great happiness for every Muslim.

The research presents the reader with a new reading of the morphological and syntactic violations in Al-Farazdaq’s poetry, which grammarians have placed under the category of poetic necessity, error, little, rare, anomalous, ugly, and dilemma. This reading is based on the effect of significance in urging the poet to violate the established standard, in a serious attempt to read the extent to which Al-Farazdaq invested in the manifestations of semantic and rhythmic effectiveness to form his poetic language, based on the duality of (rule and usage), while preserving the rule and allowing significance to move within the text, away from the circle of compelling necessity for the correctness of the meter, or error, or little, or rare, or anomalous, or ugly.

Examining the labyrinth of the world of hadith transmission has always been of interest to scholars and religious researchers in order to benefit from the lofty concepts and teachings of the ancients and religious scholars on the one hand, and to close the door on the influence of superstitions and bad concepts that were the result of personal thinking and sometimes the work of malicious people, on the other hand, by distinguishing the correct from the incorrect. Meanwhile, delving into the hadiths that dealt with the interpretation of the verses of the Qur’an - and in this way the books of authentic interpretations were written - is doubly important because the Qur’an was the basis of the unity of Islamic beliefs, and it goes without saying that these wrong interpretations and offensive perceptions would turn the very basis of unity into a source of disagreement. It was as if this matter was of interest to the Prophet (), who strictly forbade Muslims from interpreting the verses of the Qur’an according to their own opinion. This matter itself explains the necessity of addressing the subject of this research. In this article, the author criticized and studied a group of hadiths that have stated the interpretation of the phrase “whoever has knowledge of the Book” in verse 43 of Surah Ar-Ra’d, in order to try to discover the true concept and meaning of the verse, to criticize the incorrect narrations in the interpretation of the verse. In fact, the verse refers to the person who has “knowledge of the Book”. As we see now, the expression of the credibility of this person has produced different points of view that have appeared in the narrations of the narrators. In this regard, the hadiths of two groups were mentioned and basic criticisms were made of some of these narrations. The results of this article showed that ideological purposes, personal grudges, and interpretation by opinion have forced some narrators to distort the narrations and consequently change the meaning of some verses. The method of conducting this article is the library method.

Allah the Almighty explains in the Holy Quran some of the reasons and causes for the immoral act of mockery and at the end mentions the social reaction to this act. Some commentators, after mentioning the results resulting from this act at the end of the mentioned verses such as verse 11 of Surat Al-Hujurat “O you who have believed, let not a people ridicule [another] people… And do not insult one another and do not call each other by [offensive] nicknames… And whoever does not repent, then those are the wrongdoers.” They explained that this act leads to: the absence of peace, social reconciliation and love; entering a dark society; the disappearance of goodness and community solidarity; and moving away from human values. In addition to what was mentioned, mockery and ridicule are among the prevailing customs and traditions of criminals that stem from arrogance and conceit. There is no doubt that Allah the Almighty destroys the mockers in this world and the hereafter, as mockery is the last stage of the stages of disbelief. This research derives its importance from the fact that identifying mockery and its effects is a valuable issue and that the true religion of Islam has emphasized a lot on the ugliness and baseness of this act.

The current study was launched from a realistic problem, which is: How can the University of Kufa (the study sample) successfully implement the required changes? For this purpose, the study sought to identify the nature of the relationship of association and influence between its variables (organizational capabilities as an independent variable, and change management as a dependent variable). The University of Kufa was chosen as a site for the field aspect of the research, as a random sample of (167) employees from various job titles (department manager, chief observer, observer, chief accountant, accountant, legal, engineer) who have experience in their field of work was chosen. The study adopted the questionnaire form as the main tool for collecting data and information, and it consisted of (24) paragraphs distributed over the sub-dimensions of the study variables, with (12) paragraphs for the dimensions of organizational capabilities, and (12) paragraphs for the dimensions of change management. The study hypotheses were tested based on the statistical programs SPSS v.23, AMOS v.23)). The study reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which was the existence of a significant impact of organizational capabilities in managing change at the overall level, in addition to the study’s conclusion that the current organizational structure at the university does not support the university’s orientations regarding change management. The study recommended the need to increase attention to the study variables as they are important topics that will bring the university closer to achieving its future orientations.

