Kufa Journal of Arts

In conclusion, after completing the research, it is worth noting that tact is one of the methods that the Imams (peace be upon them) followed in the field of explaining rulings. They may have refrained from explaining the ruling to some individuals, because it contradicted the ruling that was based in their minds or because it contradicted the well-known ruling. They (peace be upon them) would gradually present the demands, or they may not directly state their explanation. They would also present some of them, and if the addressee could bear that, they would present the rest to him. This is because their speech was difficult and hard to understand. However, this situation is not continuous in most cases, rather it ends after the period of tact and the availability of the appropriate circumstances, so they would state the actual ruling. Therefore, one may imagine an apparent contradiction between the ruling in the second case and the first ruling that occurred to him during the period of tact.

Gender research is one of the important topics that focus on the relationship between man, place and society. Despite the cultural unity that characterizes society in general, due to the similarity of the ethnographic structure in one society, environmental variation in one society may make a difference in the orientations, behavior and nature of human activity, as it is influenced by the environment in which it lives. This is due to the individual acquiring most of the features of his personality from legacies, customs and traditions from the environment in which he lives, which is called the societal identity that society grants to the individual. It includes society's view of the individual. Gender research focuses on society's view of the individual according to the gender to which he belongs, by knowing the social bias towards a specific gender in society according to the view that is based on the biological type of individuals and neglecting the societal roles and personal skills of the individual. The concept of gender is one of the new concepts that entered the field of scientific knowledge. It appeared and crystallized as a scientific result of the seminars and conferences called for by the International Organization for Research on Women's Rights ( ). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines it as the term that is useful for describing the characteristics that men and women carry as social complexes that have nothing to do with organic differences ( ). The Encyclopedia Britannica defined it as a person's sense of himself as male and female, which is not fixed at birth, but rather is affected by psychological and social factors, changing and expanding it. It is possible for a person's gender identity to be formed later or secondary to develop and overwhelm the basic gender identity, as patterns of sexual behavior are acquired later in life ( ). The United Nations also defines it as the image in which society views us as women and men, which is due to the way society is organized and not to the biological differences between men and women ( ). The United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) defined gender as: the socially determined roles for each of the Male and female, and these roles that are calculated by education change over time and vary widely within one culture and from one culture to another. This term refers to the roles and responsibilities that society defines for women and men ( ). Thus, it becomes clear that gender studies changes in the status of both women and men in society, regardless of the biological differences between them, according to the study of the roles that each of them performs. They should be viewed from the perspective of being human, as this science does not only concern women, but also includes men. It is often seen that women are the social gender that needs to strengthen their social role. It does not focus on classifying society on a biological basis, which necessitates that the pro- and anti-viewpoints be led into two basic categories: male and female. Rather, individuals are dealt with without regard to the gender to which they belong, by focusing on the societal role and the extent of the individual’s effectiveness within society and the family. Understanding gender from a biological point of view focuses on the differences between males and females and considers them the dividing line that stands in the way of this subject, but with this measure it returns to another classification represented by classification on the basis of biological type, not social type. The term gender appeared for the first time officially in the Cairo Population Conference document in 1994 in 51 places, which is what came in the nineteenth paragraph of Article Four of the text of the declaration, which called for the destruction of all gender discrimination and was translated into Arabic as (male/female) ( ). It also appeared again more clearly in the Beijing document in 1995, as it was repeated 233 times ( ). Western countries refused in the Beijing Conference document to define gender as male and female and insisted on using this term within a social concept that includes non-stereotypical life of social behavior. In the Rome Conference, the International Criminal Court announced in 1998 that any discrimination or punishment on the basis of gender includes a crime against humanity. This text, which was signed and followed up by Arab countries, was dealt with as male and female within the scope of society. The Hague Youth Conference in 1999 called for teaching students their rights to destroy the traditional negative image of gender identity in order to clarify the issue of sexual and reproductive health without discrimination on the basis of gender. The distinction between sex and gender according to social or biological variables must be made by not denying the existence of biological differences between women and men, as well as rejecting and criticizing the stereotypes to which these differences are attributed ( ). To understand the importance of the elements of social control, one must first know society in general, Iraqi society, and the research community in particular.

