University of Kirkuk Journal For Administrative and Economic Science

Contents of Volume 13, Issue 3

The issue of preserving environmental capabilities and supporting their green orientations is one of the most prominent aspirations that organizations in general and industrial organizations in particular seek to achieve, and this is due to their tireless efforts to elicit the best response to the pressures they are exposed to, as well as contributing to reducing pollution levels. Hence, the current research sought to Diagnosing the reality of green practices for human resources management, which are (green employment, green training and development, green performance management and evaluation, green compensation) in the Northern Refineries Company as a field for current research, and by adopting the main research tool (the questionnaire form), and by selecting a random sample of workers in the researched organization. Which focused on the participation of (371) individuals, and using a set of statistical analysis tools, namely (frequencies, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, response rate) within the statistical program (SPSS V.26), and according to this, many conclusions were presented. Among them is the presence of a level of actual interest in applying green human resources management practices in the North Refineries Company, based on the results of the answers of the individuals surveyed. To achieve the objectives of the current research, a set of necessary recommendations were presented, the most important of which is enhancing green human resources management practices in the North Refineries Company by activating the green work culture. By paying attention to determining the specifications required for people in terms of their abilities to deal with cases of pollution and waste, as well as determining the extent of workers’ need for environmental training and development programs in the workplace, and then strengthening traditional methods for evaluating workers with green flashes and using green rewards that support the issue of environmental activity in the workplace.

This work introduces a number of methods for estimating the parameters of the [0,1] Truncated Nadarajah-Haghighi exponential distribution. The percentile method, Cramer von Misses, maximum likelihood, ordinary least square, weighted least square, maximum product spaces, and Anderson darling are a few of these methods. Also, we find the quantile function, survival function, hazard function, cumulative hazard function, and odd function of the distribution, in addition to that, we find the entropy. To find the best method for estimating parameters for the new distribution, a simulation analysis is carried out. Table 3 shows that the new distribution has the highest p-value, indicating a better fit compared to the other distributions. In contrast, the Anderson value (A) and Cramer value (W) and K-S value for the new distribution are the lowest, suggesting a relatively poorer fit compared to the other distributions when fitted. According to Table 5, the new distribution exhibits the lowest values for information criteria such as AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), CAIC (Consistent Akaike Information Criterion), BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion), and HQIC (Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion). This suggests that the new distribution fits the data better than the other distributions being compared.

Most of the research that dealt with labour turnover in organizations focused on studying this issue through the intention to leave, and a little of it study actual turnover by focusing on internal factors (pushing factors), what distinguishes this research is that it deals with external factors (pulling factors) that cause actual turnover. A sample of faculty members in private university education amounted to (65). An electronic questionnaire was prepared for this purpose, and it was sent to them via social media, the data was analyzed using the SPSS.Vers.24 statistical program. A results indicated that all the factors of pulling (attraction) the subject of the research are a reason behind the high actual work turnover, albeit to varying degrees, except The variable (workplace), and it turned out that the variables of job security and respect and appreciation in the new workplace are among the most important reasons for the high actual work turnover of a faculty member in private colleges, and some proposals were presented that could contribute to reducing the work turnover rate in private university education.

The study addressed the role of total quality management in promoting green marketing. I tried to provide a clear vision on the theoretical side and clear answers on the field side regarding its variables, especially since the independent variable, total quality management, represents seven dimensions: (top management commitment, customer focus, employee training, continuous improvement, employee participation, employee empowerment, and (rewards and appreciation), While the responding variable represents green marketing in four dimensions: (green product, green pricing, green promotion, green distribution). The study was applied in Al-Hadbaa Food Industries Ltd. in Nineveh/Iraq.
The study adopted the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting data and information on the field side, in addition to conducting personal interviews, and the variables of the study were described and diagnosed. A hypothetical diagram was developed that explains the nature of the influential relationship between the two variables, along with its dimensions, and it was explained by a set of hypotheses that were tested using some statistical tools for the data collected in the field through a questionnaire form about the organizations concerned with the study in Nineveh Governorate.
The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a significant impact of total quality management on green marketing. The study concluded with a set of suggestions that it is hoped will benefit those concerned.