The Qur’anic text is characterized as a comprehensive, coherent structure by a miraculous rhetorical style, and each surah of this text is characterized by its striking rhetorical style, as well as each verse in it. Structurally, the short surahs of the Holy Qur’an, most of which are Meccan, are characterized by being strong, violent, intense, rhetorical in tone, and short in sentences, while the Medinan surahs are characterized by being calm, delicate, and long in sentences. Each of these surahs has its own artistic characteristics that distinguish it from other surahs. As for Surah “Al-Qari’ah,” it is the subject that was chosen to be studied structurally in this research paper due to its availability of some striking artistic characteristics. We have addressed its study in form and content based on the structural method created by the late writer Dr. Mahmoud Al-Bustani, who followed this method in his aesthetic and semantic study of the literary text in general and the Qur’anic text in particular, as he tasted with his sensitive aesthetic sense the artistic aspects of the Qur’anic text and felt its literary features; then he employed his method to extract those aspects. The aim of this research is to uncover the sources of literary beauty and the religious connotations that this blessed Surah has according to the structural approach - as we have indicated. The result of this research is that the structural element is concerned with the general meaning and its relationship to the style in which the meaning is formulated so that the speech comes out eloquent, articulate and influential in the recipient’s conscience.

Bahaa Taher is considered one of the pioneers of short stories in the Arab world. His novels had a realistic approach, which meant drawing social reality with extreme precision and explaining and analyzing the causes and motives. In our current article, we seek, through the descriptive analytical approach, to show the most prominent features of realism in his collection of short stories “I Went to the Waterfall.” The results indicate that the writer Bahaa Taher reflected the deteriorating conditions in his stories, and that the most prominent manifestations of realism in his stories are represented in his attention to explaining the details in describing the characters, explaining the political, social and critical trends, and revealing the character of the novelist himself, explaining the role and importance of the media, and talking about the most prominent historical events.

Psychological critical studies of literary texts show the reciprocal relationship between the psychological state of the writer and his productive creativity, and through them, intentions and hidden thoughts emanating from the writer's soul are discovered. Many psychological factors had a great impact on Ahlam Mosteghanemi's life, generating disappointment, despair, fear of the future and a bad future, and planting enmity and hatred in her psyche. In her book "Their Hearts Are With Us, Their Bombs Are Against Us", we find her depicting the social and political reality of the world, the Arab countries, and Iraq in particular. She continued to call with all frankness and boldness to convey her voice to the world and the Arab countries, and urge them in her loud tone to rise up against America. Anger, pain, enmity, and despair are smelled from her voice. She exaggerates if she wants to be sarcastic or sad. Extravagance overwhelms her mood and exhausts her nerves. Writing mixed with sarcasm is one of the methods she uses to vent her anger and inner hatred. Ahlam's sarcasm reaches the level of obscene satire, as she addresses Bush and his family's disdain with obscene words that are far from moral. This type disgusts the reader. This article attempts, through the descriptive-analytical method, to explore the psychological statements that overwhelm Ahlam's memory and cause hostility, hatred, and obscenity in her words. The simplest thing you read by her and about her will cast a strong suspicion in your mind about the soundness of her nerves and the moderation of her mind. Then, everything we read in the folds of the lines of her articles are unmistakable indications of the imbalance of her nerves and her soundness. There are many psychological factors that led to disappointment and fear in Ahlam Mosteghanemi, and planted enmity and hatred in her psyche. Among them: the loss of her father’s health, witnessing crises and assassinations in her country, the martyrdom of all her uncles and cousins ​​in the battles against the occupation, her emigration and marriage abroad, the events in Iraq and its destruction that planted in her resentment against America and the Arab nation.

One of the most important topics addressed by contemporary Arabic poetry and world literature as a whole is the topic of freedom. Freedom has appeared in literary works in many ways and under many titles, including the use of symbols indicating freedom. This has come as an expansion of meanings and concepts and a consolidation of some of the ideas contained in that symbol, especially with regard to resistance literature. The use of symbols has expanded in resistance poetry, and the reason for this is the closure of the repressed and occupied society and the governments’ refusal to allow freedom of expression. So poets have resorted to symbolic language. Among these poets are the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and the Iranian poet Qaysar Aminpour, who have come up with symbols to express freedom, trying to spread their hopes in society to consolidate the spirit of freedom among the people. The two poets have struggled through symbolic poetry against the bitter reality that has tightened the noose on society. This research seeks to study the symbols of freedom and how to employ them in the poetry of these two poets, who have recited many poems about freedom. This will be done through the descriptive analytical approach. The result of this research is that the two poets used multiple symbols to express freedom such as flying, the bird, the mother-in-law, the butterfly and the testimony to call people to freedom and create a spirit of struggle in them to continue on the paths of struggle that they dealt with in their poetry. What brings the two poets closer together is the spirit of struggle and the political and social circumstances that the two poets lived in.