When we want to address the topic of religion and humanity in the thought of Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah, we are confused about which angle to approach this topic from, because in all the topics he raised and in all the issues he worked for, religion was his cause as much as humanity was his cause, until it seemed as if the meaning of his existence in life could not be achieved except when he could achieve the greatest contribution to alleviating human suffering and purifying religious thought at all levels from the impurities that cast doubt on the credibility of the human essence of religion in light of what history has witnessed and is witnessing in terms of racist, exclusionary, excommunicationist, extirpatory, superstitious and mythical phenomena that have been and are being attached to religion. Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah’s humanity was not put forward for political or social consumption as many of the spokesmen for religions and sects do in the market of official compliments, or as a simplistic, naive secondary matter. Rather, he lived it as existential, cognitive concern and anxiety, jurisprudential effort, difficult dialogue, deep criticism, harsh suffering and constant struggle in all areas of scientific, intellectual, political, social and educational life. Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah started his cosmic vision from the principle that religion came to serve humanity, in contrast to those who imagine the opposite, that is, that humanity is the one who came to serve religion, thus transforming them into something resembling a pagan entity whose name people worship. This is because he saw religion as a call to life, as in the Almighty’s saying: “And indeed, you are indeed a people who have been guided by God, and you are indeed guided by God.” (Surat Al-Anfal, verse 24). As long as religion came to serve life, it came to serve humanity, who is the title of life. Life is us, and it is the integrated life that contains a mind, will, feeling, and emotion, which gives the human title the greatest position in this existence by granting it the ability to contain this entire world.

This research is one of the geographical studies that examine the field of applied climate (agricultural climate), as this study aims to reveal the effect of climate elements on some diseases that affect cows and buffaloes in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The study came to prove the validity of the hypothesis that the climatic characteristics in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate have a close relationship in the infection of cows and buffaloes with various diseases. The climatic data for the governorate for the year 2015 were adopted with field work and the data collected on diseases that affect cows and buffaloes. The research focused on climatic elements such as temperature, relative humidity, rain, wind, solar radiation and dust phenomena due to their close relationship to diseases of cows and buffaloes. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which is the strength and direction of the association (directly or inversely and to varying degrees) between the incidence of a number of diseases that affect the cows and buffaloes under study and the climate elements in certain seasons of the year and according to the recording of data through the questionnaire or hospital. In order to demonstrate this relationship, one of the most important results of the study was that seasonal changes in weather conditions are accompanied by seasonal changes in the spread of diseases by providing the climate environment for the outbreak of the epidemic.

The importance of the research is highlighted by addressing a realistic problem that is one of the most influential problems in the reality of urban structure, as most cities in developing countries suffer from the problem of the spread of the phenomenon of informal housing, and the negative effects of the phenomenon on basic services and infrastructure and on the planning aspect, in addition to the effects on land uses in cities, and from here came this research under the title (Informal housing in the city of Kufa and ways to address it), as the research topic was studied in two chapters, the first chapter includes the conceptual aspect and the reality of informal housing in the city, as it included the most important reasons affecting the spread of informal housing and its geographical distribution in the city, and the second chapter focused on ways to address it, and the research concluded with several results, including. The spread of informal housing in the city of Kufa came as a result of the growth of the city's population and the high rates of migration accompanied by a lack of housing stock in addition to the unorganized spatial expansion of the city, as the researcher reached the possibility of addressing informal housing in the city of Kufa by using some methods such as the method of complete and partial removal and the method of development and packaging.

The research enters into discussing the derived words in sequence, considering the changes of the word in particular, and studying them as a (lexical, morphological, and semantic) study, starting from the original position of the word, then the existence of that formula or that morphological structure in the dictionary or the denial of its existence, then whether the analogy accepts it or not? Then the implications of that structural deviation on the final meaning of the word, considering its position in the context and its effects on it, considering its first positional meaning, mentioning the objection of critics and linguists to each word. Then the results were summarized in that many of the words whose use was objected to as an encroachment on the language, were due to a significant semantic need and a new, innovative meaning embodied by the strangeness of the morphological use to a meaning that moved from the exposed to the hidden, expressed by the choice with astuteness and intelligence.

This study, through an analytical-descriptive approach, addressed one of the poetic trends in modern Sudanese poetry. It took as a model the poets: Al-Hadi Adam (1927-2006), Muhammad Al-Fayturi (1936-2015), and Abdul Qadir Al-Katiabi (1954) to unveil the opinions and ideas of Sudanese poets in the modern era on the Palestinian issue and how they dealt with it and the solutions they offer in order to get rid of the Zionist occupation. This study addressed the reasons that led to the continuation of the occupation and its long duration until today, and at the forefront of these reasons is the betrayal and inaction of the Arab rulers and their failure to take into account the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) and the righteous predecessors in jihad and sacrifice in order to establish truth and refute falsehood. Their poetry was characterized by frequent quotations from the Holy Qur’an and the Islamic heritage, which left an Islamic, Qur’anic character on many of their texts.