The aim of the research is to determine the correlation and influence of the independent variable (aesthetic design) and the dependent variable (sensory marketing) and its dimensions represented by (visual marketing, olfactory marketing, tactile marketing, audio marketing, taste marketing) in first-class hotels, represented by (Baghdad International Hotel, Palestine Hotel). International) as a field of research, and showing the level of response of the sample studied to the variables and the degree of arrangement of their dimensions according to their importance, in addition to showing the significant differences in the response of the respondents and according to personality variables (gender, age, educational attainment, profession, number of hotel visits, hotel classification, hotel name).
The research method (descriptive and analytical) was adopted, which describes the phenomenon studied and then analyzed and revealed the relationship between the various dimensions. The questionnaire was used as a main tool for researching all the data. The researcher distributed (100) questionnaires to the customers of the researched field, for each hotel (50) questionnaires, and then analyzed Data were collected using statistical software (SPSS V.27) and (AMOS V.27) to extract statistical methods.
The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The results of hypothesis testing showed the existence of a statistically significant correlation and influence between the two research variables (aesthetic design and sensory marketing) and each of its dimensions, which is a strong positive correlation and influence. The research also presented several recommendations in light of the conclusions, the most notable of which are: The customers of the researched hotels strike a balance between aesthetic design because of its positive impact in enhancing the contents of sensory marketing.

The current research aims to identify the role of the original leadership in the behavior of creative work in Zain Iraq in Anbar Governorate, and the researchers developed a questionnaire based on previous studies and the descriptive analytical approach was used and in order to achieve the goal of the research was distributed (33) questionnaire to an intentional sample of managers of Zain Iraq in Anbar Governorate, and in order to analyze the data was used statistical program (Spss.V25), the research reached several results, the most important of which are: The existence of two direct correlation between the original leadership and the behavior of creative work, and the research made several proposals, the most important of which are: attention to transparency and the adoption of balanced treatments for the decisions taken and decide on important matters through formal and informal consultative meetings with subordinates in order to create a state of solidarity on alternatives to solve them.

Changing the course of public spending for traditional electric energy is one of the important, future, and inevitable necessities of the Iraqi government, which prompted it to go towards achieving financial balance in favor of investment spending directed at expanding productive capacities and infrastructure, especially in the field of electric energy, and diversifying its sources in order to achieve safe and sustainable energy and stop economic losses. Caused by electricity shortages in all sectors, is one way to achieve this goal. The oil industry takes advantage of the massive investments made by major companies in the region, which includes contracts to develop power plants that use renewable energy sources. What prompted the ministries of oil, gas, environment and electricity to adopt a strategic plan to address the problem of electricity generation that combines increasing gas production for electricity generation with increasing the contribution of renewable energy in electricity generation as part of an integrated process that contributes to solving the problem of high current and future demand as a result of economic and population growth.

The study aimed to know the effect of intuitive intelligence on the value-based strategy in Zain Company for Iraq, and the extent of the availability of variables and dimensions of the study in the researched company. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers resorted to using the descriptive analytical approach to describe the phenomenon investigated. Within this approach, the researchers interviewed related literature. With the knowledge of strategic management to answer the study problem within what is known as the content analysis technique.
Thus, the study investigated the opinions of a sample of (managers - employees - suppliers - customers) in Zain Iraq Company within the northern region, and in a manner consistent with the nature of the variables investigated, where the questionnaire was formulated as the main tool in collecting data, and (98) questionnaires were distributed to managers and employees of the company. Zain, (37) questionnaires for Zain suppliers, and (180) questionnaires for Zain customers, and that this distribution took place electronically, and the study came out with a set of results, the most important of which is the presence of a positive effect of the characteristics of intuitive intelligence in the value-based strategy in Zain Iraq.

The Iraqi economy is one of the developing economies that went through a transitional phase after the change of the regime in 2003, and the state’s adoption of a free economy mechanism away from the previously adopted protectionist policy, which resulted in the restructuring of the economic system in the context of seeking to attract foreign direct investment as a partner in the process of economic growth and sustainable development. In the long-term, it was concluded that foreign direct investment contributes effectively to advancing economic development, which is one of the most important contributors to economic growth and long-term sustainable development, in addition to that the greater the volume of foreign direct investment flow to the host country, this will increase Added value and increasing capital accumulation within the economy, which works to increase the number and size of production projects, which creates new job opportunities for manpower employment and training.