One of the fundamental issues in interpreting the verses of the Holy Quran is comparing the verses of revelation and responding to the doubts raised about them. We can analyze the reason for the repetition of the stories of the Holy Quran by focusing on the role of context. This study deals with the role of context and its types, and the subtlety of the repeated parts of the story of the creation of Adam in the Holy Quran. Therefore, although this story is mentioned in seven surahs of the Quran, but considering the main role of Adam in Surahs Al-Baqarah, Al-A'raf, and Taha, and the interconnected and separate evidence between them, we were satisfied with studying these surahs - and nothing more. The results of the study indicate that despite the similarity of the appearance of the verses at the beginning, in these three surahs different contexts are formed from each other. The choice of words and the arrangement of phrases harmonize with the context of each surah in a completely purposeful way; such that repetition is used rhetorically in these three surahs

The general budget of the Iraqi state is an important means for the people to monitor their government's plans in organizing expenditures and revenues. It reflects the economic, political and social situation of the country. It can also be used to identify the importance that the authority attaches to its joints and public facilities, and the extent of its intervention in economic activity. It occupies great importance in the life of society, from its various aspects. This importance is not limited to the economic aspect of the country only, but also from the political and social aspects, as it is considered the financial plan of the state. Through it, the economic aspect of the country is determined, in addition to its impact on the lives and well-being of individuals and their social level. Therefore, the main objective of the research was to study the general budget of the Iraqi state during the republican era, and the changes that occurred to the philosophy and goals of the revolution, which attempted to move Iraqi society from a state of backwardness to achieving comprehensive development in various fields. It also studied the financial allocations that the government sets to create a balanced budget that meets the requirements of the ministries and departments, which enables it to draw up a financial and economic policy for the country according to the requirements of the stage.

Abbasid literature is an important era in Arabic literature in terms of the meanings and innovations that were manifested in it, and a group of poets emerged who relied on the art of humor and sarcasm to clarify the features of their era; sarcasm is one of the important methods of poets to convey the critic to the temporal conditions at that time; and sarcasm in Arabic literature has had its share with critics and historians, so a group of poets emerged who were interested in humorous texts to convey their political, social, and ideological purposes until it became a purpose for itself and had its own audience; the recipient of this field searches in the folds of sarcasm with a scathing criticism through the text, and many people look at humor and sarcasm with contempt and disdain due to the limited understanding of these two arts; they see them as futile and worthless. Since we know that every text has a function and aesthetics, we sought to address Abu Dulamah’s literature from the formalists’ point of view to show the aesthetics of irony in Abu Dulamah’s literature, relying on the descriptive-analytical poetic method based on the poet’s collection of poems.

The interpretive rules are general controls and have been indicated to be taken into consideration in the deduction and correct interpretation of the meanings of the Qur’an, and they protect the interpreter from falling into interpretation by opinion and methods of approval. Based on this, every interpreter needs to know the interpretive rules in order to establish the foundations of his interpretation on them. This and by paying attention to the educational appearance of the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (may Allah be pleased with them), their words can be considered a rich source for obtaining the interpretive rules, and for this reason, the main issue in the current investigation is to prove that the infallibles have taught the principles of religion and the interpretive rules from all sides, with the aim of correcting the correct meaning derived from the verses of the Qur’an and enriching the correct interpretation of the words of Allah based on these controls. Hence, and in view of the breadth of the interpretive narrations of the Household of the Prophet (PBUH), the focus of this article of ours is based on the interpretive narrations of Imam al-Rida (PBUH). Contemplating the interpretive narrations of the Imam reveals something, which is that he (PBUH) did not only address the interpretation and explanation of the words of God, but he also explained to Muslims the most important principles and interpretive rules.

This research addressed the role of international peacekeeping operations in settling international disputes. It was found that the legal basis for these operations lies in Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. They are also formed by a Security Council resolution based on its basic tasks of maintaining international peace and security, which gives it broad discretionary authority based on Article (39) of the United Nations Charter. The study explained that the intervention of international peacekeeping operations in internal conflicts does not conflict with the principle of state sovereignty, because the consent of the parties to the conflict is a basic condition for performing these operations. Therefore, they cannot carry out their tasks without official acceptance from the states. They also have the means to settle international disputes, whether they are of a military nature, such as monitoring the ceasefire, protecting areas under the protection of the United Nations, disarmament, and mine clearance, or the means may be non-military, such as supervising elections, national reconciliation, and supporting the rule of law.

