political issues

The adoption of the principles of transitional justice usually follows the end of armed conflicts and the collapse of authoritarian regimes, where this justice documents violations committed against citizens, prosecutes those responsible, cleanses institutions of them, redress the affected and compensates them through various mechanisms and tries to integrate them into society through various programs. The adoption of transitional justice as one of the ways of transition to democracy and political transformation imposes a new relationship between the ruler and the governed based on respect for human rights and freedoms, and the establishment of rules that prevent the violation of these rights under a circumstance or name to reach the establishment of justice, achieve national reconciliation, societal and political stability and strengthen national unity.

The United Arab Emirates occupies a very important international and regional position that has led it to be….
Among the most influential actors in many regions, perhaps the most prominent of which is the Horn of Africa region she has its has a more special strategic position that qualifies it to be the center of attention of many international powers.
The study included understanding the motives and drivers of the UAE strategy and its impact at home and abroad, this region has become affected as has it pattern of presence, which has changed according to changes in the Middle East region Station competition many international actors and external ambitions through what the region is suffering from challenges wish came true as a result of the widespreadUnrest and its instability the location of this areas.
The distinguished and the view, on the Indian Ocean and its direct connection to the Gulf region, the Arab World is the primary motivation for the presence of the Gulf countries to their interests defensive presence To protect oil and gas transportation operationas and looking at the map of navigation and parts in the Middle East and The century, the Africa will natice ageostrategic expantion Emirates distributed between Yemen and the Horn of Africa Egypt is shyly away from the areas of soudi influence, and the motives and drivers of the approaches are multiple Emirates it was represented by internal and external motives, and combating terrorism was the most prominent driver of the trend Emirati, in addition to energy sources as they approach From the Gulf oil sources and in light of Global openness.
The UAE sought partnerships on various diplomatic fronts and security and the military… etc.
The importance of the role of regional and international actors is evident through data and indicators, they tend to stimulate The conflict and its continuation in the region, the balance of power and its associated balances have become clear International Regionalism is one of the important factors To formulate the geopolitics of the region and expand the map Geopolitics Thus, pivotal changes in regional arena are capable of changing Strategies The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the UAE strategy and making decision-makers They are aware of the available data In different ways

Defining US policy towards challenges and threats in the Middle East relies on fundamental shifts, starting from the post-Soviet era to the transformations following the "Arab Spring" uprisings. This underscores the region's significance for global security and stability. Moreover, being one of the world's key maritime trade routes, the Red Sea has emerged as a crucial sea passage. The countries bordering the Red Sea serve as energy sources, with the strategic US outlook prioritizing Israel's security.
Recent events, notably post-Operation Jerusalem Tempest on October 7, 2023, including Houthi attacks on ships destined for Israel and Iranian intervention supporting allied factions, necessitate a firm policy response. This includes economic sanctions against Houthi groups and any threats to US spheres of influence, as well as the establishment of regional and international alliances to counter threats and maintain global economic stability. The "Prosperity Guardian Alliance" initiative, launched by the United States with over 20 participating countries, aims to repel Houthi attacks, curb Iranian influence, and stabilize the region amidst ongoing events.

Six decades ago, and specifically since 1958, Iraq was associated with political and economic relations with the People's Republic of China, and after the US military occupation of Iraq in April 2003, China radically recalculated to ensure the continuation of its escalating interests in the countries of the Middle East in general, and in Iraq in particular. In order to study the Chinese foreign political behavior towards Iraq after 2003, the focus was on the general frameworks of the Chinese foreign political behavior towards Iraq, whether in the principles that control the formula of political relations or in the areas of practical application of this behavior, which was linked to a set of internal and external determinants that pertaining to Chinese affairs. This research also dealt with the objectives of Chinese foreign policy towards Iraq, especially after the uniqueness of the United States of America in international politics since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 until now, which constituted a motive for the behavior of the Chinese decision-maker to balance China's relations with Iraq and with the United States of America, which imposed its authority on Iraq.
In the applied field, the economic field, and in particular the energy and trade sectors, took priority in China's foreign interests to develop its relations with Iraq during the past twenty years. This approach has achieved the continued development of China's relations with Iraq in all fields without arousing the ire of China's main competitor, the United States of America, which reflects part of the positive constants of China's foreign political behavior towards Iraq since 2003 until the present time.