The applications of the Basel III Committee are among the most important applications necessary to develop the capital stability of the Iraqi banking sectors, especially the fluctuating “economic conditions” in recent years. The research aimed to present the subject of the Basel III Agreement and its impact on banking profitability in the banking sector, through decisions Basel III Committee III focused on profitability indicators in banks, using a theoretical and analytical approach based on the use of the “Panel Data” method in the EVIEWS10 program, including the “independent variable,” which is net stable financing, and (dependent variable) profitability indicators. To achieve this goal, reliance was placed on The financial reports for these variables for the period (2017-2021), where the independent variable was calculated through (available stable financing / required stable financing), while in terms of the dependent variable, it was calculated through (return on deposits - return on available funds - return on interest rates The research reached the most important conclusions, which are that there is no significant correlation between stable financing and profitability indicators (return on deposits, available funds), while there was a significant correlation between stable financing and the interest rate. The conclusions also included (that there is no impact of the Basel III Committee standards represented by: Net stable financing on returns on deposits, available funds. As for the interest rate, there was a strong impact of stable financing on the interest rates in banks. The research also recommended that banks be obligated to achieve equality between profitability and liquidity, which are among the most important main goals of any bank. In addition to implementing the decisions of the Basel III Committee and adopting the latest amendments, the coming years alone remain sufficient to evaluate these decisions.

The study dealt with the impact of applying the International Financial Reporting Standard for Financial Reports No. 9 on the financial statements of the Iraqi commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. It aimed to shed light on the impact of applying International Financial Reporting Standard No. 9 on the financial statements of commercial banks in the Iraq Stock Exchange, by examining the impact of applying International Financial Reporting Standard No. 9 on both the income statement and the statement of financial position, reporting the situation The fair financial position and financial performance In addition to providing the information needed by users of financial statements to help them properly evaluate the financial position and financial performance, the study used the descriptive analytical method and the questionnaire as a research tool. Data was collected by questionnaire from the study population consisting of 54 individual managers and employees in Iraqi banks, Bank of Baghdad, Middle East Bank, North Bank, Mosul Bank, Development Bank, RT Bank, and the results showed that there was no significant effect of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Financial Reporting No. 9 in any of its dimensions (classification and measurement, fair value) on the income statements issued by commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange.

The research aims to know the nature of the role of electronic marketing in achieving the marketing orientation and electronic marketing with its dimensions of privacy, security and customer service, and the marketing orientation with its dimensions service orientation, customer orientation, competitor orientation, community orientation, and understanding the type of correlation and influence relationship between the dimensions of the two research variables, Through the use of the analytical descriptive approach and the spss program in achieving the results of the research, where the research sample was formed (112) from the employees of the Zain Iraq Telecom Organization, and the research was based on the questionnaire as a means of data collection, and the results of the research verified the existence of a significant correlation between e-marketing and orientation Marketing at the macro and micro levels, and it was the strongest relationship for privacy and security, and there was a significant impact of e-marketing on the marketing orientation at the macro and micro levels, and the best relationship was the impact of the privacy and security dimension. In order to achieve the current and future marketing directions of the researched organization.

Financial analysis is a continuous process of processing or operating the available data on economic projects, and thus using the causal relationships between these data to formulate quantitative indicators that help explain what is happening with the project activities, with the aim of building on them and providing recommendations to information users in order to help them make their rational decisions related to the project.
The banking sector is one of the most important sectors for any economy in the world, due to its major and essential role in activating the rest of the sectors, in addition to the interdependence and wide overlap between the banking sector and the rest of the other sectors of the economy. Therefore, all fluctuations and changes that occur in the banking sector must be followed, because any failure in one bank will be accompanied by repercussions and results in other banks and many economic activities.
As this research dealt with the use of the Taffler 1982 model in predicting the financial failure of the commercial bank, the study reached the following results:Financial failure does not necessarily mean the cessation of the institution and its liquidation, but rather it represents a sign of its tendency towards stumbling, which can be predicted through the methods and models related to it; the economic enterprise must make the process of predicting failure a part of its operational life so that it can identify its stages in a timely and appropriate manner, in order to take appropriate and appropriate measures to review and improve its performance; and the financial ratios derived from the income and financial position statements have an effective role in predicting the financial failure of banks.