Maturity is a psychological faculty that prevents a person from wasting his money and makes him spend his money in a reasonable and correct way. This description is fundamentally different from the age of puberty, which means physical perfection and the growth of sexual power. When maturity, maturity, and reason are combined in a person, he is competent and can manage his money independently, but whoever does not have one of the above-mentioned descriptions is considered to be under guardianship and cannot conduct financial transactions with others. Although it is true that in Imami jurisprudence, which is the source of laws in Iran, maturity and maturity are considered two different concepts, in the 1361 amendments to the Iranian Civil Code, which were made under the pretext of the Sharia, the sign of maturity was removed from the Civil Code, which led to confusion between the concepts of maturity and maturity. This situation may cause many problems for the people and the courts, so that the void resulting from the removal of the sign of maturity cannot be filled by the interpretation of the doctrine, and it is necessary for the legislative authority to consider the age of 18 in the provisions of Articles 1209 and 1210 as the sign of maturity.

There is no doubt that the Holy Quran was revealed by Allah as a miracle to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and is unparalleled in meanings and values. This book has unique features that are not found in other books. It also has valuable characteristics that make it a miracle for scholars, writers and researchers in it. Grammar is one of the most prominent sciences of the Arabic language and literature, and one of the important sciences that must be acquired, and represents a major step in caring for the Holy Quran and preserving its integrity. Therefore, knowing the different positions of parsing is a must and this is related to knowing the rules of grammar. The relationship between parsing and translation is interconnected and inseparable from each other, so their correct use has a great impact in clarifying the verses of Allah Almighty. The translator must have knowledge of the rules of the Arabic language so that his translation is a correct translation. From this standpoint, this article aims, based on the descriptive analytical approach, to study the effect of the difference in grammatical aspects in the translation of Surah Taha, the translations of Fulhadvand and Khorramshahi, in order to analyze and clarify the verses that contain the different grammatical aspects and how they affect two models of the two selected translations. Therefore, it became clear from the models we mentioned in this study that Khorramshahi and Fulhadvand were aware of the grammatical differences of some words and their effect on their meanings, so their translations came out good, but they ignored that in some verses, which made their translations inaccurate.

Not everything that is famous is correct; for there may be a famous thing that has no basis. When the Qur’ans were stripped of diacritics, so that one line could be read more than once, and this tradition remained for a long period of time, scholars thought that Arabic writing was free of diacritics in the era of early Islam, but the truth that no sane person should be ignorant of is that writing was diacritical and the Holy Qur’an was written with diacritics, and that incorrect interpretation caused many problems had it not been for the presence of the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him), who restored diacritics through his students who carried his knowledge and taught it to the people.

The research aims to study and document the Andalusian contracting parties of documents and conditions during the eras of the emirate and the caliphate, which is considered the era of the establishment of Andalusian sciences and culture. The research was divided into two axes: the first axis dealt with documents and conditions in language and terminology, the origins and benefits of the science of documents and conditions, the characteristics of contracting parties of documents and conditions and their wages, while the second section dealt with the contracting of documents and conditions in Andalusia during the eras of the emirate and the caliphate and was distributed among the authors of the books of documents and conditions, their contracting parties and their forgers.

Planning educational services is an important part of city planning and a serious step towards achieving urban development. The research aims to plan educational services in the city of Warka for the academic year 2016/2017 using geographic information systems technology through a number of educational indicators and comparing them with local planning standards to determine their degree of efficiency and reveal their positives and shortcomings in order to develop a future development plan aimed at improving the educational reality. This research came in four sections preceded by an introduction. The first section included a study of the reality of educational services in the city of Uruk, which showed the scarcity of educational buildings, teaching staff and departments, while the second section included the spatial distribution of educational services in the study area, which showed the unfairness of their distribution at the neighborhood level. As for the third section, it was interested in studying educational indicators and comparing them with local planning standards. It was found that despite the availability of numbers of educational institutions for the current population size, most of the quantitative and qualitative standards did not reach their required levels. Therefore, the fourth section came to develop a future plan for developing educational services based on the standards and population size and to determine the best locations to benefit from these services with the least effort and cost and according to what is available, which will have an impact in supporting planners in order to achieve urban development in the study area.