The research deals with the study and analysis of the qualitative characteristics of groundwater in the Najaf Plateau in order to reveal its suitability for various uses (civil, agricultural, and industrial). The research problem is represented by the following question ((To what extent is groundwater in the Najaf Plateau suitable for various civil, agricultural, and industrial uses?)) The hypothesis came in the following form ((The suitability of groundwater in the Najaf Plateau for various uses varies spatially and temporally)). The study boundaries are represented by the Najaf Plateau, which lies between longitudes (41°43, 28°44) east and latitudes (55°31, 19°32) north. The study area is bordered to the north by Karbala Governorate, to the northeast by Babylon Governorate, to the south by the administrative borders of Al-Mundhirah District, to the east by the marginal area separating the plateau from the Euphrates River, while to the west it is bordered by (Tar) Najaf, which extends to the northwest of the study area, and to the northwest by the administrative borders of Anbar Governorate. The area of ​​the study area is (1099.84)( ) km2 (Map 1). (38) samples of groundwater were collected and analyzed in the study area and from (19) sites. Samples were taken at a rate of (2) samples from each site, the first during the month of January, which represents the (winter season), and the second during the month of July, which represents the (summer season). (12) chemical compounds and elements were tested, and thus the total number of chemical elements and compounds becomes (456) chemical compounds and elements. Table

The purpose of this research is to examine the course of the talks between Iraq and Syria, the two neighboring Arab countries during this period in which Iraq was in the Iran war. It was expected that Syria, as an Arab country, would stand by Iraq and support it, as it did during the October 1973 war, when it supported and backed the war with all its capabilities and stood with Syria and Egypt against Israel. However, Syria turned the balance upside down and stood against Iraq instead of supporting it. It supported Iran against it in several areas and methods, including military, political, economic, and media, and carried out arbitrary measures against Iraq, such as closing the Iraqi oil pipeline passing through its territory to the Mediterranean Sea, and also using its territory near the Iraqi border as air bases for Iranian aircraft to strike Iraqi cities, while the Arab countries, including Egypt, Jordan, and the Gulf states, supported and backed Iraq.

Talavera is an Andalusian city located in the central border region to the northwest of Toledo and is one of its works, on the right bank of the Tagus River. It was conquered by Muslims under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad, and in it was the first meeting between the latter and Musa ibn Nusayr in Andalusia. Arabs and Berbers settled and built it, then life developed in it due to its important border location until it became one of the important cities there, and Islamic rule continued for about four centuries until it fell into the hands of the Christians around the year 477 AH / 1084 AD. The research material required that we divide it into three axes, the first was devoted to the historical geography of the city in terms of location and its most important natural features, and in the second axis we discussed the political history of Talavera and the events it went through during the different eras of the Islamic state until the city fell into the hands of the Christians in the second half of the fifth century AH / eleventh century AD, and the third axis of the research touched on some of the civilizational aspects of the city, especially its most important men who contributed to the various fields of science

Before Islam, the Arabs, like other peoples, knew the gods and worshipped them and thought of the existence of higher powers that had influence and authority over them and their lives. They tried, as others did, to get close to them and appease them by various means and methods. They gave them names and descriptions, and addressed them with their tongues and hearts. They followed a number of paths in this regard, which later formed beliefs and creeds that people gathered to worship, and thus came to be known as what we call religions in our languages ​​( ). The ancient Arab faith was very primitive, and the entry of unified religions into the Arabian Peninsula was the main factor that crystallized religious awareness and developed their beliefs. It did not seem that the Arabs were interested in spiritual life before that. Therefore, it is no wonder that the Arab countries were home to a mixture of religions that were linked to each other by many characteristics that contributed to their acceptance there, the most important of which was the need of the inhabitants for legislative laws for the country, to organize their social and religious lives. The study focused on the monotheistic religions that found their best place in the Arabian Peninsula and greatly influenced the Arab mentality there, despite the multiplicity of heavenly and positive religions in the Arab countries at that time, because those religions were the ones that shaped the religious life of the Arabs and crystallized it in a way that became an integral part of most of the beliefs and practices of society at that time, so it entered their lives and appeared in their poetry even without most Arabs being aware of it. The monotheistic religions benefited greatly from this, as their adherents gained a distinguished position in Arab society before Islam, and they also enjoyed a great deal of stability in the land of the Arabs, unlike many of the places where they had previously lived, which enabled them to spread their monotheistic ideas easily.

The parliamentary representation of the city of Mishkhab in the parliament was not absent throughout the entire period of the royal rule, and in the time period allocated for the research, the city of Mishkhab was represented from the ninth electoral cycle until the sixteenth electoral cycle, at a rate of two representatives for each cycle. The city of Mishkhab monopolized the parliamentary representation of the district of Abu Sakhir, especially after the district was made an independent electoral district starting from the eleventh electoral cycle. This representation was concentrated in each of the representative Sayyid Abdul Mahdi Sayyid Nour Al-Yasiri and the representative Abdul Abbas Al-Muzhar Al-Faraoun, due to their closeness to Nuri Al-Said and their affiliation with his party. Because of this closeness and affiliation, the two aforementioned representatives won in some electoral cycles by acclamation, and the people of the city of Mishkhab called each of them (the chronic Al-Saidi representative). As for the Senate, this city was represented in it for the period 1939-1958 by Senator Sayyid Alwan Al-Yasiri, who was appointed a Senator in 1939, but his membership period was not long due to his support for the May 1941 movement, and Senator Sheikh Abdul Wahid Hajj Sakr, who was appointed as a member in 1954, but his membership lasted only about two years due to his death in 1956.

