political issues

The research sheds light on the institutional structure of Iraqi federalism, which faces many challenges as it is an experiment that is still incomplete and in continuous development, under relatively unstable political, economic, and societal conditions that are likely to occur with risks. Federal institutions operate under a complex security circumstance, fragile national unity, and an economic situation. Critical, and the absence of a previously federal and democratic culture, and there is no standard that can be used to evaluate the work of federal institutions, because every federal experience is a unique experience in itself. Not to mention the unbalanced relationship between the federal government and the regional governments, which was established by the Iraqi Constitution of 2005. What strained the political process and threatened the stability of Iraq was the process of distributing power among the various Iraqi components and the approach to political containment, which led to the complexity of the federal decision-making process and challenged the status of government institutions.
On the other side, there is the Kurdistan region, with its broad decentralized political powers. which has asymmetric relations with the federal government, and works to strengthen its independence. It applies the articles of the 2005 Constitution and violates it at the same time in order to assert its interests and control the affairs of the region, and to prevent the federal government from having any effective role in Issues of the borders of the Kurdistan Region and Kirkuk and the control and management of oil resources. Despite the presence of all these problems, we see the role of the Federal Supreme Court as effective in settling disputes and resolving conflicts between the federal government and the regional government through a set of binding decisions that corrected the course of political action and contributed to resolving the outstanding problems, especially those Related to oil resources management.

The southern issue in Yemen represents a multiple set of legal, political, economic, military, social and cultural effects and issues that the people of the southern governorates were exposed to after the establishment of Yemeni unity in 1990 between the two countries of Yemen. These demands were discussed at the Yemeni National Dialogue Conference held in 2013 with the participation of representatives of the southern movements and Yemeni political parties. This research explores the contexts in which the southern issue negotiations took place in the Yemeni National Dialogue Conference and analyzes the elements of the negotiating process that were adopted in this context. The current research also seeks to study the patterns of negotiations that characterized the negotiations on the southern issue in the National Dialogue Conference, reveals the negotiation tactics used by the negotiators during the sessions and period of the conference. The results of the current research revealed a diversity of negotiation patterns in the southern issue, between the principled pattern in the first half of the dialogue, and the solid pattern in the second half of the dialogue, which witnessed sharp tensions between the various negotiating parties. The results of the study also revealed that the Yemeni negotiators used many negotiation tactics, especially the fixation tactic, the bogeyman, the specific time, summoning a higher authority, and the exaggerated presentation tactic, whether they used these tactics according to knowledge or spontaneously. The study concluded that the negotiators were able to reach a consensus formula for the southern issue that represents the minimum commonalities between the political parties in Yemen, which was reflected in the final document of the comprehensive National Dialogue Conference, which was signed by most of the political parties participating in the National Dialogue Conference.

The process of rebuilding the Iraqi political system after the change in 2003 was not an easy process, and it was not without many political, social and economic challenges, internal and external, as it was subject to ethnic, party-component tensions, so that these ethnic groups played a not insignificant role in the process of rebuilding the political system, and had a head start. In forming its institutions, the nature of its structure, functions and directions, and bringing it into the form it is today, after adopting consensual democracy and party quotas as a form of government, Which in turn led to the strengthening of traditional value ties, and a tendency towards subsidiary loyalties at the expense of national identity, which strengthened its dominance and consolidated its influence over the political system and its institutions and all its apparatuses. Starting with the Transitional Governing Council, which was established to represent these ethnic groups until the present time, the subsidiary loyalties, behaviors and trends have governed Blocs, parties, and all state executive, legislative, and judicial institutions, This negatively affected the process of rebuilding the political system that includes all components of society without discrimination, and placed it facing major challenges that may threaten its existence from within, and expose it to collapse and collapse if it continues in its negative form

Ukraine occupies a sensitive position of great importance in the Russian and American perception, as it is the largest dividing country between Russia and the Western alliance ، The West aspires to include Ukraine in European integration and partnership processes to reduce Russia’s influence and tighten control over it, at the same time that Russia opposes the West’s influence reaching its immediate neighbourhood ، It cannot leave Ukraine to become part of the Western security and economic system, as it considers Ukraine a region of interests and a strategic fortress that isolates it from the West .
Studying the motives motivating the Ukrainian war requires discussing the characteristics and characteristics that characterize Ukraine, as well as the broader framework of its position in Russian and American strategic visions ، By clarifying Ukraine's strategic importance to Russia and the United States and their respective positions on the Ukrainian war.

Good governance plays an important role in building a person and a state. Political systems that are capable of preserving the basic values of individuals, such as justice, freedom, and equality, ensure the building of a strong state in all economic, social, political, administrative, and legal aspects, as building strong legal institutions helps to establish a pattern of governance characterized by legitimacy. By the people and can achieve sustainable development, there is a direct relationship between them, and sustainable development cannot be separated from good governance, as it is not possible to reach high levels of sustainable development without a high and sublime level of good governance.
The success or failure of any country's efforts to enhance the level of sustainable development is closely linked to the nature and level of good governance, and the latter constitutes the establishment of a sound environment for economic, social and human development.
Implementing good governance is no longer a voluntary issue, but rather a necessity to meet the requirements and interests of all relevant parties. It enhances the process of social harmony and justice, provides room for creativity and excellence, provides a level of legitimacy in the local community, and achieves a level of efficiency and cooperation among individuals and municipalities to create a supportive social environment.

