ISIN Journal

In this article devoted to the study of five bricks inscribed with royal memorial texts dating back to the Neo-Babylonian period, specifically to the reign of the famous King Nebuchadnezzar II, and although all the bricks are incomplete, the content of their texts can be known by comparing those texts with other bricks that bore the same inscribed taxes, and I will briefly address the city of Al-Rammahiyah by name, history and geographical location, and then an overview of the archaeological survey that took place in the city above, its techniques and approach.

The Northeast Syria region played an important role in the Neolithic Revolution ( Ca.10,000-7000 BC), whose a great knowledge revolution create, which led to major developments in the economic, social and intellectual aspects. New forms of symbolic and technical concept appeared, as well as emergence of organized rituals in the huge public structures, that may have been built within a common architectural project in collection settlements. Large circular buildings were built, as in Jerf el-Ahmar and in Tell Abr 3, and they were multi-functional (storage, meetings, rituals). There was a common culture between the Northeast region of Syria and the region of southeastern Turkey in this period, both of them contributed to reconstructing the bases of the Neolithic revolution, with its architecture, which is associated to symbolic ideas that reflect images of communal life in Neolithic settlements.

The Tappeh Garan consists of several mounds and the mounds are separated from each other by a network of depressions, the largest mound at the site is surrounded by a deeper, wider depression in comparison with other depressions. We named it the moat of Garan. During the first excavation and survey season led by Mohsen Zeynivand, a test pit inside this moat was dug by Jaafar Jotheri to reveal its geoarchaeology. As a result, 12 recognisable beds of sediment have been identified up to a total of 6 m. in depth. These beds are mostly silty clay with some pottery fragments, pebbles, and plant roots. The bottom bed of the test pit has a considerably greater amount of sand and pottery fragments than other beds. It is highly likely that this moat was used for defensive purposes and was filled with water several times.

The preset article is based on an early Bahri chronicle ‘Zubda(t) al-Fikra(t) fī Tārīkh al-Hijra(t)’ by Baybars al-Mansūrī. A statistical approached is applied to a traditional Mamluk narrative dealing with mainly military campaigns in the Middle East during the struggle between the Mamluk state in Egypt and al-Shām and the Ilkhanid rulers in the second half of the 13th century. The article proposes methodology for ‘quantifying’ pure narrative text for further statistical analysis.

Man aspired at the beginning of his first life to settle inside caves and dens then to leave them after he took a new piece of land for himself and his family members to establish his homes and animal barns as he knew domestication. After that, man proceeded to organize cultivation after knowing the patterns for that, both those based on subirrigation method or on rainfall, each depending on the geographical location.
From the beginning, the human obsession was to secure a suitable and safe residence for him and his family members against external dangers of all kinds and causes. After achieving this goal, he began to seek a state of cooperation with others for achieving mutual benefit and that is by living in residential communities which led to the first home to appear. The latter was constructed in a state of contiguity to each other, forming a settlement grouping which served as the first nucleus for the emergence of agricultural villages in Mesopotamia. It developed later into cities that differed in their sizes and functions, each according to their importance, whether religious, political, economic or commercial .

Livestock is one of the important pillars on which the ancient Iraqi society relied. It played a major and essential role in providing the population with food and clothing needs, as well as they were used its as offerings to gain the blessing of the gods.
Barns in ancient Iraq were divided into two types according to their main function. There are (ordinary barns) and their function is to take care of livestock, and secure their shelter.

Trade is defined as that process by which goods are sold, bought or exchanged for others, and one of the most important reasons for the emergence of trade is the country’s lack of certain types of materials to be bought or replaced with materials available with neighboring or remote regions. ”That Mesopotamia lacks basic materials such as Good wood and stones make him trade according to the logic in which these materials are available, and this is done either by barter or through military campaigns, and through these commercial or military campaigns, the civilized features were transferred with them between countries and among these countries that had close relations with Mesopotamia Is the country of Anatolia.

