journal of Economics And Administrative Sciences

The current research aims to study the impact of strategic knowledge on the entrepreneurial performance of a sample of employees in the Iraqi Ministry of Education. Its importance lies in conducting research in the government educational sector. A purposive random sample of 175 individuals was selected based on a data collection questionnaire. Strategic knowledge includes four dimensions (strategic priorities, organizational environment, and organizational capabilities). Entrepreneurial performance addresses four dimensions (proactive planning, leadership indicators, innovation and creativity, efficiency, and effectiveness). The research highlights strategic knowledge in educational administrations to ensure the success of entrepreneurial performance in Iraqi educational institutions. The research problem revolves around the impact of strategic knowledge on entrepreneurial performance practices at the Ministry of Education in Iraq. The results indicate the need for the Iraqi Ministry of Education to adopt a strategic direction through the strategic knowledge of its directorates, which leads to developing the educational landscape and understanding the importance of the appropriate direction to achieve institutional entrepreneurial Performance .
Type of paper:- Research paper

Today, business organizations , seek to build creative capabilities by adopting advanced management concepts and methods such as employee voice to enable them facing potential challenges. This research investigates the impact of employee\\\'s voice on creative performance in a number of industrial companies in Baghdad City. The research\\\'s problem is started by the issues with weakness in corporate consciousness and the knowledge of employee voice that restrict firms from developing and innovating, and ignoring those voices except concerning the interest of companies. The main question of the research\\\'s problem is (What is the level of impact for employee voice on creative performance?). For the importance of the industrial sector in Iraq, the three companies which are Baghdad Soft Drinks Company, Electronic Industries Company, and the Iraqi Company for Carton Industry have been selected as a research domain. The research sample consists of 168 employees who work at these companies. Regarding to the statistical aspect, this research used the confirmative analysis coefficient, Cronbach\\\'s alpha coefficient, the weighted arithmetic, the standard deviation, the mean, the coefficient of relative difference, and relative weight (relative importance). The questionnaire was used as a main instrument for collecting data. Hypotheses were tested through statistical programs (AMOS.V.25, SPSS.V). One of the most important findings is the significant positive impact of employee voice on creative performance.

Research type: Research paper

Purpose: This paper attempts to analyze and discuss the impact of Customer Empowerment (CE) in reducing marketing deceptive practices carried out by companies.
Theoretical framework: The literature related to the research topic did not describe of the application of CE in the workplace, as it is a recent variable and is still in the development stage. The scale (Abdel-Bari & Ashry, 2023) was adopted to measure the CE questionnaire, in addition to the scale (Gaber et al., 2018) to measure Marketing Deception (MD).
Methodology: Field research was used to understand the practice of CE and identify scams. Six companies specialized in the field of contracting were selected. The research sample consisted of (152) employees. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and hypotheses were tested using the statistical program (SPSS).
Results: There is a positive impact of empowering customers in reducing deceptive marketing practices.
Research, practical and social implications:
Provide a detailed description of the means that can achieve CE and reduce MD. Also, we Provides a practical approach to researching CE and suggests that future research should include business cases as a means of achieving this and provide justification for the importance of implementing CE practices.
Originality/value: This paper is among the few to address CE with MD and emphasizes that CE must be an organization-wide goal and requires a long-term commitment to eliminate MD.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out whether agile leadership is considered a critical factor in influencing the strategic recovery of leaders in the Iraqi Ministry of Communications or if there is another element that plays a vital role in promoting strategic recovery and what are the organization\'s steps in the field of study towards implementing agile leadership requirements? Does the organization take serious steps to implement the dimensions of strategic recovery in all its aspects? Is there an impact of agile leadership on strategic recovery in the organization?
Theoretical framework: This study aimed to draw attention to how agile leadership influences strategic recovery as management ideas in the Iraqi Ministry of Communications. It also measured the effect of the independent variable (agile leadership) on the dependent variable (strategic recovery). It found out whether the researched organization could achieve strategic recovery by adopting agile leadership.
Design/methodology/approach: The researchers used the descriptive analytical method, tabulating and analyzing the data using a ready-made program (SPSS). The researchers chose the Iraqi Ministry of Communications/Ministry Center to represent the Study Community. The questionnaire was distributed to the ministry, including 120 directors, making the total number of questionnaires distributed 120. One hundred twelve questionnaires were retrieved, while only five were excluded, making the final sample 107 managers. Statistical methods such as Cronbach\'s alpha, standard deviation, simple linear regression, and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to reach the study\'s conclusions.
Findings: Results Through an analysis, agile leadership, and its dimensions influenced the organization\'s strategic recovery.
Research, practical and social implications: Emphasizing the need for government agencies, especially the Ministry of Communications, to ensure the need to pay attention to research variables, agile leadership, and strategic recovery in the research service.
Originality/value: The results indicate that the number of publications is growing, and the management and business areas contribute the most. The countries that produce in co-authorship also provide the most publications.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out whether agile leadership is considered a critical factor in influencing the strategic recovery of leaders in the Iraqi Ministry of Communications or if there is another element that plays a vital role in promoting strategic recovery and what are the organization\\\'s steps in the field of study towards implementing agile leadership requirements? Does the organization take serious steps to implement the dimensions of strategic recovery in all its aspects? Is there an impact of agile leadership on strategic recovery in the organization?
Theoretical framework: This study aimed to draw attention to how agile leadership influences strategic recovery as management ideas in the Iraqi Ministry of Communications. It also measured the effect of the independent variable (agile leadership) on the dependent variable (strategic recovery). It found out whether the researched organization could achieve strategic recovery by adopting agile leadership.
Design/methodology/approach: The researchers used the descriptive analytical method, tabulating and analyzing the data using a ready-made program (SPSS). The researchers chose the Iraqi Ministry of Communications/Ministry Center to represent the Study Community. The questionnaire was distributed to the ministry, including 120 directors, making the total number of questionnaires distributed 120. One hundred twelve questionnaires were retrieved, while only five were excluded, making the final sample 107 managers. Statistical methods such as Cronbach\\\'s alpha, standard deviation, simple linear regression, and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to reach the study\\\'s conclusions.
Findings: Results Through an analysis, agile leadership, and its dimensions influenced the organization\\\'s strategic recovery.
Research, practical and social implications: Emphasizing the need for government agencies, especially the Ministry of Communications, to ensure the need to pay attention to research variables, agile leadership, and strategic recovery in the research service.
Originality/value: The results indicate that the number of publications is growing, and the management and business areas contribute the most. The countries that produce in co-authorship also provide the most publications.