The subject of child labor is one of the important subjects that has attracted the attention of researchers from different countries of the world, especially Arab countries, as it represents the most dangerous real problems that have begun to destroy Arab and regional society alike. The emergence of the phenomenon of child labor in the country in general and the study area in particular is a natural matter due to the scourges of wars that Iraqi society has been exposed to and the negative accumulations that have affected the social structure represented by (family and child), as it has begun to increase and spread in a way that raises concern. Therefore, researchers found it necessary to focus on studying this type of social phenomena for its real contact with the environment of Iraqi society, and to know the main motives behind its emergence. Therefore, one of the most important objectives and justifications of the study was to shed light on this dangerous phenomenon that has been steadily increasing in a remarkable manner in the old city of Najaf, as it represents the most important commercial and urban areas that attract visitors to the governorate due to its religious, economic and cultural status, and the reasons for the increasing numbers of these child workers in its commercial markets and popular areas more than other cities, in addition to knowing its negative effects and how to find future treatments for this phenomenon and work to find effective solutions for it by specialists in all state institutions concerned with children's rights, and address the factors causing it to limit its exacerbation, such as enacting new laws that guarantee children's rights and activating them practically, and benefiting from the efforts and capabilities of international organizations concerned with childhood, and working to solve some of the problems that have had their effects reflected on most poor families of working children, such as reducing unemployment and poverty rates in society by eliminating class differences between members of society and others. The study included three topics, the first of which was a theoretical framework in addition to clarifying the concept of child labor and the development of the phenomenon of child labor in Iraq. The second referred to the economic reasons behind child labor in the old city of Najaf. The third dealt with the social characteristics that included the social factors and phenomena behind child labor in the old city of Najaf. The research reached results that confirmed the seriousness of the phenomenon and that wars, terrorism and displacement are among the most important factors that led to its exacerbation, in addition to the economic factors that are active in the old city of Najaf, the most important of which are the nature of the profession and the factors of the internal environment of the family and others. There are also social factors represented by the type and nature of housing, family disintegration, family income, unemployment, marital status and others. It suggested economic, social, security and legal treatments and solutions aimed at reducing the severity of this phenomenon on children in Iraq in general and the study area in particular.

The subject of jihad must be formed from two axes: positive (truth) and negative (falsehood) - which, of course, do not deviate from the goal for which it was created, as what is relied upon is the victory of truth in every field and what that victory generates of positive energies that help in building a society free of diseases and social epidemics that - in most cases - lead to continuous, endless wars. This matter appeared clearly in the texts of Nahjul Balagha, distributed between commands at times and prohibitions at other times and what branched out from them of real and metaphorical purposes that showed the power of the word and its artistic beauty and expressive energies and its effect on the other (friend and enemy) alike. The main goal of using these two methods was the psychological and physical preparation of the Muslim person with what they contained of jihadist foundations and concepts that attempt to expose the falsehood of the world and its fleeting pleasures and the constant preparation for the last day, whether in civilian life or on the battlefields.

It is very necessary for researchers in the Quranic affair to study and contemplate the knowledge of the cosmic laws as well as how to employ these laws in reading the future due to the close relationship between the divine laws and the prediction of future events, and this relationship is often of the type of cause and effect. The process of reading the future is an organized process that begins with studying the past with all its events and laws, then passes through the present to prepare the Islamic nation for a place in that knowledge. The Islamic nation is called upon to work with insight and thought in the future that it seeks to know, and this process will not be completed correctly unless we study the laws of God Almighty in the previous nations, and look at history with the eye of a discerning critic. Therefore, the Holy Quran urges us to travel on the earth, whether this travel is real or metaphorical; and it also urges us to study visible or recorded history; with insight, leadership, and penetrating awareness; To draw lessons, take lessons, and deduce Sunnahs, to benefit from previous experiences so that the nation avoids the places of error that led human groups, nations, and previous civilizations to civilizational downfall and social destruction, and to take the path of advancement and construction. There is a type of interconnection between divine Sunnahs and reading the future, which the Almighty says: ﯝ ﯞ ﯟ ﯠ ﯡ ﯢ ﯣ ﯤ ﯥ ﷺ ﰃ ﰄ ﰅ ﰆ (). The meaning of these noble verses is that God Almighty sends prophets and messengers to nations and societies to remind them of monotheism, returning to God and sincerely turning to Him. Then He tests them with various types of trials and tribulations and takes them with hardship and distress, but to an extent that does not force them to supplicate or compel them to entreat and submit, so that they may supplicate to Him with their good choices, and soften their hearts so that they turn away from Satanic embellishments and from clinging to apparent causes. However, they did not supplicate to Him. Rather, preoccupation with worldly affairs hardened their hearts, and Satan made their deeds seem attractive to them, and made them forget the remembrance of God. So when they forgot the remembrance of God Almighty, God opened the doors of everything to them and poured His various blessings upon them in abundance until they rejoiced in what they had of blessings, and were deceived, and were independent of themselves without God, God took them suddenly and from where they did not feel it, so they despaired of salvation, witnessing the collapse of what they had of causes, so He cut off the root of the people who did wrong. So the corrupt rule that All other corruptions and factors of destruction and devastation branch out from it and grow in it, because the behaviors of people in societies of disbelief in God, their relationships with each other, their relationships with other societies, and even their relationships with nature, will all be factors of destruction, dispersion, and devastation for the disbelieving human society because they are deviant, wrong, and unjust behaviors and relationships, in addition to being a reason for the disappearance of God’s blessings and the descent of His punishment directly or indirectly. The various injustices witnessed by human societies in the present age, such as economic injustice, social injustice, political injustice, the phenomena of modern and ancient colonialism, the exploitation of the weak, racial discrimination, class differences, on a global level, inequality and class differences, moral corruption, and behavioral corruption are all phenomena branching out from the phenomenon of disbelief in God and the denial of His heavenly messages.