The influence of Mesopotamian art in general and Assyrian art in particular appears on the arts of the civilizations of the ancient world, and these influences appear in various types of arts, especially those that enter the field of industries. The kingdom of Urato, most of these pieces were decorations and major parts of furniture pieces, which included forms modified from nature and natural forms that appeared similar to the wall carvings that decorated the walls of the Assyrian palaces, and it can be said that the most prominent reasons for these influences came as a result of the political factor whose role we find clear in Cuneiform writings and artistic scenes.

The fourth and third millennium BC is the preface to urbanization and social complexity, especially the first half, which occupied most of the fourth millennium BC. In this period emerged a series of civilizational processes, as well as several inventions and developments; cites ,city-state, writing, specialization and Pantheon. These developments point to the existence of a complex society organized by the theocracy . The southern part of Mesopotamia was the center and nucleus of this era, but its influence extend and spread in generality of the Near East. The number and size of settlements have increased considerably in this era, and urban settlements were not only in the sense of size but also in terms of function. While in the second half of this era, the third millennium BC, set up the foundations of religion and civilization of Mesopotamia and its main rituals and dogmatic . The settlements have grown significantly, expanded in size and increased in number. The first form of empires appeared, which had its center is the capital, where most of the political, administrative and economic activities are concentrated, as well as religious activities.

Jarmo was known to be the first oldest agricultural settlement in northern Iraq, dating back to the Neolithic Age, when Professor Braidwood excavated in 1955.
The excavation missions revealed new sites in the northern Iraq about emergence of agriculture, these sites dating back to before the Jarmo village. Nimrik, Qermez Dere, and M'lefaat which dates back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA),the sites it's important and discovered in northern Iraq, which indicate the beginning of agriculture. As the excavations found the remains of grain inside the houses, its geographical location made it a link between the sites where agriculture began in the Near East, the Levant and the Zagros Mountains region.

The ancient Iraqi civilization was characterized by originality, creativity, excellence, heritage, temporal and footprint, and the influence of neighboring civilizations, as evidenced by the documents and documents discovered. We have seen that the Greek civilization, which is the origin of European civilizations, drew much of its religious beliefs and its importance in terms of the body and attributes and functions of Mesopotamia, so that Iliad and Odyssey, which is the greatest features and the myths of the civilization of the most important and the product of the Greek intellectual has taken its events and heroes of epics and myths of Mesopotamia, as was the science of mathematics and astronomy at the Babylonians and Sumerians mainly for the theories and laws of athletes and thinkers of the countries of Greece, including Pythagos and Ptolemy, and all this through the civilized communication between Mesopotamia and the Aegean world which extends to pre-year (730 BC) before the Greeks headed towards the East in the fourth century BC.

The civilization of Mesopotamia is an origin civilization and the neighboring civilizations gave it a lot of different elements of civilization, and the most prominent thing that Mesopotamia gave to other civilizations is its invention to writing, which initially began in the form of clay pieces on which shapes are drawn, or it makes these clay pieces in the form of certain shapes It is intended to represent it, that is, to refer to it, such as a lamb, a bull, an ear of barley, or other materials that were traded in buying and selling in early times before writing was used. Scientists were puzzled at first about its use, but thanks to excavations and comparative studies, it appeared that it was used in calculations for traded materials. Previously, it developed through the periods especially in Mesopotamia, to another form of documentation, which is documentation on clay by copying those forms on clay. These pieces, which archaeologists called Tokions, are the beginning of the idea of writing and its transformation into pictographic writing, which was its first appearance in southern Mesopotamia..