The research endeavors to harness the benefits stemming from the integration of constraint theory into construction project management, with the primary goal of mitigating project completion delays. Additionally, it employs fuzzy analysis to determine the relative significance of fundamental constraints within projects by assigning them appropriate weights. The research problem primarily revolves around two key issues. Firstly, the persistent utilization of outdated methodologies and a heavy reliance on workforce experience without embracing modern computerized technologies. Secondly, the recurring problem of project delivery delays.
Construction projects typically encompass five fundamental constraint types: cost restrictions, time constraints, administrative and legal limitations, technical and design constraints, and environmental constraints. To address these issues, a field study was conducted, focusing on the development of a housing complex in Qa\\\'imaqamiya, Al-Mada\\\'in district, Bismayah. The researchers propose a three-stage methodology to tackle these challenges. In the initial stage, the theory of accelerated activities is applied to all concurrent implementable tasks. Subsequently, the second stage introduces a hierarchical analysis process, known as FAHP, to quantify the importance of each constraint. Finally, in the third phase, fuzzy logic is employed to calculate the projected duration and associated costs for each activity, ensuring project execution and delivery within agreed-upon timeframes. After applying the proposed methodology, there is a reduction in completion time by up to (23%).
Research Type: Research Paper

the study aims to ascertain how approaches contribute to the Ministry of Planning\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s organizational ambidexterity. To complete the conclusions, it also seeks to ascertain the factors and dimensions of the study, get the results, and interpret them. The recommendations illustrate how companies may modify and enhance their behavior while utilizing these factors in the field. The descriptive-analytical technique is used to ensure the maximum level of accuracy possible in the conclusions and suggestions. General managers, several department directors, and division supervisors constituted the research sample. The primary instrument used in the research was a questionnaire distributed to the target sample of 105 respondents. The comprehensive inventory method was also employed, and multiple statistical programs, including PLS SMART V3.6 and 28 SPSS V., were utilized to complete, analyze, and test the research\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s questions and hypotheses. The research results showed a statistically significant effect. Cognitive styles affect organizational ambidexterity, either directly or through the degree of their dimensions. There is also a positive correlation between the dimensions of cognitive styles, their dimensions (cognitive style, planning style, creative style, collaborative style), and organizational ambidexterity.
Paper type: Research paper.

The study seeks to assess how human capital, encompassing aspects like knowledge, skills, experience, and abilities, impacts the attainment of organizational readiness across cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions at Central Technical University. The problem of the study begins by addressing the basic question of revealing the degree of influence of human capital on achieving organizational readiness and also knowing what are the organizational benefits resulting from human capital and whether this has a direct or indirect impact on building organizational readiness. The importance of the research was to address a problem that most people face. Organizations in general, and Central Technical University in particular, which is represented by the rapid change in the environmental requirements associated with them, which lies in the need for continuous change to build organizational readiness that seeks to achieve the organizations’ requirements and needs. The researchers utilized a descriptive-analytical method, focusing on a sample of administrative leaders from Middle Technical University. They also utilized a survey form to gather data, distributing a total of 310 forms and receiving back 296. The collected data underwent testing through statistical programs such as EXCEL and SPSS v.23. There are many results, most notably the existence of a significant relationship between human capital with its dimensions and organizational readiness, and that the dimensions of the human capital variable are available at a good level, especially in the skills and capabilities dimension. However, they need more focus, especially in terms of providing training programs capable of addressing the problems that exist to enable them. To make appropriate decisions based on sound scientific foundations.
Type of paper:- Research paper

Purpose: The research objective is to diagnose the extent to which the National School Health Strategy contributes to the quality of health services.
Theoretical framework: The quality of health services can provide schools with benefits through building a healthy school community in line with the sustainable development goals, especially regarding quality education, good health, and well-being and through school health, we may be improving the health and well-being of elementary and secondary students, and the necessity of providing healthy foods reduction of fat content in school meals, and awareness to prevent the use of tobacco products and drugs.
Design/methodology/approach: The research relied on the descriptive -analytical method and the research sample is a random sample of primary schools (governmental and private). The research tool is represented by using a questionnaire to collect data.
Findings: Although there is a big school community represented by students compared to their society, studies in most countries of the world are still limited in discussing the quality of health services provided to them and the limited solutions.
Research, Practical & Social implications: We suggest future research to evaluate the national school health strategy: a comparative study between two governorates.
Originality/value: The results indicate that commitment to implementing school health programs positively affects the quality of health services provided to students of school age and that any defect in their application reflects negatively on the health of students currently and society in the future.