The main aim of the study is to determine the importance of proactive information about the external and internal environment of businesses, the most important of which is the marketing environment, which these companies should maximally utilize, especially in terms of collecting information about customers, suppliers, and competitors as the basis for the success of marketing activities.
The study focuses on knowing the effect of marketing vigilance on the market share of companies by applying it to managers, employees, and workers of the Türk Telekom Communications Company in Ankara, Turkey. To achieve the basic search goal, the researcher has adopted an analytical descriptive approach. To test the search hypotheses, a questionnaire has been prepared and used to collect preliminary data from a random sample.
The researcher distributed fifty questionnaires to managers, employees, and workers at Türk Telekom Communications. This was done in order to test the effect of the marketing vigilance of independent variables on market share for Türk Telekom Communications. From the 50 forms, 48 (96%) were answered properly and considered valid, and two questionnaires (4%) were answered improperly and thus deemed invalid. The data were processed statistically based on the appropriate statistical methods for each hypothesis in order to provide the results.
The study concluded that there is a correlation and positive statistical significance between marketing vigilance and market share for Türk Telekom. The researcher developed approaches for telecommunications companies, the most important of which is that companies should exploit the monitoring and analysis of the marketing environment, which will help to improve the market share of companies.

The concepts of recognition and measurement are among the most important pillars in accounting. When choosing the basis for recognition and measurement, it is important to take into account the nature of the information that these bases will produce in both the balance sheet and the income statement, and that information contained in these data depends on facts and circumstances, because its contribution to the generation of cash flows is tantamount to It is a critical factor for the market factors that achieve financial sustainability, so the International Financial Reporting Standards IFRSs contribute to the use of different measurement bases for the elements of the financial statements, because it adopts the best basis based on the information it provides that is more useful. By knowing how to recognize items and include them in the lists to be measured according to the basis that suits them. The study used an examination form to indicate the extent of adherence to the application of IFRSs in recognition and measurement and its application to indicate its impact on financial sustainability, and it was distributed to employees in the company. For impact analysis, multiple simple regression analysis was used, and it is more effective because it It takes into account the interactions between variables, and one of the most important conclusions is that there is a statistically significant effect of the foundations of recognition and measurement on financial sustainability, and there is a statistical significance of the impact of the same foundations on the economic dimension of financial sustainability.

This research deals with analyzing the relationship and testing the impact between each economic growth and population growth on the phenomenon of unemployment in Iraq for the period 2003-2021 by relying on an annual database to reveal the effects of some variables in the unemployment rate and show the reality of unemployment and economic and population growth, especially since the problem of unemployment is increasing day by day After a day and the great social and economic effects. To explain and analyze the relationship between them, economic and statistical analysis was used. The results of the analysis showed that there is a direct positive relationship between each population growth and the unemployment rate and a negative relationship between the economic growth rate and the unemployment rate during the research period.

The research aimed to analyse the impact of innovation by adopting its indicators (spending on research and development, advanced technological exports, patents) on the economic growth of a group of Asian countries (Singapore, Thailand, China, Japan, South Korea), and for a period of time (2007-2020), and was used to analyze the data ready - made statistical program (Eviews-V12), and the research came to a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a positive correlation between innovation and economic growth, and in light of the results of the research, a number of proposals were made, the most important of which is the need for countries to support the innovation process by supporting institutions research contributes to the process of economic growth.

This study aims to know the relationship between electronic administration and the competitive advantage of the study community represented by by Al-Hillah University College in the Iraqi province of Babylon.The study sample consisted of the teaching and administrative staff of this institution, which numbered (100) individuals. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the independent variable measured electronic management in four sub-dimensions, namely (hardware and equipment, software, communication networks, knowledge makers), and on the other hand, the dependent variable measured the competitive advantage in five dimensions, namely (cost, time, quality, creativity, flexibility), Depending on the study's main problem, which is (Does electronic management affect the competitive advantage of university educational institutions?), and in order to reach the results, the descriptive analytical method was used, and data was collected through a questionnaire. The study relied on a number of statistical methods represented by using a number of ready-made programs (Excel 16, SPSS v.26). The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a statistically significant effect at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) on electronic management in its dimensions on achieving competitive advantage of the university educational institutions represented by Al-Hillah University College. One of the most important recommendations is that the management of the university educational institution most continue to pay attention to the application of electronic management to influence the achievement of its competitive advantage by reducing the cost and time needed to complete the business and providing quality, flexible and creative services.