Cylinder seals are one of the prominent artistic material waste in ancient civilizations, including the civilization of Mesopotamia, as it expresses and clarifies the various aspects of daily life and its details. Until the seal became a manifestation of the civilizational development in Mesopotamia, in addition to that, the seal is a helpful document in knowing historical facts and ancient ideas recorded through the cuneiform writings written on it, in addition to being the main tributary to knowing the names of kings, rulers, employees or priests and the names of the gods, this research clarifies The development of cuneiform writing and its development during the third and second millennium BC because of its great importance in knowing the civilizational development of the Mesopotamian eras, as well as tracing the development of primitive pictorial writing through its three stages and how to formulate those phrases on stones and knowing the development of each cuneiform sign written during the mentioned period Being the period that witnessed scientific and artistic development in various aspects of life, so the sister fell The study deals with the study of the writing development of these two important stages, as well as the period rich in those seals, which witnessed a great development. The cuneiform writing and its development on cylinder seals in the third and second millennium BC. As for the third section of the research, it deals with the cuneiform translation of the writings executed on the surface of the study seals, then the appendices, tables and pictures. Professor Raya Mohsen has a title similar to the title of our research, but we believe that our research came with a different study than what was studied three decades ago, and God grant us success.

Sumerian grain puriflcation goddess Ezinu The Research has dealt with the definition of one of the idol of Mesopotamia ,the goddess (Ezinu)which the Sumerians dealt with in the early and early beginnings of civilization and the importance of what these goddess represent in peoples lives has been the subject stugy, it has a special place among Sumerians and Akkadian populations alike,it have imitated the function of the goddess of grain purification in general therefore the status of the goddess mentioned was determined by the importance of grain crops to in that ancient era.

This short research deals with a study of an ancient Babylonian letter to one of the late kings of Ishnauna , which is part of the amount of correspondence that has appeared in recent years, It still appears here and there among researchers, The research includes studying the text from the linguistic point of view, reading and translating it, as well as the names of the people which are often the most important thing in the text, We also touched on the references contained in the historical formulas of the city of Dunum , Which was mentioned (if the reading is correct because of the fracture), and we reached a number of conclusions.

The Economic texts are considered the largest percentage of the total cuneiform texts and have great importance in archaeological and cultural studies, as important information was revealed to us about the methods of administrative economic organization in Mesopotamia. This research included the study of five unpublished confiscated economic cuneiform texts from the ancient Babylonian Period 2000 -1595 BC From the Iraqi Museum, it varied between texts for the exchange (delivery) of materials to people, a rental contract and a list for the distribution of materials, and the study included reading, translating and analyzing the texts with their contents of the names of the media.

The Semitic inscriptions played an active and prominent role in revealing the secrets, events and facts of the ancient Near East. And that is that until the end of the eighteenth century AD, the book of the Torah was the main source and reference for knowing and tracking these events and facts. This is due to the historical narration included in this book of many of those facts that occurred in the ancient Near East in the pre-Christian period. In view of the presentation of these events mentioned in this book, many theologians and orientalists considered them sacred texts that could not be touched or the Czechs in their validity, and in return for that many researchers began to question the veracity of the events and facts that came in the book of the Torah due to the absence of any other historical sources or documents confirming its credibility.
Or the fact of its occurrence, and in the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, with the start of archaeological discoveries and excavations, the discovery of thousands of inscriptions and the study and decoding of specialists from ancient linguists and archeologists, many events and historical data that were not known before, many of which were a mystery Bewildering archaeologists and ancient history. These inscriptions revealed to us the civilized role and the political, military and religious struggles of the kingdoms and peoples of the ancient Near East in those ancient historical eras. These inscriptions also revealed to us the authenticity of historical events and facts mentioned by the book of the Torah, and the validity of other events and facts, but the writer of the biblical text had bowed another curve when it was written in a way that was not consistent with the course of those events and facts and their results, and this is due to the fact that the event is old and not contemporary. His or because of the ideological thought that he believes in and based on religious and racial intolerance and hatred for the other.

The research represents a historical presentation with a description of the geography of the region called the Fertile Crescent as well as the whole of the Arabian Peninsula. The presentation represents a review of the peoples that migrated across the Arabian Peninsula and which established great empires in it with its bearing of these migrations of conflicts in the region in general in that period of time and its cultural and intellectual effects on all peoples of the region Likewise, the intellectual cross-fertilization between those different peoples. These migrations had positive causes for them, as well as had results that pervaded the whole region. These results have imprints that are still present in history through all the remaining traces and the evidence that refer to them. Mesopotamia was rich in the forms of civilizations and the most powerful empires in the world were established in it. Far and near bear witness to it, and it was a conduit for all those migrations and a center of cross-fertilization for all kinds of civilizations, and it was also an arena for conflicts and a great theater for all the great events in history and witnessed the greatest kings and the most powerful empires and produced the first human laws. She was a catalyst for all these events, with their causes and consequences.