The main purpose of this research is to understand the role of digital marketing in the Public Telecommunications and Information Company by exploring its four dimensions (communication channels, social media, digital relations, and digital technologies) in enhancing its organizational attractiveness. The problem of the research, the company is struggling how to cover all consumer needs and preferences, comprehend their behavior, and set specific objectives to improve organizational attraction, whether to increase subscribers or enhance interactions with other companies. Digital marketing requires sustained time and effort for long-term success, which is why this research aims to provide a set of marketing mechanisms to address the problem, potentially through electronic platforms or social media. To achieve objective of the research, the descriptive-analytical approach was used. A questionnaire was the main tool used to collect data and information was distributed to a sample of the company\'s middle management leaders (119) in the Public Telecommunications and Information Company. the researchers employed a series of descriptive statistical techniques that included the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and simple regression coefficient by using the statistical program (SPSS. V.26). The results confirmed the significant impact of digital marketing on enhancing the leaders\' ability to increase organizational attractiveness, enabling them to execute their assigned activities and tasks more effectively.

Paper type: Research paper.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to discover the effect of supportive leadership on work stress in the Ministry of Iraqi Interior / Human Resources Management to achieve a happy life for its employees and hence achieve the desired level of performance.
Theoretical Framework: The current research deals with introducing the Ministry of Iraqi Interior / Human Resources Management to the latest developments in the administration field through supportive leadership style and work stress, as well as presenting the latest concepts, importance, and models that previous researchers have arrived at. It contributes to expanding the researched organization\'s awareness of adopting any of these models that are appropriate for their goals and future direction.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research analyses administrative data within the Ministry of Iraqi Interior / Human Resources Management (2023-2024), using the dimensions of supportive leadership (empowering employees, fairness of treatment, and inspirational motivation) and the dimensions of work stress (role ambiguity, role conflict, workload, and work nature). It will determine the factors affecting them.
Findings: The findings of this current research have approved the key effect hypothesis (supportive leadership style and its dimensions have a significant and negative impact on work stress and its dimensions).
Research Implications: The results most leaders of human resources in the under-study organization practice the dimension of fair treatment more than other dimensions (empowering employees, and inspirational motivation.
Originality/Value: This research seeks to enhance awareness of the importance of the negative role of a supportive leadership style on work stress. This research has dropped the knowledge gap between them and uses a framework that is compatible and harmonious to save the lives of the employees and at the same time increase organizational performance.

Purpose: The aim of the research is to activate the influence of strategic mind to enhance the principle of social responsibility in Dhi Qar Oil Company.
Theoretical Framework: Recent literature indicates a growing trend towards applying the principle of social responsibility, transforming it into a competitive strategy among organizations, especially when possessing strategic mind to devise implementation steps (Khouj, 2020:84).
Design/Methodology/Approach:We analyzed the literature and activities advocating for the implementation of the principle of social responsibility using the scale (Schwartz & Carroll, 2003:67) in various organizations. We also examined the impact of possessing a strategic mindset, as measured by (Pisapia et al., 2005:60), on achieving desired outcomes through local, regional, and international research and studies in this regard.
Results: The research findings indicate a significant direct positive relationship between strategic mind and social responsibility overall, particularly concerning the economic dimension. A set of recommendations was provided to rectify the nature of these variables in practice, in line with research trends.
Research, Practical & Social implications: We propose that organizations integrate the implementation of the principle of responsibility into their future strategies, considering it a competitive advantage to be achieved.
Originality/value: The results indicate that the application of the principle of social responsibility has begun to be implemented in organizations, especially those with a strategic vision derived from their strategic mind leaders, achieving levels of satisfaction and approval from stakeholders.
Research Type: Research Paper