The concept of smart power, which was introduced in 2003 AD to indicate the ability to combine hard power and soft power in one strategy for influence, was called the silent strategy, and it is available to state and non-state actors. This concept lies at the core of the process of power transformation, as some countries have many sources of capacity, but it fails to transform them into outcomes that benefit the state. The importance of the context that is used in smart power strategies comes from the focus on what is called contextual intelligence and its importace for silent strategic. It means possessing the skills and experiences that help the external policy maker plan tactics with goals to create this fusion strategy that combines hard power and soft power

Since the outbreak of the war between Russia and Ukraine in February2022 , one of which has been dramatically accelerating, Their effects are reflected in all aspects, including the International economy, International markets soon began to show signs of imbalance and turmoil. by governing Russia's and Ukraine's economic standing at the international level, and by the process of interconnectedness and Mutual dependence in the international economy in accordance with the theory of Mutual dependence, A quick look at the transformations that have characterized the world economy since the Second World War, we see that the world economy has become a vast arena of variables that vary in intensity from point to point. and those variables include a continuous set of dimensions, which in turn demonstrate the strength and effectiveness of those transformations in the international economy, That economy has become a single mass and any impact on any part of that mass is affected by all the other blocks in different proportions and thus, the Russian-Ukrainian war's outcomes were imbalances in most International markets and high inflation rates for International prices of goods and services, as well as the worsening International food crisis, rising energy prices and declining International financial markets.

This study aims to shed light on a strategy behind its presentation in addition to its strategic weight in the structure of the international system, in light of China's attempts to make the Chinese economy the center of international economy in a international environment with accelerating changes, whether it is a very large conflict or polarization, which is carried out by the competing global powers. Similar to the United States of America and the possibility of changing the shape of the international system

The South China Sea region has gained great importance in regional and international awareness, led by China and the United States of America, as two superpowers, and the relations between them were known for a state of great competition in many areas that took a broad turn, reaching the point of conflict. This was reflected in the South China Sea region, which they view as An important region, therefore, according to their awareness, their presence and expanding their influence contributes to strengthening their interests and achieving their goals. On the part of China, it has rushed to develop its military capabilities and deploy them in large parts of the sea, which has raised great concern on the part of some parties overlooking the sea that China is determined to Imposing its control and regional hegemony over the region, which led to widespread disagreements and conflicts between the littoral countries and China, as well as increasing tensions as a result of Chinese trends, which was interpreted as causing an imbalance of power in the region, later leading to the intervention of a third party, namely the United States, in the integration. These conflicts by directing support to the parties to the conflict with China, which found in the South China Sea the appropriate environment for managing its conflict with China.

The form and nature of the existing party system in any country is the main determinant of the effectiveness of the main political parties in the country. Academically, party systems are classified into multi-party systems, two-party systems, and single-party systems. Although there are other classifications that expand the number of these systems, what was mentioned is considered the most common from an academic standpoint. Since 2003 until the present, Iraq has known a multi-party system stipulated in the effective Constitution of 2005, and codified in the Political Parties Law of 2015. It is natural for this party system to have positive and negative effects, especially since Iraq has known for decades a one-party system in the sense of He did not know a multi-party system for a period of time, and therefore, the transition he witnessed from a single-party system to a multi-party system carried with it positive and negative effects on the state and society. In this research, we will attempt to study the reasons for that transformation and its implications.

Information technology has a great role in achieving the progress of countries and managing their interests and security, as cyberspace has become a new and vast field in relation to humanity. This has led to the emergence of new security forces that are no less than them only in terms of security, and after that confronting them has become at the top and will continue, especially in terms of security. With the expectation of the possibility of a boom in the empowerment of information technology and communications in the coming years, all of this will increase with us, due to a noticeable impact on the ability to recruit and sedate young people, and thus electronic empowerment is the use of the digital computer with its systems and accessories and its success in communication in creative mastery, except for terrorism, it has been able to achieve this. The Internet only serves as an “alternative media” for terrorist attacks, and it must integrate a large number of promising anti-extremism policies that it can quote to formulate its own controls in combating extremism after the defeat of ISIS, and it must aspire to strengthen the Iraqi image in order to achieve consensus and reform between Different groups without being infiltrated by extremist agendas.