Analyzing and studying words, and clarifying their aspects that distinguish them from difficult linguistic studies, which require knowledge and comprehension of the rules of the language of these words, which is the Syriac language.
In this study, we tried to analyze a number of Syriac words mentioned by Bishop Yaakov Eugene Menna in his dictionary (Guide for the Willing in the language of the Arameans), and to clarify their linguistic aspects, which made them less used in the Syriac language.
We have analyzed the words that the bishop said before us that they are "a few", and these words reached (27) words.

In order to understand the Qur’anic text, we must first know the significance of the single word, whether this word is a noun or a verb, and this is the way that we have to take in order to get to know the rules and the structural and semantic levels of the Qur’anic texts and others. In this research, we studied the different meanings of (if), their uses, significance, types, and their patterns in theHoly Qur’an, and the corresponding translation of the meaning in Uri Rubin’s translation of the meanings of the Holy Qur’an. We clarified the extent of the translator's commitment to translating its meaning, keeping pace with its usage connotations, and stopping at the reasons for their inclusion in the texts of the Qur’anic verses in terms of their origin in usage, their inclusion of the meaning of the condition, the clause of the condition and its response, the factor in it, its necessity to add, and if sudden. So it becomes clear to us from this that the translator took into account or not in his translation of the meaning of (if) from the Arabic language into the Hebrew language in these types and types.

The private collections of Islamic coins are among the important treasures that scholars need to supplement scientific research, and these aggregates contain very important gold or silver and even copper coins, some of which are found in museums around the world, and some of them are the rarest and may be the only ones in Islamic coins. aggregates in order to show their scientific importance.

The research has focused on studying and analysis of the architectural ideology and vision of the Muslim traveler Ibn Jubair. His book entitled ‘Tethkerat bel-akhabr an itefaqat alasfar’ that is also known as ‘Rihlat Ibn Jubair’ contained detailed description for the cites and its walls, gates, mosques, paths, castles, towers, and roads. He also described the architectural characters of several key buildings such as the grand mosque of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), the holly Mecca, Umm Qroon minaret and Al-Masjid Al-Jamea in Damascus. In this study, several examples of Ibn Jubair’s architectural description have been selected for analysis. These examples were part of his record when he travelled to Mecca for pilgrimge. In conclusion, it is obvious that the architectural knowledge of Muslim world was well developed.

This article is concerned with the study and documentation of the bath of old town of Diwaniyah. It follows the history of its construction and access to the motives and reasons it came from, the most important of which is the religious legislation which urges Muslims to increase the building of the baths as cleanliness and bathing are the conditions of faith. The architectural origins in the construction of this bathroom and the extent of similarity with the model of Ottoman baths.
And access to the differences of architecture that emerged between the baths Arab and Islamic baths Roman and Greek, each of them approach a different approach to the other and stems from different religions and beliefs.
This research shows all the architectural and artistic details contained in this architectural edifice in the city of Diwaniyah as well as the concentration and detection of building materials such as bricks, plaster and other materials, and taking all its measurements and dimensions of height, width, height and thickness. Places and make them archaeological park .

Despite the scarcity of wood residues that were found during archaeological excavations, cuneiform and technical sources provided us with a huge amount of valuable information that highlighted the importance of wood and its role in the daily life of the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia.
Man has harnessed the many blessings that God has bestowed upon him to establish and develop his civilization. The ancient man was at the forefront of the inhabitants of the earth who knew the importance of wood and became from this material many works that served in one way or another their daily lives as they used it for various purposes, and the Mesopotamian civilization was not the only one that was used Wood, but most ancient civilizations used this material and produced a lot of it.
Therefore, in this book, we were not limited to presenting a historical study of wood and its uses in ancient Iraq, but also shed light on the Sumerian and Akkadian terms for the materials and industries that wood was used to manufacture.

