Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences

This research studies the behavior of double tube steel columns filled with high-strength
concrete (HSC) between the gap surrounded by the two pipes and others without filling. The columns
are tested by using a concentrated centric load. The concentrated load was applied in the form of
cycles by the increased load. Six samples of columns were examined with different variables. The
study’s parameters in the experimental work are specific to the steel fiber in the concrete mix and
type section and the other parameter to the non-filled tube. In terms of high strength concrete mix,
the percentage of fibers used was 0.5% and 1.5% of the total concrete volume. As for the steel tube,
a square and circular cross-section was used, as well as column length. Plotting the results obtained
through load curves with deflection and the results were compared with samples non filled with
concrete. The results showed that increasing the percentage of fibers in high strength concrete
increases the maximum bearing of the column, while an empty tube has much less bearing than it is
infilled with high strength concrete. Finally, the theoretical analysis of the results was performed with
ACI. From the experimental results, the ACI provision gives underestimation about the load carrying
capacity of the composite column and overestimation for only steel.

Mathematical modelling has emerged as a critical tool for long-term wastewater management,
particularly for simulating complicated biological processes. This study focuses on modelling and
simulating of Al-muamirah wastewater treatment plant whose system is an oxidation ditch using
GPS-X simulator to investigate the plant performance among four scenarios in different conditions.
Samples were measured weekly over eight weeks, which were taken from the treatment plant's
influent and effluent wastewater. The contamination parameters tested for these samples were the
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the total suspended
solids (TSS). COD and TSS coefficients were chosen in the model because calibration values close
to their true values were reached, while the true value of the BOD was not reached, so it was not
taken as a calibration parameter. The results showed that the values of COD and TSS in the effluent
wastewater were; 47 mg/L and 9 mg/L for the first scenario, 57 mg/L and 73 mg/L for the second
scenario, 66 mg/L and 14.97 mg/L for the third scenario, 74 mg/L and 42 mg/L for the fourth
scenario, respectively. The concentrations of pollutants in the effluent wastewater remained within
the acceptable limits (less than 100 for COD) and (less than 40 for TSS). This is an indication of the
good performance efficiency of the treatment system used in the plant and the adequacy and
suitability of its design capacity.

The current study investigates the effects of recycled low-density polyethylene (R-LDPE)
polymer and waste-paper fiber (w-PF) on the performance of the binder and stone matrix asphalt
(SMA) mixtures. The effect of R-LDPE and W-PF was investigated individually and collectively on
both the volumetric (bulk density, air voids, voids in mineral aggregate, and voids filled with asphalt)
and mechanical properties (Marshall stability, flow and Marshall modulus). W-PF fibers were added
to SMA mixtures in different ratios of 0.3 %, 0.5 %, and 0.7 %, while 3% of R-LDPE was added to
improve asphalt mixture performance. The results showed that incorporating both R-LDPE and wPF in asphalt binder has a positive effect on mixture performance, but with various levels. Collective
modifiers have increased air voids, voids in mineral aggregate, Marshall stability and marshal
modulus up to 15 %, 3%, 42% and 70%, respectively, at 3.3% MC (mix collective additives) in
comparison to control SMA. The results also show a reduction in bulk density, voids filled with
asphalt and flow to the level of 0.6%, 4% and 49%, respectively. This indicates that the use of waste
and recycled materials, especially in the combined form offers a sustainable approach to stabilizing
asphalt binder for SMA mixtures.