The research aimed to diagnose and analyze the factors that make Iraqi women more vulnerable to the effects of climate change compared to men, in addition to raising awareness of women's issues in this field. This is because their inclusion in the formulation of climate change policies and strategies has become a global issue and ranks high in achieving sustainable development goals. The researcher used a descriptive, analytical, and statistical approach to analyze the research topics. The research reached several conclusions, including that the more empowered women are, the more successful a state's strategic plans are. They are more willing to participate in climate change adaptation strategies, contributing to the sustainability of natural resources, water conservation, land reclamation, enriching international negotiations, and being part of the solution, on equal footing with men, either by their presence in Iraqi delegations participating in climate negotiations or through their participation in international forums related to the environment and climate change. The research recommended the integration of women into all national climate change policies, strategies, and measures, and learning from the experiences of some countries that have implemented this approach.

The importance of the study is based on the that the Russian presence in the Middle East region is a presence based on continuity in taking several means for intervention. Despite the undeniable American superiority in the East region, Russia has a location that today cannot be underestimated, especially after the Syrian crisis in 2011. The importance of the study also proceeds from the fact that the achievement of Russian national security today is based on how to penetrate the Middle East region through Russia's use of a variety of tactics that include arms sales, financing of minorities, energy, and even intervention in crises, opening the doors those were closed to face of Russia.
The importance of the study also comes from the fact that the Russian presence is a challenge to US presence in the region as a result of the development of the Russian strategy in the time of Russian President Vladimir Putin towards the Middle East region, through which Russia seeks to sustain its survival in the region.

Turkey is one of the countries has contributed to the formation of the Middle East region, and this role has increased, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Turkey follows a strategy characterized by lack of clarity in the region, especially towards the Arab countries, to implement its policies. Due to its active and important role in the region, as it is one of the competing regional poles. At the same time, it ambition its orientation towards the countries of the West in the political and economic aspects, and its orientation towards the countries of the Middle East, especially the Arab countries, in political and security alliances and Clumps, whether with Western countries or Arab countries in the region adopt the crises and issues of the Middle East as a means to achieve their goals in the region. To achieve the regional status.
In this research, we relied on the structural approach by moving from the whole to the part and vice versa, that is, the interaction of the whole and the part using both deductive and inductive methods, and we adopted several approaches, including the analytical approach, and the realistic approach.
In the research, we found that Turkey is improving its relations with some countries, To overcome the crises with it and resolve the complex issues, to implement its desires, and at the same time seek to exacerbate some crises and issues, because resolving them leads to a decline in the regional role and prejudice to its personal interests, without considering any result that causes harm to the opposing party, and which will lead to dire consequences whether in the near or long perspective future, at the same time, its participation in issues and crises in which it has no interest leads to a decline in its role and an increase in the role of the superpower represented by the United States of America

This research deals with two overlapping topics within political thought, namely ideology and utopia. The concept of ideology is one of the controversial concepts that thinkers differed in interpreting and clarifying, as it includes different dimensions, interpretations and meanings, in addition to its branches that include political, social and other ideologies. This is also the case with the concept of utopia. Like the concept of ideology, it has undergone variable interpretations throughout history, as there is no agreement among researchers regarding its meaning, and this concept has not witnessed agreement on a single fixed definition like its predecessor. This is due to the fact that the term utopian itself contains multiple connotations, as it either refers to the imaginary or the imaginary. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between both ideology and utopia, and perhaps the reason for this is due to the constant presence of ideology and utopia as two overlapping concepts or phenomena in the individual or group self in their dealings with other selves. Likewise, the difficulty of distinguishing between both ideology and utopia is due to the difference in content. And the significance of the two concepts to the extent that it reaches a contradiction between them. Through this, the research was divided into three axes with an introduction and conclusion of the research, accompanied by a list of the most important sources that were used. The first axis, titled “Ideology,” searches for the dialectic of the theoretical concept of ideology and the meanings of ideology according to Karl Mannheim. And political ideologies: their characteristics and functions. The second axis deals with utopia by explaining the dialectic of the theoretical concept of utopia, and the characteristics of utopia according to Regis Debray and Karl Popper, and then focusing on Karl Mannheim’s classification of utopia. Finally, we conclude the research with a third axis, which came under the title of the relationship between ideology and utopia, It searches for the dialectic of the relationship between ideology and utopia, and then the future vision of the relationship between ideology and utopia.