One of the Hashemite figures who rebelled in the Talibite branch and was greatly wronged by Sunni and Shiite historians in history is Abdullah bin Muawiyah bin Abdullah bin Jaafar al-Tayyar al-Talibi, whose lineage goes back to the commander and hero of the Battle of Mu'tah. This brave, heroic, generous man who led a revolution against the Umayyads during the rule of the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan bin Muhammad, was described with all sorts of ugly descriptions, including obstruction, heresy, and apostasy, and his followers were described as heretics, materialists, and licentious. The man is innocent of all that was described and attributed to him. Therefore, the researcher decided to shed light on the personality of Abdullah bin Muawiyah al-Talibi in a study consisting of three sections. The first focused on his name, lineage, characteristics, and narratives. The second dealt with the political situation in the Umayyad state in general and Kufa in particular at that time, the reason for his arrival from Medina to Kufa, and his relationship with the political parties. The third dealt with the Kufa sedition, his departure, and his declaration of the Caliphate in Isfahan, then his battles and martyrdom. The research ended with a conclusion and a list of sources and references.

This research aims to study the concept of women's rights in the Holy Quran. The study will focus on how the concepts of language and gender are manifested, especially in the verses that talk about women's rights. In addition, the study attempts to answer the following question: Does the language of the Holy Qur’an reflect the physical and biological sex of males and females, or does it mainly emphasize their social and personal identity, i.e. gender? Do women's rights in the Holy Book reflect the man's authority over them? As the study is divided into two parts, the first chapter is an overview of three topics: gender, differences between males and females in the use of language and women's rights. The second chapter is devoted to women's rights in the Holy Qur'an. Important points were concluded in the Qur’anic text regarding the social dimension of women’s rights and their linguistic dimensions, the most important of which is that the Holy Book did not neglect the use of linguistic tools that refer to linguistic, grammatical and semantic femininity.

the novel "The Beloved", as this image raises several problems in the text. In this research, we will discuss the impact of the image in all its aspects on the personality of the heroine. The main problem that we analyzed is that the main character does not see his image reflected on the reflective surfaces. So we conclude that there is a lack of recognition of the ego by the character of the novel. On the other hand, this article deals with the repetition of forms of identity and their merger with the other. Therefore, the image of the heroine is merged with several characters who may be close or strange to her. We have also concluded that the self-destruction of the heroine of the novel results from childhood disorders and her upbringing in an unbalanced family.

Foreign language acquisition from early childhood creates good learning and memorization skills. The earlier a child starts, the better he will learn. Man was born and he is able to acquire many knowledge. He sends and repeats a wide range of sounds that have no meaning in his mother tongue. It is not enough to start learning the language early, but the learning process must continue throughout one's life. If we want to make the child bilingual or trilingual, we have to introduce him to foreign languages, as it does not constitute an additional burden because the matter does not mean adding new supplementary materials, but only Programming content to be taught in a foreign language. Recently, some countries restrict the teaching of foreign languages to literary subjects, while others give priority to science subjects. What is the ideal age to learn a foreign language? Is there a golden period for learning? After that period, does learning become ineffective?

latalama aistakhdim alainsan markbat mukhtalifat linaql albadayie w alrrukab, w fi alssanawat al'akhyrat bisabab zyadat wasayl alnnaql dhat almuharrik w balttaly zyadat alhawadith almurwryt , hunak ghumwd hawl alshshakhs almaswwl alladhy yajib 'an yadhhab 'iilayh almusabu. nazaraan 'iilay 'ann qawanynana mustawhat min alfiqh al'iislamy hunak qawaeid fiqhyt hammat mithl qaeidat 'iitlaf, tasbyb, ladarar, tahdhyr w ... allaty laha makanat qawyt fi qawanynna alyawm fi tahdyd alshshakhs almaswwl w tamm qabwl nazaryt alssabab almuqaddam min qibal aljamye

This study deals with the problem of migration, identity and acculturation. The immigrant - the Arab in particular, since the study is limited to the novel "The Drifters" and the book "Killer Identities" by Amin Maalouf, the Lebanese writer residing in France - carries a cultural heritage different from the cultural reality of the host or receiving country. Introverting and closing in on the original identity leads the immigrant to the abyss of marginalization and isolation, and even to loss. A closed identity finds no place in an environment built on diversity and openness. We must believe in and adopt a complex and open identity that respects the other and integrates into his constructive culture without renouncing the mother country and its culture. Whoever integrates into another culture disguising his culture becomes a human being who is rooted and without history. The solution to the problem lies in the process of acculturation through the immigrant's respect for the culture of the host country and adding something to it, and through society's respect for the immigrant's culture and integrating it into it. Here, language plays a key role in building bridges of understanding between the immigrant and the immigrant community.