Trade is one of the pillars of the Arab economy, and an important pillar of their financial resources before Islam. It was the primary financier to meet their needs, and it was one of the components of the establishment of political entities and the increase of their influence in the region, in addition to the fact that it drew the boundaries of their relations with the Arab tribes spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula, which had an impact on activating commercial work. There is no doubt that drought and desertification are the prominent feature of the geography of the Arabian Peninsula, and that part of it is deserts that lack regular rain and permanent water sources, and that this has clearly affected the distribution of the population in its various parts, and their lifestyle and methods of earning a living. The Arabs did not stand idly by in the face of the issue of drought and relative desertification in the Arabian Peninsula, but rather faced it with conscious work through which they overcame the harsh environmental conditions in some parts of it, so they built dams, regulators and canals, dug wells and stored seasonal rainwater and flood water to expand the product of their work. In addition to trade, they developed agriculture and practiced other crafts, and from that formed an advanced economic activity that qualified it to control international trade and feed it through import and export, in addition to benefiting from the advantages of the location of the peninsula to achieve this commercial control. It seems that the active trade movement that traveled with its caravans through the valleys of the Arabian desert made the Arabs the bearers of the world between the East and the West, is due to geographical factors that affected the existence of the trade route, and the land with its terrain is the most prominent of these factors, in addition to water resources and their availability at short distances in the stations, many of which were transformed into cities that provide services available to camel caravans and their leaders, guards and guides. A number of trade routes extended in the Arabian Peninsula that connected between the production areas back and forth in the Arab countries, and trade flourished at the hands of the Yemenis, as the crops of Hadhramaut and Dhofar and the imports of India were transported to the Levant and Egypt via the Hijaz, as Yemen was a passage for the frankincense route, especially in its eastern regions.

The belief in the savior was at the core of every religious faith and belief, so the philosophy of waiting for this savior was present in every heavenly or secular religion. There is no religion on earth, whether heavenly or secular, except that the idea of ​​the savior constituted an essential belief and faith in it, passing through the philosophy of waiting, which represents the practical step of that faith and belief. Religion is the most complete expression of human truths, and Islam is the most complete and mature expression of what pertains to religious truths. Therefore, the Islamic image that was drawn for this global savior is the most complete, comprehensive, and mature of all the religions that preceded it. This idea (the idea of ​​belief in a savior) was transformed into positive images in the practical movement of man with his various beliefs and orientations, since this idea of ​​the savior is the ideal life that man hopes to reach, and from it springs hope, so the desired hope and ambition pinned on this idea became the motivation for life, perseverance, and work in order for man to make his fellow man happy. There were many important stations in the doctrine of the Savior and its foundations in the various religions, whether heavenly or man-made, through the commonalities in the sacred texts or geographical and historical sources, arriving at a set of commonalities in all religions, which pushed us to believe and submit absolutely to the doctrine of the Savior to the point that it is an inevitable matter.

The factor of guidance in the literary text is considered one of the important factors in evaluating the behavior of individuals within society, directly or indirectly. Imam Ali (PBUH) worked during his caliphate in Kufa to build society with all its sectarian categories. He found that the pillar of society lies in the cohesion and righteousness of its individuals. He employed the sensory scene in drawing the picture, with its encouraging and intimidating dimensions. Imam Ali (PBUH) took this function as a tool to evaluating human behavior and directing them to the right path. The guidance function in Nahj al-Balagha achieved the desired goal in guiding the recipient, because the circumstances in which society lived at that time required him (PBUH) to provide society with what would illuminate their paths so that they would be guided to the flame of truth.