The research aims to provide a multi-dimensional and detailed picture of a financial literature that framed the phenomenon of investment momentum, as well as to provide empirical evidence based on modern financial thought. This will demonstrate the extent of success achieved by applying the investment momentum strategy . That the result a market anomaly to reach investment opportunities. This will result a exceptional returns that is more than the natural returns on the market . In addition to determining the level of weak market efficiency by adopting a series of monthly data for six companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. A period of fifteen months, during the period 1/1/2022 until 3/31/2023. The research concluded that it is not possible to achieve unusual profits based on investment momentum strategies. This certify the failure of the momentum strategy to achieve returns which exceed the natural returns of investors resulting from the anomaly of the Iraqi stock market. The market efficient that weak enough , as it is not possible to predict future returns based on historical returns. Volatile returns are not related to risks, but rather are due to the behaviour of investors and the level of optimism and pessimism among them.

The exchange rate policy is an important instrument in linking the national economy with the global economy, and the importance of the research comes through identifying the variables affecting the parallel exchange rate in Brazil and recognizing the most influential variables in it. The research shoves off from the hypothesis that there are economic factors whose impact varies on the rates of the parallel exchange rate in the Brazilian economy during the research period.
The research included an analysis and measurement of the determinants of the parallel exchange rate in the Brazilian economy, based on data drawn from its primary sources. In order to identify the characteristics of the time series of these variables, the research sought to apply the stability test, as well as the use of some validity tests of the proposed standard model, such as the autocorrelation test for errors, the heterogeneity test, and the normal distribution test. The research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the direct relationship between the parallel exchange rate and each of (foreign assets, the general budget, imports), besides that the research also found that there is an inverse relationship between the exchange rate of the Brazilian real, and the variable of total external debt, the value of exports, the gross national expenditure, and the growth rate of the gross domestic product. Based on the analysis of the results and the proof of the positive relationship between economic growth rates and the parallel exchange rate, achieving stability in the exchange rate policy the research suggests that the decision-maker should seek to maintain the stability of economic growth rates and build sources of financing away from oil revenues, which are subject to fluctuation due to the instability of oil prices in global markets. The research also suggests the need to target economic policies and put an end to the fluctuation in the volume of foreign assets through the Central Bank, as well as to develop a tight economic policy for foreign trade in line with creating a positive trade balance.

Time series forecasting involves analyzing historical data to make predictions about future values, thereby assisting in decision-making and resource allocation across various domains. Forecasting is a technique that involves anticipating future values by considering relevant past and current data. The primary aim of this research is to compare the effectiveness of Single Exponential Smoothing (SES) and Grey Model (1,1) (GM (1,1)) in predicting corn production. The data for this analysis was obtained from the "index mundi-Iraq Corn Production" website, covering the time span from 2003 to 2021, totalling nineteen time periods. The analysis revealed a discernible trend in the data, making the application of both the SES and GM (1,1) models suitable. To conduct the forecasting, tools such as Stratigraphic, Minitab, and Excel were utilized. The forecasting process involved applying the SES and GM (1,1) models to predict corn production. To determine the most suitable model, the researchers employed the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE and MSE) for both models, Finally, according to their results the parameter optimization are the optimum value of α in (SES) is (0.04) and the optimum MAPE and MSE of (27.78216464% and 226507.9193) by respectively and MAPE and MSE of the GM (1,1) is (26.43480046% and 141381.9409) by respectively. Then, the GM (1,1) was found to be the best method to forecast the corn production in Iraq since it produces the lowest MAPE and MSE value compared to SES.