Purpose: This research seeks to identify ethical leadership and sustainable performance from a theoretical perspective.
Theoretical Framework: Based on what researchers (Kyalo, 2019) reported, these organizations must adopt one of the leadership styles that helps them enhance their reputation from an ethical standpoint in the society within which they operate.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study analyses hospital data (2023-2024), using the ethical leadership model with its three components (justice, power sharing, and role clarification) in enhancing sustainable performance with its three components (social performance, economic performance, and environmental performance).
Findings: The results confirmed the existence of a vital role for ethical leadership in enhancing the sustainable performance of Al-Muqdadiya Hospital, and therefore the hypotheses of this research (main and subsidiary) were accepted.
Research Implications: The results confirm the need for Al-Muqdadiya Hospital to form a work team of leaders who are distinguished by ethical principles and adhere to them when carrying out the tasks and duties assigned to them, in a way that enhances their role in investing the resources available to the hospital when meeting the standards and indicators of sustainable performance that it seeks.
Originality/Value: This study confirms that modern business organizations of all types, as well as the sector in which they operate, need to strengthen their relationship with the environment in which they operate, due to the wide wave of environmental transformations, as well as the rapid changes that the world is witnessing, specifically in the ethical and social aspects.
JEL Classification: M10, M12, M15, M19.
Authors’ individual contribution: Conceptualization — A.H.A.I..; Methodology — A.H.A.I..; Formal Analysis — A.H.A.I..; Investigation — A.H.A.I.; Data Curation — A.H.A.I..; Writing —Original Draft — A.H.A.I..; Writing — Review & Editing — A.H.A.I.; Visualization — A.H.A.I.; Supervision — A.H.A.I.; Project Administration —A.H.A.I.
Declaration of conflicting interests: The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Purpose: Explaining the impact of comprehensive leadership in achieving organizational agility that contributes to achieving the desired goals and retaining competent cadres.
Theoretical framework: Achieving the primary goal, which is by defining the effect of inclusive leadership with its dimensions on organizational agility. The research investigated the extent to which comprehensive leadership contributes to enhancing organizational agility through employees’ ownership of the two concepts.
Design/methodology/approach: The descriptive-analytical method was adopted, and the data were analyzed to reach the results using SPSS V.26 software. The company registration department, a subsidiary of the General Company for Battery Industries, was chosen to represent the study population. Data was collected from 111 employees, including managers and employees, using a a questionnaire. It was analyzed using statistical methods such as arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and simple linear regression.
Findings: The higher level of managers adopting inclusive leadership, and organizational flexibility.
Research, practical & social implications: Promoting a culture within the organization that encourages proactiveness and interest in innovation. This can be achieved by encouraging the manager and employees to share new ideas and suggestions.
Originality/value: Describing contemporary administrative concepts that play a major role in improving the level of public services provided to citizens.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to create an interactive marketing model that aligns with the commercial development strategies of mobile phone operators in Iraq.
Theoretical framework: Recent literature has reported good results on the new design of the interactive marketing model that is compatible with the development of work in the Iraqi mobile phone companies in the research sample.
Design/methodology/approach: Mobile phone companies in Iraq (Asia Cell, Zain, Korek) were chosen as a field for the application, and a purposive research sample consisting of (35) people was chosen from the human resources of the aforementioned companies. Questions prepared for this purpose were adopted as a tool for obtaining data, while the (Atlas-ti) program was used. Statistician in entering and analyzing research data.
Findings: The volume of research has been increasing over the past 20 years, although there are only a few reference authors, institutions and journals contributing to the unification of topics. The researchers were able to design an interactive marketing model that simulates the environment and reality of mobile phone companies in Iraq.
Research, Practical & Social implications: We suggest a future research agenda by highlighting the contributions made to designing marketing models to suit the environment in which companies of various types operate.
Originality/value: Originality/value: The results indicated a proposal for a new interactive marketing model through which we hope to contribute to adding marketing services to companies operating in the Iraqi telecommunications sector.

Maximizing the effectiveness of the agricultural investment environment for all its basic inputs from the economic and human resources available in Iraq represents a qualitative breakthrough in the production of strategic crops, therefore, the research problem came from the weak production of strategic agricultural crops in Iraq in quantity and quality, due to the ineffectiveness of the agricultural investment environment, as a result of the lack of government support, the deterioration of the infrastructure of the agricultural sector, and a shortage of monetary capital, Finally, the scarcity of water resources, the problem was treated using the analytical method, thus, the research aims to demonstrate the importance of developing the agricultural investment environment and increasing government support and its impact on the production of strategic agricultural crops, the research concluded that Iraq possesses most of the basic inputs to the agricultural investment environment, but it lacks efficient management and optimal use, in addition to climate change, which has helped increase drought and desertification, the research also concluded that agricultural policy in Iraq includes obliging the investor to an agricultural plan in which the cultivated area is determined under the pretext of limited the capacity of the stores and the amount of strategic water storage despite Iraq’s need for strategic crops and thus the state’s attempt to meet the increasing demand for strategic crops t-hrough imports, which makes Iraq subject to the fluctuations of the global market and the depletion of hard currency, the researcher recommends efficient and optimal exploitation of natural, financial and human resources and keeping pace with scientific and technological progress in the production of strategic crops. In conclusion, the research included the deductive approach through the method of analytical description to advance the agricultural investment environment in Iraq.
Paper type: Research paper.

The research aims to analyze and measure the reality of the Iraqi economy for the period (2004-2021)by applying the concept of financial sustainability and its indicators on economic growth. The paper\'s problem lies in the weak implementation of financial sustainability and indicators in most financial decisions in Iraq, negatively impacting economic growth in most economic sectors in Iraq. The paper started from the hypothesis that the weak implementation of financial sustainability in most of Iraq has contributed to the weakness of economic growth. The validity of the hypothesis has been proven using a standard model known as the Multiple Regression Model (ARDL), the study has yielded several results, the most important being the inverse relationship between the budget deficit as an independent variable and economic growth as a dependent variable. The budget deficit reached (59%) of the \"gross domestic Product\" indicating a deviation from the 3% deficit defined by the Maastricht treaty to ensure deficit coverage. Iraq\'s deviation from this percentage will lead to a decrease in economic growth. The paper also revealed an inverse relationship between public debt as an independent variable and economic growth as a dependent variable due to Iraq\'s violation of the golden rule, which dictates allocating debt to the investment side rather than consumptive spending.

Paper type: Research paper.