ان الشعر فيما يسمى بالحقبة المظلمة ليس ينطبق عليه جميعا اوصاف العقم والابتذال وضعف التركيب كما ادعى ذلك بعض الدارسين غير المتمعنين ، او الذين ينطلقون من منطلقات ايديولوجية مضادة لهذا الشعر واهله محاولين بكل السبل التهوين من شانه ، واطلاق الاحكام التعميمية عليه . ودراسة شعر السيد صادق الفحام (1124هـ - 1205هـ) وحدها كافية لنقض تلك الاحكام المتعجلة وتعديلها بما ينسجم وحقيقة هذا العطاء الذي نلمسه واضحا في حرص شعراء تلك الحقبة على سلامة لغتهم ورفعتها ودقتها في احكام الفصاحة والبلاغة فهؤلاء الشعراء كانوا يتلقون اللغة من منبعها الصافي – القرآن الكريم والحديث الشريف والتراث العربي الاصيل – ولذلك تجد شعرهم لا يقل منزلة عن اسلافهم وان غلب عليه بعض التقليد . اكتفى بحثنا بالوقوف عند باب واحد من ابواب ديوان السيد صادق الفحام وهو مديح الرسول () وآل بيته الكرام ورثائهم وهو باب تقليدي في دواوين اغلب الشعراء وهو ما يدعونا الى التأكيد بان شعر هؤلاء يمتلك قيمه الفنية والمعنوية التي تؤهله ليكون مدار دراسات جادة لا تنطلق من مواقف مسبقة لتحتفظ بسمتها الموضوعية اللازمة . وقد تبين لنا من دراسة هذا الباب وجود انماط من البناء الذي يسير على نهج القصيدة العربية الاصيلة ، وقد حاز الشاعر لنفسه مجموعة من الصفات التي ميزته منها : استعمال السرد بطريقة متميزة ، واستعمال التكرار ، وتقسيمه القصيدة على اصوات سواء عن طريق الحوار بين الشخصيات ام اعطاء زمام السرد للشخصية نفسها لتستوفي الحديث عن نفسها ، وتأكيده على تسجيل حضوره الذاتي بذكر اسمه بطرائق مختلفة كالتصريح او التورية

Ruminants are a basic source of food for humans and an important pillar of national income, whether in Iraq or the study area. The study of these animals has received the attention of researchers in the field of geography or in other sciences. The study took the natural problems affecting the breeding of ruminant animals in Najaf Governorate and tried to show the natural problems, the most important of which is the scarcity and poverty of natural pastures, in addition to the climatic factors represented by solar radiation, temperature, rain, relative humidity, and problems of surface and groundwater resources and their impact on the animals subject to the study in order to provide a suitable environment for these animals or at least reduce the negative impact of these factors by finding appropriate solutions to limit this problem and thus promote the development of breeding these animals as a result of the increasing demand for their products of meat and milk.

The research aims to identify the historical thinking skills of intermediate school students from the teachers' point of view. Anyone looking at the educational outcomes in many intermediate schools in Iraq finds a large percentage that is not at the required level, which is the students' lack of historical thinking skills in a scientifically accurate manner based on study, analysis and scientific evaluation. There is a great weakness in Iraq's educational institutions, especially in the intermediate stage, caused by the exceptional circumstances that Iraq is going through, which have produced various problems that have included many sectors of society, including the education sector. Its effects were reflected in the academic achievement of students, represented by an increase in the failure rate, dropping out of school or poor academic achievement, which caused a great waste of human energies and material capabilities. This is what the researcher noticed by conducting many personal interviews with teachers and reviewing many of the results of studies that specialize in evaluating the level of student achievement. Accordingly, the researcher believes that the most prominent problems facing students in the era puts curriculum planners and education implementers in the intermediate stage in front of many challenges in terms of agreement with modern philosophy that changed the view of historical knowledge from fixed knowledge to knowledge that is open to discussion, criticism and interpretation based on historical evidence. This can only be achieved by the history teacher possessing the basic skills represented in collecting and evaluating information, historical comprehension, analyzing historical issues and problems and interpreting them with an accurate scientific explanation, and making decisions as they are necessary for intermediate stage students and are the essence of studying history and the history teacher needs them in order to be able to teach effectively and achieve the desired goals. Based on the above, the researcher focused on defining his research problem with the following question: What are the historical thinking skills of intermediate stage students from the teachers' point of view? Therefore, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that included the question: What are the historical thinking skills of intermediate stage students and presented it to the research sample that consisted of (100) teachers who graduated from the Faculties of Education / Department of History. After the researcher obtained the teachers' opinions, which consisted of (4) basic skills and (26) sub-skills, the researcher presented them to a group of experts and specialists in teaching methods, psychology, measurement and evaluation to determine the validity of those skills. The tool in its final form became composed of (4) basic skills and (20) sub-skills. The researcher verified the stability of the tool by using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and extracted its stability coefficient using the retest method. After completing the procedures related to the research, the researcher reached many conclusions that showed the importance of historical thinking skills among middle school students as they are the essence of history, so history teachers must practice them while teaching students history. The researcher recommended many recommendations, including: paying attention to historical thinking skills by history teachers in middle school and using primary historical sources such as documents and texts, and history teachers relying on modern teaching methods and techniques to help students absorb the historical material well without memorizing it.