The aim of this research is to reveal the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the security and economy of European countries, by shedding light on the reasons behind this war, the security and economic effects and repercussions that resulted from it, and its repercussions on European countries, by following the method of content analysis and the historical approach, And systems analysis approach. The research reached several results, the most important of which is that the Russian-Ukrainian war was the result of the expansionist policies practiced by NATO countries in Eastern Europe, which posed a direct threat to Russian national security. The most important security repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war were represented by both the return of conventional war risks to the European continent, and the increase in nuclear risks. The Russian-Ukrainian war also had serious repercussions on all aspects of the European economy, as it witnessed a decline in growth rates, a sharp decline in levels of dealing in financial markets, and a decline in the volume of investments, in exchange for an increase in the prices of energy and food products. These risks will increase if Russia cuts off... Its exports of energy resources and basic food products to European countries, which will cause a severe shock that will affect all sectors of the European economy and all aspects of citizens’ lives.

Japan exercises an influential role in the regional arena through its proper use of the elements of power it possesses, especially in the economic aspect, as it is one of the largest economies in the world, as it contributes widely to trade and investment regionally and internationally. As for the political and leadership aspect, where it works to promote regional peace through active diplomacy with... Neighboring countries, in addition to its active membership in many regional and international organizations. As for the technological aspect, Japan is considered one of the leading and developed countries in terms of expertise and institutions skilled in innovation, in addition to the desire of the senior leadership to play a pivotal role in the continent. However, this role faces a number of challenges that stem from Japan itself and from the transformations taking place in the regional arena.

The establishment of the political system on a clear and specific institutional system is among the most prominent components of the democratic political system, as institutionalizing the political system makes its performance more capable of meeting the needs and requirements of individuals in society, due to the values that are generated from institutionalizing the system. Political, which is reflected in the thought and practice of the ruling political elites and members of society alike.
Although more than two decades have passed since the democratic transition in Iraq, the Iraqi political system still suffers from the weakness and fragility of its democratic institutions, and this weakness and fragility has been consolidated in the performance of the political system and the system of values issued by it toward society. This, in turn, strengthened traditional values, weakened the rule of law, caused public policy lag, and replaced the system of mediation, nepotism, and political, financial, and administrative corruption with the system of competence, experience, and merit in managing the affairs of the Iraqi state and granting public positions.

The terrifying consequences of structural adjustment applications have not prevented drawing lessons learned from the danger of complying with the conditions of international financial institutions, as the literal commitment of the Maghreb countries to the "teachings" of these institutions has not helped to overcome the chronic malfunctions of Public Administration. The study aims to highlight the contexts of the development of the relationship of the Maghreb countries with the international financial institutions and their fate, based on the descriptive analytical approach in order to monitor the mechanisms of influence of donors in rearranging the priorities of Public Management, and to indicate the nature of the effects on public policies in the countries under study. The study concludes that the chronic dependence of donors not only affects the social aspect in light of the worsening indicators of poverty, privation and lack of protection, but also affected the identity of the public administration in the face of the continuous dismantling of the public sector and the imposition of priorities that respond to external bets more than meet national needs

The study conducted a comparative analysis of the lending patterns of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and China towards developing countries. This was done by applying comparative approach focusing on three key indicators: the strategies, policies adopted by each model, and the outcomes of applying these policies, to discover whether China can act as a viable alternative to the IMF or not, especially amid escalating criticisms towards the IMF due to its conditionalities and negative impacts within developing countries.
Despite China's diverse lending instruments, it cannot be solely relied upon by developing countries for financing development processes. Concerns have arisen regarding the debt sustainability, coupled with a lack of transparency concerning terms, interest rates, and maturity dates. Moreover, a link has been identified between lending policies and the risks of acquiring natural resources and assets in debtor countries in case of non-repayment, as exemplified in the case of Sri Lanka.
The study also revealed that China's competition with other creditors, such as the IMF, added complexity to the lending landscape in terms of loan conditions. This competition contributes to the fragmentation of the global financial system, complicates debt restructuring efforts as was demonstrated in Zambia.

The armed conflict in Sudan has not left the history of the state, but what distinguishes this conflict is that it launched a second wave of attempts to split the unity of the state, and perpetuated the absence of a state of political, economic and social stability, in addition to placing the future of the state in a state of open war and chaos from which it may not recover, especially The conflict is the result of a vicious circle between the fragility of the state and the pursuit of power according to the calculations of war, which characterizes the political and military forces involved in the conflict, and this in itself is a scene that revives chaos and leads to its sustainability.
What also reinforces this scene is that each party to the conflict did not realize the importance of the state and that the state of war is the human and material destruction of its components, for the simple reason that the state is collapsed from the ground up, as there is no function that it can perform, but rather it is helpless in the face of any attempt to survive, which necessitated The parties seek to pursue the goal of defeating the other militarily, in light of the difficulty of integration in the face of the state of asymmetry between the army on the one hand and the Rapid Support Forces on the other hand, and in light of the absence of national accounts, and the absence of achieving the criteria of victory and defeat in the true sense.