The presented study was carried out to identify the most important fungi accompanying the books in the library of the Faculty of Arcgeology in the Department of Maintenance and Restoration at Samarra University. As the fungal species were isolated from the books that showed signs of biological damage from spots change in the color of the books and the presence of fungal growth on them . Five samples were included in the study. The study showed that Aspergillus was the most common fungus with varying proportions followed by Penicillim.

This study was carried out in the laboratory of the Imam Hussein Center for the restoration and maintenance of manuscripts and the care of researchers at the Holy Threshold of Husseinia. An experimental study has been carried out in the application of ancient techniques of dyeing some plant natural pigments to a modern wool fabric in a way that mimics the ancient dyeing of archaeological textiles at the Al-Sponsor Museum of the Holy Abbasid Threshold.
The aim of this study is to shed light on the ancient dyeing techniques in order to understand the complex relationship between ancient plant dyeing materials, the nature of fibers and the type of anchor (installer) used to obtain many different color grades that can be used to work as a guide to natural colors and their different color tones where they can be used when documenting historical dyes for textile collections.
A range of natural plant pigments were used on wool and cotton woven, which are essential components of manual carpets, where five plant dyes were used in this study: (yellow) and gives yellow and red color, (and the whim) and gives red color, (turmeric) and gives light yellow color, (and night) gives blue color, (and saffron) gives bright bright yellow color, wet chemical tests were conducted for dyed samples using pure water first and then using some different chemicals with dyed samples Variety to identify the reactions occurring and the degree of bleeding of dyes with samples of the chemicals used, which were recorded in special tables in order to obtain(References indicated) dyesthat have been experimented with to help choose appropriate methods, methods and materials of restoration and avoid their dangers.
Changes (CIELAB) and the extraction of total change values(∆E)fornatural dyeing tissue samples were calculated by color meter, where the optical obsolescence of samples was performed to see changes obtained by color over time or as a result of the effect of the conditions surrounding archaeological and mechanical textiles damage, where the results showed that turmeric is affected after about (5) hours of exposure light and saffron is affected after about (10) hours From exposure to light and yellow dye is affected after about (20) hours of exposure to light and the dye of the foiezer is affected after about (40) hours of exposure to light and the dye of indigo is affected after about (80) hours of exposure to light.
This study proves that yellow pigments are the most sensitive of the pigments tested by photo obsolescence while the blue dye is the most stable in front of light, as this study proves that the shade of colors, we see on the archaeological textiles in the museum may be different from the shadow of the original colors in the past.

There is no doubt that most scientific studies are not without historical or archaeological overlaps. Scientific research must be based on foundations that may be geographic, social, historical, archaeological or otherwise, as the sciences are intertwined and interrelated and cannot be separated from each other.
In Qur’anic studies there are aspects that need research, scrutiny and accuracy, and I have always needed the archaeological aspect represented by scientific revelations adopted by international studies by specialists from the Arabs or the West to reach the facts. All this called on some commentators to rely on the results of these revelations and compare them with what was mentioned in the Torah, the Bible and the Qur’an. The purpose of it is to push back the problems directed at some Qur’anic texts, and some others, to remove the ambiguity and lack of clarity as they appear in other texts. Allama Tabataba'i followed up and found many of these propositions, especially with regard to (stories of the prophets) or the history of the prophets. Its title Stories of the Prophets.
Accordingly, Sayyid Tabatabai and his comparisons and dialogues of the text in the light of the Holy Books and his endorsement, rejection, or conversations according to what was mentioned in the archaeological research and excavation will be the material of our scientific research.