The study concludes that the elements of time and place play a role in the process of jurisprudential ijtihad, although the trends in interpreting the spatiotemporal role in the process of deduction and its impact on modern scholars differed. Therefore, when we presented it in this study, we found a number of resources that jurists knew that time and place play a major role in it, as is the case with the issue of the fifth, which we discussed in the last sections by applying it to a historical study. The language factor is also the basis for understanding texts, and the study monitored this topic as an influential victory in understanding the text and a factor that tries to change the wording of these texts. The emergence of the ijtihad factor shows us that spatiotemporal may discuss those constants to change the instances that were mentioned in many narrations that may not be useful today, such as sustenance if zakat or the dowry in marriage. The emergence of extremism and criticism was mostly a secretory element that tried to show ideas and not to freeze on one mind because of the environment, which made Ibn Idris al-Hilli’s organized uprising today not discuss reality or address the problems that occurred due to the transformations and the changing events. On Sheikh Al-Tusi. Also, the rational trend today is trying to prove that the history of the novel is not an ineffective element in the face of global technology because it is purely historical and appeared in the manner of a discourse to address circumstances, not to be continuous to this day, and this according to the time and space may make most of

Education is a legitimate right for every human being and a binding duty for the state to provide to its citizens. From this standpoint, the educational service comes within the group of services under the sovereignty of the state, supervision and management. Under the cloak of this educational service, educated cadres graduate to directly carry out life activities on all economic and social axes, and it responds to the needs of the era (1). We shed light on the educational services of the city of Abbasiya through a study of its reality. In addition to the geographical distribution of these institutions and whether this distribution contributes to the smooth and good delivery of the services of these institutions to the city's residents, evaluating the efficiency of the educational service based on the local standards set by the Iraqi Ministry of Planning that are related to these services. At the end of the research, we reached a number of conclusions.

This study is interested in searching for the references of the stylistic approach in contemporary critical discourse in Iraq. Researching the references of discourse approaches is very important. It reveals to us the critic's skill in his ability to search for the relationship between the critical vision and the reference of its mechanisms, especially since creative critical discourses always and forever include several eras, and any reading of them must absorb this fact and proceed from it in the transformations of its general cultural field to its special rhetorical field, which helps in understanding the stages of its development and awareness of its journeys and changes from one critic to another. This means that the founding cultural event is always re-addressed and revived within the discourses through new formulas and images, and some modifications are introduced to it through the new critical context influenced by the critic's heritage and contemporary references, which he transforms into textual systems intertwined with other texts to carry out the process of discovery, examination, study, analysis and proof, for proof, denial or presentation.

The French existentialist philosopher "Maurice Merleau-Ponty" is considered the most prominent philosopher of phenomenology before being an existentialist because he is one of the most prominent readers of Husserl, as we find him following his approach in his study of phenomenology by describing the direct experience of things, i.e. through awareness of things. He tried to apply the phenomenological method in his philosophy in general and his aesthetic or artistic philosophy in particular, because this method aims to return "things in themselves" and this was Husserl's slogan and goal. He also went through his study of phenomenology and his influence on it to a basic idea, which is: going beyond the relationship between "self and object" and "visible and invisible" and "mind and matter", as well as going beyond Sartre's division of existence into "being in itself" and "being for itself".

This research presents a semantic study of a group of words that linguists have considered to be what they call (plural of plurals), and it attempts to prove that they are plurals that do not differ from ordinary plurals in any of their meanings, and all that matters is that they were formulated in molds larger than the molds required by analogy, or that they were added to the mark of sound plural due to poetic necessity, or due to proportionality in prose, and making it into two paragraphs was based on this basis.