The Palestinian issue is the first step in shaping a new Middle East، a region that accommodates the dreams and plans of the major powers on the one hand and is compatible with regional weakness on the other hand. On the margins of the crisis، dilapidated regional systems collapsed and fractured regimes emerged searching for alliances to lean on، explaining this either to ideological reasons or international interests. But at the summit there are forces searching to regain their global position، taking advantage of the regional and international contradictions of their religion on the one hand، and searching for the emergence of a new force that adopts policies hostile to the American powers and ideologically different from the regional environment. Since the beginning of the twentieth century، the Jewish issue، with its Zionist formation، has become one of the most important drivers of conflictual tension. The military operation “Al-Aqsa Tuafan” which was initiated by the Palestinian factions on October 7، 2023، constituted a revealing moment for many regional and international dynamics and the relative roles of each party in this equation، responding to the international and regional reality in a conflictual manner as a result of ideo-sociological dynamics.

The Belt and Road Initiative adopted by China is an effective strategy to take an active and role in the international system, especially the areas of influence represented in the Indo-Pacific, the Middle East, Central Asia, Africa and the Horn of Africa, and to impose certain policies that Beijing seeks through the initiative to take an international standing in the international system, and Linking the world's economies her to its own economy, by making its currency (the yuan) a global trading currency other than the US dollar.
By establishing financial institutions that primarily serve its interests, as well as China's efforts to secure energy corridors and seize the sources of its exports to tighten its control over the global economy in general, and then increase its military power, And expanding its bases in countries and regions of the world.

The countries in the South and North Caucasus region have witnessed crises and wars that have caused political instability at the regional and international levels since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. Crises and wars escalated in those countries and greatly affected regional and global security and stability, the most important of which was the Russian war In Chechnya in 1996, the subsequent confrontations and the emergence of extremist Islamic organizations in that era caused a state of political instability and regional security

Turkey is one of the major regional powers in the Middle East, and it sets its ‎policies based on: its political project, its capabilities, its relations with other countries, and ‎its appreciation of the political, security, and economic environment of the region. It sees the ‎Middle East as an important region in its foreign movement circles, and has doubled its ‎interest in it in The current millennium, considering Turkey part of a Middle Eastern ‎environment‏.‏
The intellectual problem around which the research revolves is linked to a central ‎question: What are the strategic dynamics of Turkish policy towards the Middle East region ‎after 2023? The aim of researching this problem is related to studying Turkish policy towards ‎the Middle East, and what it might be heading towards, in light of the results of the ‎presidential and parliamentary elections, including the victory of the Justice and ‎Development Party and the survival of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in power until mid - ‎‎2028‎‏.‏

The direction of the Turkish strategy at the beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed a different and important path, with its approach towards carrying out military operations outside Turkey and establishing external military bases for it, in several countries, such as Libya, Qatar, Syria and Iraq, in a way that restores the regional balance and places Turkey on the map of influential players according to its natural position - geographically and historically.
This Turkish military presence in international arenas is based on qualitative leaps in its military industries during the last five years, especially in drone technology, which has proven its superiority in a number of military operations outside Turkey.
In addition to the strategic development of defensive military manufacturing, such as tanks, armored vehicles, and ground defense systems, the Turkish government, led by the Justice and Development Party, adopted a “zero problems” strategy in its foreign policy with its regional neighborhood over the past years. Turkey remained internally isolated until 2014, and then foreign policy changed. After that, Turkey entered into a new framework that formed the basis for Turkey's recent foreign movements, both diplomatically and militarily.
The topic gains its importance based on research into the intelligence roles of the Turkish defense strategy and its characteristics that have the potential to influence regionally (and internationally if the variables and components for that are available), and what it revealed about a turning point in how to adapt to the variables and employ them to its advantage and try to prove their existence. Therefore, the problem comes in the form of a question about the possibility of Turkey assuming immersive intelligence roles that are compatible with and directing the defense strategy in light of the context of various regional and international events and trends.