This study came to follow the news of the Kharijites in one of the most important sources of Arabic literature, which is the book al-Kamil fi al-Adab and language by Abu al-Abbas al-Mubarrad (d. 285 AH). The Kharijites sect in particular, as Al-Mubarrad singled out a large axis dedicated to the news of the Kharijites from the moment they appeared, highlighting their impact on the general conditions of the Arab Islamic state, their most important groups, and their leaders. Since Al-Mubarrad is considered one of the advanced writers, its historical material is considered to be of high value, and it has become a source for other historians who took many narrations from it. What distinguishes Al-Mubarrad from the comprehensive and objective Kharijites in the historical narratives, as it follows the news of this sect from the moment of its appearance, highlighting the historical premises of its emergence, and the role played by this sect in the general events of the Arab Islamic state. This study came to analyze and compare these narrations starting from the era of the Messenger who predicted the emergence of this sect, then the issue of arbitration and their rebellion against Imam Ali, and their wars with him, in addition to their political and intellectual impact during the era of the Umayyad state.

Abstract
The incident of Hassan Circassian in Istanbul in 1876 AD is one of the most important historical facts in the Ottoman Empire, that state whose events were full of political conspiracies, but that incident in fact constituted an important turning point in the history of the Ottoman Empire, and left a prominent impact on subsequent events.
The research dealt with an overview of the life of Hassan Circassian, who is the focus of the research through his carrying out that incident, and he is the brother of the wife of Sultan Abdul Aziz Al Sultan Nasha Rak, who rose in stature and rose to the military ranks quickly, and was helped by the lineage link that links him with the Sultan, as his sister played a role in that by virtue of her position with the Sultan.
Behind that incident were reasons that historical sources differed in determining it, some of them indicated that it was caused by the low status of Hassan Circassian due to the ouster of Sultan Abdul Aziz and his later death, and some of them indicated that it was because he was affected by the death of his sister, who passed away after her husband, Sultan Abdul Aziz sadly. On it, and some of them said that it is motivated by external influences.
The research dealt with how the incident happened, and the way the Circassian entered the meeting place of the ministers in Medhat Pasha's palace, and was able to kill the Minister of War Hussein Awni Pasha and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Rashid Pasha, and a number of soldiers and servants, and the soldiers managed to arrest him.
This incident had important results, represented by the execution of the perpetrator, Hassan al-Sharkasi, by crucifixion on a tree in Bayezid Square, so that the Ottoman government made him an example for everyone who tried to undermine the prestige of the state, and one of the most important results was the removal of Sultan Murad V because of his mental disorder affected by that incident, and the installation of Sultan Abdul Hamid the second in its place, to begin a new and long phase of individual rule.
The Hassan Circassian incident in Istanbul is one of the most important and prominent historical facts in the Ottoman Empire because its causes and consequences revolved around three Ottoman sultans, two of whom played a prominent role in the history of Bani Othman, Sultans Abdul Aziz and Abdul Hamid II. Those reforms, which were one of the reasons for the occurrence of the incident of Hassan al-Sharkasi.

In the history of the political thinking , the leadership in Islam is one of the most important issues in which the Islamic schools differed. The leadership in Islam is very necessary and even comes before the other Pillars of Islam.
The Holy Qur'an has shown samples of the good leaderships such as the prophet Nooh's leadership, Ibrahim's leadership, Mousa's leadership Isa's leadership and the prophet Mohammed's leadership, as well as it has shown unjust and oppressive leaderships such as the leadership of Firaun and Nimrod.
The political leadership in Islam has many characteristics and features as the Islamic Shari'a has warned to be infected with the leadership diseases such as oppression , unjustness and violation of human rights .The Islamic Shari'a affirmed that the Islamic leadership must respect the human rights and ensure justice and equality otherwise it would not be a legitimate political leadership

The research clarified the most important American political developments towards the Arab Gulf region (Kuwait and Bahrain as models 1939-1973), as the Arabian Gulf was considered the gateway to the Arab world and through it the Gulf oil was exported to the Mediterranean and then Europe, not only the oil weight of the Arabian Gulf, as the commercial importance of that region emerged in the form of Wide markets absorb more sales from the advanced industrial world, and America has become the only superpower in the world after the end of the Cold War, which is exporting like democracy and amassing great wealth in order to create an environment conducive to its terrible economic competitive capabilities. Therefore, the American presence in Bahrain was of great importance for By using Bahraini ports for US military purposes.