Color is one of the basic indicators in human life and man has used it in his life and lived with it from the beginning until now. It entered the field of literature and became one of the elements of the artistic image in the Arabic poem. Psychologists have begun to study it and reach analyses about people and their personalities. Among the poets in whose poems we find the use of colors prominently, we can mention the poet Suad Al-Sabah, the Kuwaiti poet whose poems celebrated the love of the homeland, the love of the beloved, and the demand for freedom for women. This article studies the use of color in the poet's poetry based on the descriptive-analytical method that depends on counting color in poetry and analyzing it based on the theory of Max Luscher, the psychologist who created a theory that explains the eight colors and reaches results about the subject and his choice of these colors and tells us about his personal features and reveals his moral characteristics. What this study has reached is that the color black has the highest position in Suad Al-Sabah's poetry, and it indicates sadness, pain, and depression after the death of her loved ones and the bad conditions and situations prevailing in her society. The second color is green, which indicates vitality and hope. Then we see the abundance of the color blue, which indicates purity. Red took fourth place, then we see purple, then gray, then yellow, which indicates withering. The color brown became the last choice, so we do not see its use in the poet's poetry directly.

Noticing the requirements of the situation in rhetorical books is considered among other rhetorical topics, not only as the sole evidence for the eloquence of speech, but as the basis and pillar of all rhetorical topics, since every art of rhetoric, when noticing the requirements of the situation, has an effective role in the eloquence of speech; the requirements of the situation is an inference based on what is suggested by the appearance of the speech only, and what is called in the science of semantics as a departure from the application of speech to the requirements of the situation is not limited to its use in the topics of the science of semantics only, so when speech departs from the usual and apparent application and is interpreted in a different way in all cases, it is considered a departure from the current requirement in light of the importance of the topic and its role in understanding the text. This article revolves around the topic of studying the place where speech departs from the requirements of the situation, in addition to studying the aesthetics of the most important topic, which is the presentation and delay in the Holy Quran, even if the speech appears to be a departure from the requirements of the situation, but in essence and considering the meaning, the speech was based on the requirements of the situation.

Religious and sectarian fanaticism was a deadly poison that severely sickened Lebanon for a period of time and led it to the point of collapse, as describing it as an issue became a major concern and worry for most poets and writers at that time, and they were able to help create unity and affection through their poems and writings. Among these poets, we can point to Bishara Al-Khoury as a Christian poet from his youth until his old age, who still vowed to himself to be committed to a national idea devoid of any fanaticism or sectarianism. This current article has dealt with clarifying Bishara Al-Khoury’s ideas and opinions based on the descriptive-analytical approach, which deals with topics such as condemning sectarian fanaticism, nationalism, division, praising unity and solidarity, affection and love, and then criticizing and studying them from different dimensions and angles. Studies conducted in this regard have shown that Bishara Al-Khoury respected all heavenly religions in general and he called for religious tolerance. In his works, he tries to study the enlightenment of the public regarding the calamities and misfortunes that religious fanaticism leaves behind, so that in this way he can create affection and love among the Lebanese, regardless of their beliefs and religions. He also used to criticize those who were spreading doctrinal differences among the people with some frankness, and he used to tell them that you are eliminating the spirit of solidarity, cooperation, and affection among the people through your wrong thoughts and ideas, spreading the seeds of hypocrisy and enmity among them.

He did not leave room for the Arab novel to arise with its own components and ferment with its internal elements and appear with its Arab identity, but rather it has the character of imitation and dependence and has gone in a Western direction in form and content. This is the reason behind attempts to produce the novel with Arab and Islamic features. Dr. Najib Al-Kilani is one of the literary figures who contributed to this arena. He was the first to make the constants of faith and the ethics of Islam a novelistic goal. He was able to present a depiction of the most important conflict that occurred on the ideological scene between the sublime values ​​represented by Islam and the negative ideas represented by the Jews. This research attempts, through reading the novelistic text and focusing on its content, research and analysis, to depict the extent of the writer's success in drawing inspiration from history and establishing its sublime concepts in the reader and managing the project of Islamizing the Arab novel. It shows the extent of his ability to highlight the most important conflict that occurred in history between humanity and negative ideology. It seems that the writer created a developed Islamic trend in his book, The Islamic Novel.

Symbolic nature is the result of the poet's imagination, and since the romantic language is a symbolic language, symbolism is in fact an interpretive school, and the poet Ali Mahmoud Taha, nicknamed the Lost Sailor, embodies nature for us in a symbolic style, and our poet is at the top of the list in contemporary Arabic romantic poetry. As we know, romanticism is a literary school that is concerned with the human soul and the feelings and emotions that characterize this soul. The poet lived a comfortable, soft life, in which he enjoyed the pleasures of life. He traveled a lot, lived and experienced nature, loved it, and used it in his poems like the rest of the romantic poets. This is to mention the intended meaning, and we see the connotations of nature, such as dawn, light, night, sea, and waves, dominating the linguistic dictionary of this poet and taking on symbolic connotations such as joy, happiness, darkness, misguidance, gloom, and difficulties in life. Among what we have reached in our research is that the poet seizes opportunities to live life and harmonize with the voice and whisper of nature, and even the pains and difficulties he faces with calmness, serenity and reassurance that we only see in the lost romantic sailor, and he wants man to turn the threat into security and the opportunity for a comfortable life. The method followed in this research is descriptive-analytical.