The research aimed to find out the role of spending on education in alleviating poverty in Iraq for the period (2021_2004) and developing appropriate solutions to alleviate poverty, as well as the research sought to measure the role of spending on education in Iraq during the selected period of (2021_2004), based on the premise that although the percentage of current spending of public spending is large, the percentage of spending on education is small, so its contribution was weak in alleviating poverty in Iraq, As the spending on education in Iraq during the research period was affected by many shocks and critical and difficult conditions, the most important of which is the fluctuation of oil prices and the long wars against terrorism, as well as the Corona virus, all of this had an impact on oil prices and therefore public expenditures in Iraq are primarily related to oil prices because they are the first financier of public spending in Iraq, and the result is that what is directed to spending on education is little and did not contribute significantly to poverty alleviation in Iraq , Where the analytical method and the standard method were used in data analysis.

Paper type: Research paper

Purpose: The objective of this study was to aims to highlight the economic impacts of environmental and climate changes on both developed and developing countries, with a specific focus on Iraq\'s agricultural sector
Theoretical framework: The research dealt with environmental and climate changes and their effects on the agricultural sector in Iraq. The research problem revolves around the economic challenges facing Iraq, which revolve around the challenges of environmental and climate change, which exacerbate the problem of desertification, drought, and lack of water resources.
Design/methodology/approach: The researcher adopted the deductive approach and the analytical descriptive approach to study environmental and climate changes as experiences for selected countries in order to reach analyzes and conclusions related to them. The period (2004-2022) was chosen because this period witnessed confrontation with environmental and climate changes and the worsening of carbon emissions, global warming, desertification, and drought in Many countries of the world, including Iraq.
Findings: Environmental and climatic changes have a direct impact on the agricultural sector in Iraq, particularly amidst the challenges facing the global economy and food security. These changes pose an increasing threat to agricultural sectors worldwide, including in developing and Arab countries.
Research, Practical & Social implications: We propose a future research agenda and highlight environmental and climate changes and their impacts on the agricultural sector in Iraq.
Originality/value: The results indicate that the number of publications that addressed the impacts of environmental and climate change and their impacts on the agricultural sector.

Purpose: The research seeks to show the role of public spending policies in promoting GDP by stating the role of spending policy indicators in GDP during the research period.
Theoretical Framework: The research deals with many concepts related to the subject of the study, which are public spending and its policies, in addition to concepts related to public expenditure policy indicators. Also, the definition of GDP and its trends in the Iraqi economy.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Use the financial statements for the period (2004-2021) to knowing the trends of public spending in the Iraqi economy and to knowing the role played by analyzing the spending policies used by the government in directing public spending. In addition to analyzing GDP data and the role of public spending policies in promoting them
Findings: The results lead to knowing the role played by public spending in the GDP during the research period, as the researcher tries to reach a statement of the result of the direct relationship between public spending policies and GDP.
Research Implications: The results emphasize the increasing importance of integrating the current research variables in the formulation of expenditure policies that suit the Iraqi economy in line with strengthening the GDP in the future by directing spending to the productive sectors, which leads to increasing their contribution to the GDP.
Originality/Value: This study works to enhance awareness of the importance of directing public spending efficiently and effectively to ensure the achievement of its future goals, the most important of which is to enhance the gross domestic product.

Iraq is one of the prominent countries that used to have important industries and enjoyed consumer acceptance, competitiveness, and presence in regional and global markets. However, after 2003 and due to trade liberalization, there needed to be more in the structure of the Iraqi economy. This directly affected the reality of the Iraqi industrial sector, leading to the entry of goods and products from all over the world. With the increase in population and government expenditures, which relied on commodity imports to meet local needs, all aspects of industry in the country were eliminated. The importance of research lies in shedding light on the role of international trade (import and export) in global economies, highlighting the shortcomings in trade policy management, demonstrating the impact of trade openness on the industrial sector\'s contribution to economic development, and the need for realistic measures to rescue this vital sector from deterioration in Iraq.
Moreover, the research problem is based on the direct negative impact of trade liberalization policy on the reality of the industrial sector in the country. Increased reliance on foreign sources to meet local economic needs is attributed to the production apparatus\'s deficiencies, backwardness, and stagnation, rendering it unable to meet total domestic demand. The research aims to shed light on the role of foreign trade in global economies and to clarify the shortcomings in trade policy management, as well as the extent of the impact of trade liberalization on the reality of the industrial sector in achieving economic development. The research found that the industrial sector in Iraq was negatively affected throughout the period (2004-2022) due to the compulsory trade liberalization policy, which led to the shutdown of factories and plants because of the low prices of imported goods.
Paper type Research paper.

Iraq is one of the prominent countries that used to have important industries and enjoyed consumer acceptance, as well as competitiveness and presence in regional and global markets. However, after 2003 and due to trade liberalization, there was a general weakness in the structure of the Iraqi economy. This directly affected the reality of the Iraqi industrial sector, leading to the entry of goods and products from all over the world. With the increase in population and government expenditures, which relied on commodity imports to meet local needs, all aspects of industry in the country were eliminated. The importance of research lies in shedding light on the role of international trade (import and export) in global economies, highlighting the shortcomings in trade policy management, demonstrating the impact of trade openness on the industrial sector\'s contribution to economic development, and the need for realistic measures to rescue this vital sector from deterioration in Iraq. And the problem of the research is based on the direct negative impact of trade liberalization policy on the reality of the industrial sector in the country. Increased reliance on foreign sources to meet local economic needs is attributed to the deficiencies, backwardness, and stagnation of the production apparatus, rendering it unable to meet total domestic demand. The aim of the research is to shed light on the role of foreign trade in global economies and to clarify the shortcomings in trade policy management, as well as the extent of the impact of trade liberalization on the reality of the industrial sector in achieving economic development. The research found that the industrial sector in Iraq was negatively affected throughout the period (2004-2022) due to the compulsory trade liberalization policy, which led to the shutdown of factories and plants as a result of the low prices of imported goods.