For almost six decades, the Turkey-Israel relations are deemed solid and strategic due to the mutual interest between both countries. Turkey didn’t only recognize Israel as a state but also it built diplomatic bonds with them. However, although in 1996 their relation was deepened as they signed a strategic agreement, things changed in 2002 when the Justice and Development Party took over Turkey. Besides, the war that Israel launched against Lebanon in 2006 that was also followed by another war against Gaza by the end of 2008. Moreover, the words of the ex-Israeli Prime Minister, Perez, about Gaza war and the altercation with the Turkish President, Erdogan had increased the tension between both countries, the thing that resulted in the Israeli attack on the Freedom Navy in 2010. Therefore, the core objective of this study is to unveil to what extent the takeover of the Justice and Development Party has had an impact on the nature of those countries relations under the local and global changes. Hence, the following questions are aroused: 1) How was the Turkey foreign policy towards Israel from 2010 to 2016? 2) What are the internal and external policies criteria towards Israel? 3) Has their co-operation been affected at the economic, political, the army and even the security level?. The study concluded that the new Turkish policy orientation hasn’t radically changed compared with that before the winning party got inaugurated. More specifically, this orientation is widely explained under the frame of re-positioning and structure, which the party has adopted in the economic, social and political fields. In other words, the fundamentals which are represented in the secularity of the state and which were passed to Turkey by Mustafa Kamal Ataturk would never be touched or ruined. This also includes the conventional relation with Israel since the attitude towards Israel doesn’t merely reflect the Justice and Development Party’s vision, but instead, it reflects the whole country’s vision. This is because everything emanating from the party has to be delivered to the National Security Council of Turkey. Finally, despite the tension in the period of 2010-2016, the Turkey-Israeli relation is deep and cannot easily be abandoned.

Water forms the focus of political geography at every stage of history and in every region of the world, and it is the basis of civilizational interactions, conflicts, and external interventions. In the early twenty-first century, the issue of water turned into a hot and central issue in international politics and regional conflicts. The international environment witnessed and continues to witness many problems, most notably water scarcity, as it is in the Middle East region, where American expert Thomas Naff says: “Water in the Middle East is an economic, political and social issue, and it extends to becoming a potential source of conflict, which makes it have a military dimension.” The issue of water in the Middle East region is considered of great importance, especially in Iraq and Syria, because they are greatly affected by what Turkey determines about the amount of water flowing to them. The Turkish water strategy aims to benefit from the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the maximum extent, by exploiting the waters of the two rivers in the future by continuing to build dams and projects, and Turkey seeks to achieve its dream of becoming a pivotal and regionally dominant country, and thus this will affect the relations between Turkey and both Syria and Iraq in the future, according to what this strategy will lead to.

Turkey began to emerge on the international and regional scene, seeking to assume a regional position in the Middle East region, taking advantage of its geographical location and strategic depth to intervene in the Middle East region. This has happened since the Justice and Development Party took power in 2002, headed by Erdogan, which seeks to revive the Ottoman Empire following the approach of King Selim I, whom he takes as a role model and example. To restore the status of the Turkish state.

Money Laundering Has Become One Of The Most Widespread, Secretive, And Organized Crimes Worldwide, Causing Concern For Officials In Combating Corruption In General. It Is Linked To Illicit Activities That Generate Significant Financial Returns, Leading To Direct Problems On Political, Economic, And Social Aspects. Money Laundering Undermines The State's Control Over Public Policy, Contributing To A Disruption Of The Balance And Stability Of The Country, Which Are Fundamental Pillars For Achieving Prosperity, Development, And Progress In Any Society. This Negatively Impacts The Public Interest Of The State Politically, As It Poses A Threat To Political Stability, Leading To The Spread Of Political Corruption Through The Use Of Money Laundering Within The Gove

The global economy constitutes one of the most important structures and basic pillars on which the global system is based, with its elements, components, and interactions with the various variables surrounding it, whether at the internal or external level. Perhaps the most prominent form of this structure was represented by (globalization) with its elements, variables, goals, and principles calling for... Freedom of trade, free markets, privatization, etc. have existed since the late twentieth century and the establishment of a global order led by the United States of America on the ruins of the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the (former) Soviet Union. However, the rapid and ambiguous changes that the world is experiencing today have been reflected in the extent of this system’s ability to withstand and face challenges. Or the possibility of important transformations in its main structures, as is the case with the Corona pandemic and its important repercussions at all levels, internally and externally, and at varying levels, which were reflected in the global economy as one of the most important pillars of the global system.