Cryptography and steganography are the major role approaches for covert
communications. While cryptography enciphers the information in such a way to be nonunderstandable for unauthorized persons, steganography conceals secure information in ordinary
cover data without making perceptible variations in cover data to make data attackers in illusion and
they consider the transmitted data is just ordinary data. Therefore, steganography is considered
superior compared to cryptography because the encrypted attract the attention of the data attackers.
However, it requires bandwidth or saving storage much greater than the hidden secure data.
Steganography can be used in different modes such as offline and online, also it can be utilized with
different data cover such as image, video, audio, text, and data frames. This study focuses on the
most challenging mode in steganography, which is online (i.e. real-time steganography). In addition,
it focuses on the most important kind of cover media, audio signals, which should be processed in
real-time. Accordingly, this study presents a focused review on data hidden in the Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) network where VoIP represents the standard of real-time communication-based on
delivery voice over Internet. In addition to a brief survey for the existing real-time steganography
approaches, this study also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The rubric for
assessing the approaches is based on some contradictory requirements for successful steganography
approaches. The most important requirements include data embedding rate, imperceptibility,
security, robustness, and algorithm complexity which specify the effectiveness of any steganographic
. This study concludes that most of the existing approaches still lacked some features in one or more of the main requirements for real-time security-based steganography.

Unidirectional composite materials are among the most important composite materials and
have many applications in daily life. The angle of the fibers of the lamina is an important factor in
controlling properties of the composite materials as well as the sequence of layers. The aim of this
study is to obtain the best laminate with good mechanical properties (strength and stiffness) with
the selection of the appropriate failure theory. This study was conducted to carbon /epoxy laminate
with different angles (0°,25°,30°,50°,60°,75°,90°) by three theories of failure (maximum stress
theory, Tsai-Hill theory and Hashin theory). The strength ratio depending on the last ply failure
load was found by using MATLAB program of five layers of laminates and by applied the classical
laminate theory. Seventy-two combinations of laminates were obtained with not repeating the
layers that have the same angles. The theoretical results showed a large deviation between the
theoretical and practical results of the laminate [0/30/60/90/50] for the three theories by
(24%).While, there was convergent deviation of the laminate [30/90/060/25] by (11.9% and
9.7%).As for the laminate [60/30/0/90/75],the deviation between the theoretical and practical
results was according to the Hashin and Tsai Hill theories by (9.7%).As for the deviation in relation
to the maximum stress theory was by (24.3%).

Flooding caused by stormwater drainage systems is a key issue in urban development that is
influenced by land use, climate change, and topography. Simulation models, such as the
Stormwater Management Model, can be used to accurately estimate flood problems (SWMM). This
study calculated the effect of topography on the Al-Ameer District. In addition, the impacts of
climate change (2, 5, 10, and 25 years) with topography slope of 0.5% to 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, and
0.1%, and concentration-time (downstream and upstream) on the stormwater drainage system were
evaluated using SWMM simulation. The results showed, during the return period of 2 years and a
slope changed from 0.5% to 0.1%, the flood decreased 44%. During the return period of 5 years
and a slope changed from 0.5% to 0.1%, the flood decreased 29%. During the return period of 10
and 25 years and a slope changed from 0.5% to 0.1%, the flood decreased 21%. A limited subcatchment slope effect was inferred with a significant decrease in flooding, while a low subcatchment slope had little effect on flooding in a return period of 10 and 25 years. Finally, the rise
of the sub-catchment slope has resulted in a further increase in runoff, leading to flooding. The
results also showed that the flood time occurs downstream before upstream, indicating that the
downstream region suffers from topographic and design problems. This was demonstrated by
flooding the manhole R315 before the manhole R15 because the slope of the sub-catchment in the
opposite direction of the flow in the pipes, as well as the depth of the manhole, is shallow. In
conclusion, as the locations and magnitude of the floods were determined, the system failed to drain rainwater in some critical conditions. Also, designers should match the sub-catchment with
the slopes of the network tubes to reduce flooding.