Paper type Research paper.

The strategy of the Iraqi media network has faced a significant challenge during the recent decades due to instability resulting from the political and security conditions experienced by Iraq. This deeply impacts various aspects of life, especially the media industry. In light of these circumstances, the idea of evaluating the proposed strategy for the Iraqi media network has emerged.
The current research aims to study a crucial phase of strategic management, strategic evaluation, to assess the proposed strategy through data analysis, ensuring its implementation with minimal deviation from the planned course. The study focuses on studying and evaluating the proposed strategy for the Iraqi media network for the years 2024-2028, examining its effectiveness and alignment with the state\'s directions. That involves understanding the realism of strategic visions, plans, and programs and building a suitable conceptualization.
This research focuses on environmental conditions and relies on scientific foundations and steps to formulate and evaluate the strategy. We created a study of senior figures, including general managers and experts in the Iraqi Media Network, 15 of whom purposefully selected the experts most relevant to the strategy and those responsible for evaluating it.
The research hypothesis suggests a consensus among the network\'s managers and experts on the proposed strategy for the next five years in all its dimensions. The research results indicate that the reality of plans, programs, and visions is very good, developed by experienced leaders capable of evaluating the proposed strategy. The findings also demonstrate obvious acceptance of the strategy by the research sample and alignment with the proposed strategic alternative.

Research Type: Research Paper

The research aims to show the impact of structural imbalances in the main sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by testing the relationship in the short and long term between the variables of the structure of the main sectors of industry, agriculture, and mining, in addition to the price of oil as independent variables, and between the public budget expressed by 1990-2021. The results have resulted in a long-term relationship between the main sectors and the oil price and between the deficit and the surplus of the general budget with a negative correction factor of (-0.77) in order to return to the equilibrium situation in the short term and the long term, and the research reached a set of conclusions that the changing price of oil was not significant; in other words, it did not have a clear impact on the general budget. As for the agriculture sector, it has had a significant negative impact on the public budget in Saudi Arabia in the long term. The influence of both the mining sector and the industrial sector had a positive impact on the balance sheet. The research suggests that the government of the Kingdom should continue to implement the structural reforms adopted during the Kingdom\'s vision 2030 in diversifying the economic and production base and reducing dependence on oil revenues, which will positively reflect on its financial sustainability and raise the rates of non-oil gross domestic product.

Paper type: Research Paper

Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between
agriculture development and unemployment rate for the period of 1991-2-2022 in Iraq.
Theoretical framework: In the context of agricultural employment, agriculture is recognised as a crucial component of economic advancement and emphasises the significance of efficiently utilising all available resources, including human resources (Alsudani & Al-Hiyali, 2021). Moreover, the growth of agricultural and the unemployment rate have been used as two indicators to evaluate the significance of the agriculture sector(Jongerden et al., 2019).
Design/methodology/approach: In order to examine whether there exists a real correlation between unemployment rate and agriculture growth in Iraq, we utilize yearly secondary data and apply extensive methodology that includes unit root tests, correlation analysis, co-integration tests, and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach.
Findings: the results of emperical examinations highlight a negative relationship between agricultural growth and the unemployment rate; that is, as agriculture growth increases, so does the unemployment rate decrease.
Research, Practical & Social implications: The findings can provide insights for well-informed policy decisions and strategies to promote sustainable growth and employment generation in Iraq. In addition, for future research we suggest to include more macroeconomic variables in oreder to have intensive understanding real impacts of agriculture sector on economic growth and laboure force of countries.
Originality/value: The results document that the connection between both agriculture development and unemployment rate is not positive, it means that unemployment rate will decrease if growth in agriculture increase.

Degree of financial leverage refers to the percentage of bank assets financed through debt, which banks must employ to achieve returns and cover costs, as well as the availability of cash at maturity. Therefore, the problem of the study arises in how the indicators of leverage and cash liquidity affect the indicators of financial performance in the Iraqi banking sector. That is why the study aims to use econometrics to demonstrate the impact of leverage and cash liquidity on the financial performance indicators represented by return on assets (ROA) and net profit margin (NPM) for a sample of 38 conventional and Islamic banks for the period 2010-2022. The Dynamic Panel Data methodology was used to determine the relationship between variables, which combines time series and cross-sectional, precisely the generalized moment method (GMM). Results show that financial leverage negatively and significantly impacts ROA and NPM indicators in the total sample and Islamic and conventional banks, except for the positive relationship with ROA in conventional banks. The results also showed the positive impact of cash liquidity on ROA and NPM indicators in the total sample and Islamic and conventional banks, except for its negative impact on ROA indicators in conventional banks. The results also showed the negative impact of the cash credit (cash credit to total assets ratio) on ROA and NPM indicators in the total sample and Islamic and conventional banks.