Knowing the influencing factors that contribute to reducing resistance to change is an issue of great importance, especially at a time when organizations in general, including educational organizations in particular, are witnessing challenges that require them to be more able to address them in a way that guarantees survival and continuity in providing service to users. Writers and researchers point out that there are many factors affecting resistance to change by the users and the degree of success that change management seeks to achieve from this change. The main objective of the current study is to identify the personal factors affecting the user resistance to change towards the e-learning system, as any change process can be faced with a kind of resistance and therefore it represents an obstacle to achieving this change. To achieve the aim of the study, a model was built consisting of three sub-factors representing personal factors, and these factors were chosen based on the literature, namely, lack of anxiety about the use of technology, perceived usefulness, and usage skills. In order to test the study model, data was collected through a questionnaire that was prepared based on previous studies, as the questionnaire included measures previously tested in pioneering studies in the field of information systems and technology. The study sample consisted of (620) academics (faculty members) working at the University of Mosul. In the statistical aspect, the structural equations modeling was adopted according to two steps, the first was to test the measurement model, to ensure the credibility and stability of the measurement model, and the second step was to test the structural models (relationship models) in order to show the direct effects of factors (not worrying about using technology, perceived usefulness, and skills usage) in the dependent factor (the recipient's resistance to change). The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a significant negative effect of not worrying about the use of technology and the perceived usefulness of academics' resistance to change towards the e-learning system. While the effect of the factor named usage skills was non-significant.

The research aims to diagnose the nature of the impact and its interpretation between emotional intelligence and green human resource management practices by dimensions (green selection and recruitment, green training and development, green performance evaluation, green reward systems) in the General Company for Copper and Mechanical Industries according to the analytical descriptive approach, and the research community is composed of leaders in Administrative levels, who are the heads of departments and officials of the people, and this research was applied to an intentional sample of (132) individuals, and the questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting data on the research variables through the standards that were adopted, and in order to process the data, the statistical analysis program (SPSS) was used to access To the results through the use of several statistical methods, and the most important of these statistical methods are (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of difference, correlation coefficient (Pearson), multiple regression model, test (F), test (T), The coefficient of determination (R2), Marginal propensity (B)), and the research reached several results, the most important of which is the presence of a significant effect between emotional intelligence and green human resource management practices in its dimensions, and one of the most important recommendations that the research reached is investing in the nature of the effect between emotional intelligence and management practices Green human resources with their dimensions in a comprehensive manner rather than investing them individually to enhance green human resource management practices and the use of many changes in these dimensions to enhance green human resource management practices.

The effects of minimum wage legislation on labor force participation and household income were analyzed empirically in research of Kurdistan, Iraq. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression are only some of the quantitative tools used in the investigation. The research had a sample size of 142 people and used a random sampling strategy to acquire its data. The results show that minimum wage policies are associated with higher rates of employment and income. Even after accounting for differences in demographics like age, education, and occupation, the results of a multiple linear regression analysis support the conclusion that minimum wage policies have a notably beneficial effect on employment and income. Sample size, generalizability, data restrictions, and unaccounted-for factors are only some of the issues with the research. To encourage economic growth and employment, we suggest that officials in Kurdistan raise the minimum wage. The research has real-world ramifications for employers and workers in Kurdistan. Studies in the future should examine how minimum wage policies affect employment and income in Kurdistan and other areas with comparable economic and political systems.

The current research aims to clarify the role that marketing information systems play in achieving knowledge sharing in institutions. The importance of the research is highlighted by noting the growing interest in the concepts of marketing information systems in the success of knowledge sharing in developed countries and trying to apply these concepts in the Iraqi environment. To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire was designed. A questionnaire was prepared in accordance with the aim of the research, as it was distributed in the researched libraries. All directors who hold administrative and technical positions in the researched university libraries were selected as the study population, in addition to selecting all library workers, who numbered (120) directors and workers, as a sample for the research.
The data obtained from the researched field was analysed using SPSS program, which helped to reach a set of conclusions, the most important of which is “the presence of a significant correlation between marketing information systems and knowledge sharing in the selected Iraqi libraries.” These results are interpreted to mean that the more the management of the researched libraries pays attention to the employees’ practice of marketing information systems clearly leads to the success and enhancement of their knowledge sharing.”
In light of the conclusions, he presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is “the need to emphasize employees’ use of marketing information systems as a modern philosophy that leads to a computerized system in different and clearly defined forms.”