Due to its excellent load bearing capability, semi-flexible pavement (SFP) has received a lot of
attention in recent years. Its strength, rutting resistance, and constituent composition are all thoroughly
investigated during examinations. However, there is a lack of knowledge on its cracking capability and
mechanism. An indirect tensile strength test (ITS) and a tensile strength ratio (TSR) are used to assess
the cracking ability of SFP mixtures in this paper. When a porous asphalt skeleton is filled with cementbased grouting material, semi-flexible pavement (SFP) has been found to operate effectively in the
severely loaded roadway and airport pavement construction. The results showed that the ITS is high for
the mixtures without emulsion, and when to increase emulsion the ITS decrease. The highest values for
ITS are for the mixture without emulsion (M1) while the lowest values for ITS are for mixtures
containing 60% EM. Moreover, the addition emulsion to the mixture improved TSR and using 60%
emulsion give the high for TSR.

Semi-flexible pavement (SFP) get high importance in recent years due to its high traffic
load capacity. Its strength, rutting resistance, and component structure have been explored
comprehensively in think. In any case, understanding its cracking execution and instrument is
restricted. To this end, this paper assesses the cracking execution of the SFP mixture by utilizing
the indirect tensile strength test (ITS). Both ITS monotonic and tensile strength ratio TSR tests are
utilized to characterize the cracking resistance of SFP mixtures with several kinds of grout
materials. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), silica fume (SF), palm frond waste ash (PFWA),
superplasticizer (SP), and water are all used in a sustainable modified grout which incorporate wLDPE (waste-low density polyethene) modified asphalt binder. ITS comes about to appear that the
addition of 10% PFWA is the best grout content to be used for cracking resistance for SFP. The
cracking resistance of sustainable modified cementitious grout and modified asphalt binder used for
SFP is profoundly influenced by grout ingredient sorts, dosage and properties.

The electrosurgical generator (ESG) unit must be adapted to satisfy tissue impedance
unpredictability while supplying power. The body's impedance changes complicate power supply and
voltage control. ESG relies on output power in the constant power range. This study's goal is to supply
active power that varies with tissue impedance. The impedance tissues are represented as a parallel RC
circuit with three models (Child, Male, and Female). To enhance ESGs performance, integer-order PID
(IO-PID) and fractional order PID (FO-PID) controllers are designed for controlling the output power
and voltage. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is used to optimize IO-PID and FO-PID
controllers’ gains. Two control systems are compared in terms of overshot, undershot, rise and settling
times, and steady-state error. It is concluded that FO-PID-based ESG is more robust and efficient
compared with IO-PID-based ESG.

The electrosurgical generator (ESG) unit must be adapted to satisfy tissue impedance
unpredictability while supplying power. The body's impedance changes complicate power supply and
voltage control. ESG relies on output power in the constant power range. This study's goal is to supply
active power that varies with tissue impedance. The impedance tissues are represented as a parallel RC
circuit with three models (Child, Male, and Female). To enhance ESGs performance, integer-order PID
(IO-PID) and fractional order PID (FO-PID) controllers are designed for controlling the output power
and voltage. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is used to optimize IO-PID and FO-PID
controllers’ gains. Two control systems are compared in terms of overshot, undershot, rise and settling
times, and steady-state error. It is concluded that FO-PID-based ESG is more robust and efficient
compared with IO-PID-based ESG.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis at an early stage plays a significant role in reducing its
symptoms and decelerating cognitive deterioration. Hence the use of computer-aided systems for early
and accurate AD diagnosis is critical. The proposed diagnostic tool depends on classifying features
extracted from brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). These Features must accurately capture
main AD-related variations of the anatomical brain structures, such as hippocampi region atrophy,
lateral ventricle enlargement, cortical thickness, brain volume, etc. In this work, T1-weighted structural
MRIs were employed for extracting these AD-related features. The images resulting from MRI scans
are interpreted to high-intensity visible features, making preprocessing and segmentation less complex.
This work has proposed a software pipeline consisting of several preprocessing steps, a segmentation
method for segmenting brain tissues, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for Regions of
Interest (ROIs) Parcellation that is AD-related. Features extracted from these segmented tissues and
ROIs are utilized for the final AD classification using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier.
The results show that the proposed approach has reached 89.1% accuracy in the binary classification
of AD vs. CN (Cognitively Normal), Demonstrating promising classification performance.