Paper type: Research paper
Keywords: Financial leverage, Cash Liquidity, Banking Performance, Profitability, Panel Data, GMM.

Face recognition is a common technique for artificial intelligence and image processing in which machine-learning algorithms automatically recognize a person\'s face through a huge image collection or even from a live video since there is difficulty in detecting data when using different shots for the same person in a facial recognition system, it takes time to determine person\'s membership. Furthermore, when working with high-dimensional data, where the 2D-pixel values of facial images, can be computationally challenging, the face recognition problem gets harder, so the current research compares the dimensionality reduction techniques like the principal component analysis algorithm PCA, an unsupervised learning algorithm that reduces dimensions by moving them from a high-dimensional area to a lower area without losing important information, and the two-dimensional principal component analysis algorithm 2DPCA to determine which technique is most effective for the process of detecting facial images, and this method will be compared with the logistic regression which is a statistical model for face recognition that has been used for classification tasks. Two different sets of data were used, the first group represented the ORL database, which was made up of 40 individuals, while the second group represented the real data, which was made up of 100 individuals from AL-Mamoon College, the results showed that the logistic regression model achieved the lowest MSE for ORL dataset and real data by achieving (0.0024414, 0.091936) respectively, followed by 2DPCA and PCA and all three techniques reached the highest accuracy rate of 100% for facial image recognition on real data.

Paper type: Research paper

Noise, including Gaussian noise, distorts images during transition or acquisition process, reducing required information. Removing or reducing this noise is crucial in image processing. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a vital tool for enhancing our understanding of the universe, providing valuable scientific data and inspiring global interest. In this paper we introduce several nonlinear (Non-Local Mean, Bilateral, and classical) filters to remove the Gaussian noise from the Carina Nebula Image, the first image taken by (JWST) on 12 July 2022. These nonlinear filters were therefore selected to highlight the significance of selecting the right technique that can handle, process, and preserve as many details as possible. They also serve to elucidate the degree of advancement achieved in the field of denoising and the distinction between the classical filters and the more sophisticated filters that have evolved to handle finer details. Classic filters deal with the pixels themselves and their neighbors and then perform the desired statistical process. While advanced filters consider the similarities and distances between the central pixel and its neighbors, they preserve the edges of the image as advanced features. Based on quality measurements (PSNR) and (SSIM), the filter results were compared. The results show that the Bilateral filter gives high performance in restoring images under different Gaussian noise densities compared with the other denoising filters where it gives values of (30.65) and (0.93) for (PSNR) and (SSIM) respectively Which is higher than the results of the filters.

Paper type :Research paper.

Keywords: Image Denoising; Image Restoration; Gaussian Noise; Non-Local Mean Filter; Bilateral Filter, Classical Filter.

This paper, utilized the Restricted Partially Additive Regression Model to analyze air quality data in Baghdad governorate, with a focus on addressing multicollinearity issues among independent variables and outliers in the dependent variable. Through the implementation of classical estimators, ridge estimators, robust estimators, and the imposition of non-random constraints on the parametric parts of the model Through method of Robust Ridge-MM Estimator in Restricted Additive Partially Regression Model, the study aimed to assess the model\'s effectiveness in dealing with air pollution challenges during the summer season. Results obtained through the use of pre-built packages and algorithms in the R programming language indicated that integrating non-random constraints with robust estimators positively impacted the accuracy of estimating functions. Furthermore, certain variables, such as PM10 (airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter of up to 10 micrometres), were found to have a significant impact on air quality This is through the parameter values. Non-linear effects were observed for some non-parametric variables. The study highlights the importance of understanding the effects of air pollutants on public health and emphasizes the urgent need for quick solutions to mitigate these negative effects.

Paper type: Research paper.

Strategic planning for a specific phenomenon depends mainly on accurate prediction by developing a model to represent that phenomenon. Therefore, this research dealt with spatiotemporal series models such as the STARIMA model (pλ, d, qm) model when there is a spatial correlation for neighbouring sites and a spatial correlation for the same geographical location. The methods for estimating the parameters are the Conditional Maximum Likelihood method and the method of estimating the parameters using the genetic algorithm (MLEGA). These models were compared using the statistical comparison metrics (RMSE). The data represents the daily infections with the COVID-19 epidemic for (10) sectors on the Rusafa side of the city of Baghdad from 29/2/2020 until 25/4/2023; it was found that spatiotemporal series data consider the analysis of spatial relationships between geographic points, which allows for a better understanding of the development of phenomena across time and space. The applied results reached the superiority of the spatiotemporal model STARIMA (11,1,31) with the presence of spatial correlation of neighbouring sites using the genetic algorithm because it has a lower (RMSE), so it was used to predict the daily infections of the Covid-19 epidemic for (10) sectors on the Rusafa side of the city of Baghdad For the period from 26/2/2020 until 5/5/2023.
Paper type :Research paper.

This study investigates to shed light on artificial intelligence techniques, specifically the genetic algorithm, to improving traditional solutions, as well as finding the best policy for the problem of probabilistic inventory with continuous review by finding the optimal reorder point and the optimal economic quantity to avoid the risk of stock out (shortage), reduce total costs, and reach the optimal solution with little time and effort. The research was conducted in the stores of the department of pharmacy of the Ninawa health department for the period from January 1, 2021, to January 1, 2023, on a sample of three drugs (most demanded drugs). An analysis of the demand data for the study sample was conducted using the statistical program (SPSS Statistics Version 22) to determine the type of inventory. it was found that the type of inventory is probabilistic and the demand data follows a normal distribution. Based on this foundation, the mathematical model for the study problem was built. Given the complexity of the steps and iterations of the traditional solution, the solution steps were applied using the R programming language to reach the model's solution. Additionally, the solution steps were programmed for the genetic algorithm and applied using the R programming language. The results of the genetic algorithm showed an improvement in the traditional solution results by reducing total costs. Based on the results of the genetic algorithm, the economic order quantity, safety stock, reorder period, and safety period were found.

Paper type: Research Paper

The banking sector is one of the important sectors in Iraq, and the last stage witnessed the emergence of several private banks in the competition market, and in order to determine the efficiency of existing banks, the resources available to government and private banks were analyzed and compared with two international banks to determine their efficiency ratios for the surveyed banks using data envelopment analysis, the research problem was diagnosed in the lack of interest in measuring the efficiency of banks by exploiting the resources available to maximize profits, the aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of the banks studied according to the direction of outputs and to conduct continuous analysis of the results in order to come up with recommendations that contribute to improving the banking sector. The research focused on the direction of increasing outputs with constant inputs in order to maximize returns. The( Deap2.1) data analysis program was used, and the research adopted data for 2022 to measure efficiency. For 22 banks operating in Iraq (governmental and private) and two banks outside iraq, the variable volume returns (VRS) model was used, and the most prominent results achieved were the achievement of banks The following banks (Rasheed, industrial, TBI, Al-Ahli, Asia, National,trans-Iraq, Jordanian capital, Lloyds Banking Group London) achieved high efficiency100% as they used their resources optimally. The investment bank achieved 90.8%, which is a good percentage, with the ability to benefit from the expertise of industrial and national banks, Jordanian capital, and Lubd's Banking Group London to reach 100% efficiency in 2022.


Paper Type : Research Paper

In this paper, we discuss estimating the parameters of the restricted gamma ridge regression model by combining gamma ridge regression with restricted maximum likelihood. The characteristics of the new estimator and its superiority over the restricted gamma ridge regression estimator and restricted maximum likelihood will be identified, using several formulas for the shrinkage factor k, and it will also be Using the Monte Carlo simulation method to generate data that suffers from the problem of multicollinearity with different sizes (n=25,50,100,250) in light of other influential factors (degree of correlation, number of explanatory variables), and subjecting the parameters to linear restrictions, to get rid of the problem of multicollinearity in light of the subjection of the parameters to the model has linear constraints and the model parameters will be estimated using four estimation methods that rely on the mean square error (MSE) as a standard for comparison between the estimation methods, Through the results of the simulation experiment it was shown that the compound estimator method is the best way to estimate the parameters of the finite gamma regression model .

Paper type : Research paper

The multiple linear regression analysis shows the effects of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. Its function is to represent data to understand the shape and nature of the relationship between explanatory variables and the response variable. One of the main problems faced by linear regression is the nature of the data, as sometimes it does not follow a normal distribution. This has led to the emergence of different types of linear regression models such as the beta regression model, where the data of the dependent variable is less than one and confined within the period (0,1), and the data is relative and decimal. Non-traditional methods will be used to estimate beta regression parameters because some traditional methods do not provide suitable and accurate results when dealing with one of the main problems encountered in regression, which is multicollinearity. To address this issue, we used some methods include The Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), ridge regression, modified Liu, and Ozkale and Kaciranlar method. Shrinking parameters are proposed for each method, and a comparison between the methods is conducted using the Mean Squared Error comparison criterion through a simulation experiment with two approaches, the simulation results showed that the ridge regression method is the best for the first and second methods of simulation.

Paper type Research Paper

In this paper defining modified extension Weibull distribution, reliability function and hazerd function, we explain the maximum likelihood method under type one censoring sample. The censored samples play an important role in reliability analysis .In this paper we estimate and derived modified extension Weibull distribution whith three parameters under the censored samples type one by maximum likelihood estimation method depend on Newton-Raphson method. Then we applied simulation procedure using Monte-Carlo technique to estimate reliability function under different samples sizes and various initial values for the parameters for all estimated parameters of modified extension Weibull model by used MATLAB program. Finally we find the probability density function f(t), reliability function R(t),and hazard function h(t) for real data which get it from (Diyala province Company) is one of the formations of the Ministry of Industry and Minerals.

Paper type: Research paper

The ability of the economic unit to continue is one of the basic assumptions for preparing financial statements. Therefore, users of these statements need to have a clear image of the unit’s performance and financial situation and to ensure that there is no indicator warning of financial distress. For example, there is a conflict of interest between the unit’s shareholders on the one hand and the management on the other hand. Therefore, this research seeks to study the effect of the difference in the nature of the ownership structure on the going concern of economic units. The research is based on the hypothesis that each type of ownership structure has a negative impact on the going concern unit. The research selected five economic units listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange from the service sector as a sample for the research. Data is collected for the period extending from 2011-2021. The research used the survey method to measure the ownership structure and applied a Kida Model to measure going concern. The most significant results of the research are a negative effect of institutional ownership, concentrated ownership, and management ownership on the going concern of the unit, In contrast, the effect is positive for both government ownership and family ownership, and foreign ownership has no effect.
Paper type: Research paper