The study of the role of political and administrative decentralization in the work of local governments in Iraq after 2005 is of importance in promoting the transition towards an effective political and administrative system that enhances democracy and achieves the aspirations of citizens at the local level. By understanding how to apply decentralization concepts, local governments can achieve inclusiveness in providing basic services and effectively enhance community participation. In a way that shows that local governments play a vital role in promoting decentralization and ensuring its application on the ground, which contributes to enhancing stability and achieving sustainable development at the local level. Identifying the challenges and opportunities that Iraq faces in this context can contribute to strengthening the role of local governments in the transition towards a more effective and comprehensive administrative system.

This study seeks to address the phenomenon of asylum in developing countries in the Middle East region by applying it to Sudanese refugees in the Egyptian state. The paper seeks not only to study the policies of the receiving countries towards refugees, but also to study the interaction between those policies and the practices of other actors associated with the management of refugee affairs and the practices of the refugees themselves as actors, and the impact of this on rereading the citizen-nation-territory axis on which the concept of sovereignty is based. In this context; Many researchers from various fields such as political science, anthropology, urban studies, and others argue to present the refugee as an actor with ability and action who can change and face the challenges imposed on him on the one hand and present alternative political perceptions collectively or individually, which are in fact changes that transcend political and cultural boundaries. and the social nature of the nation-state. Therefore, the paper discusses that in the face of the official policies of exclusion imposed by the Egyptian state on the spaces of Sudanese refugees and dealing with them from a security perspective only, the refugees do not stand as a passive actor, but rather try to produce means and practices of resistance in order to secure their minimum rights, and in the midst of that interaction between the state’s policies towards... Refugees, the practices of refugees, and other actors involved in managing their affairs produce other alternative patterns of sovereignty that challenge the sovereignty of the receiving state, and thus generate the effectiveness of refugees to confront the state of exception imposed on them by the state and the impact of this on the concept of state sovereignty.

The issue of climate change is a decisive issue and the most urgent and important to "the international community in the current era، due to the serious future impacts and repercussions that climate change may cause، not the least of which is the drying up of some rivers، the drowning of vast parts of coastal areas، and the changing map of agricultural production areas. In the world، international environmental organizations have issued severe warnings about the deterioration of the global climate، warning of danger to alert the unwary that this deterioration could have horrific repercussions as a result of the increase in carbon gases

The cooperative sector is one of the pillars that many countries rely on. The importance of the cooperative sector lies in its ability to become complementary to the public (government) sector, due to its direct impact on the economic and social aspects as a primary source contributing to eliminating unemployment, improving the standard of living, and providing public services to its members in particular and to the society in general. As for the situation in Iraq and what the Iraqi cooperative sector possesses, it would have a profound impact if it takes its natural role. The research aims to identify the extent of the cooperative sector's contribution to the economic, social, and even political advancement of the Iraqi society. The descriptive method was used in the research to study the case. The research concluded the necessity for decision-makers to adopt the cooperative thought within national policies and work on developing cooperative legislation and laws, as well as studying the cooperative reality in Iraq in order to assess and analyze the current situation with the aim of identifying strengths, weaknesses, and available opportunities.

Since the 1970s, strategic culture has imposed its cultural personality on specialists and theorists in the intellectual arena, and has struggled with the new realism, leaving an impact on the thought of specialists and some realist theorists, as some of them lined up with it to touch them to fill the gaps that occurred and were not addressed by the new realism. This, and the strategic culture did not leave its theorists without intellectual friction, especially in the literature of its generations, which made its growth and maturity healthier than its predecessors, to be a competitor and some say an alternative to realism, especially when they stood on its philosophy in defining and understanding the behavior of countries

This research sheds light on the topic of "social accountability", which is considered one of the most prominent relatively recent topics, and which is of vital importance in the life of contemporary human societies. The primary objectives of this study are to: defining social accountability; Explaining its mechanisms and tools and their relationship to government accountability; Explaining its developmental and political importance. Identifying its active parties; And standards and indicators for evaluating the accountability system in general. In order to achieve these objectives, the research draws upon the, approach or theory “manager and the rational agent” as the basis for its discussions and scientific analyses. The study arrives at several significant conclusions, most notably that "Social Accountability", as a concept, represents a form of informal public accountability grounded in a participatory social approach. This approach serves to enhance and complement governmental public accountability, without substituting or supplanting it. In terms of significance, Social Accountability is of paramount importance, as it plays a decisive role in strengthening the relationship between the government and civil society, combating corruption and the abuse of power, and enhancing developmental outcomes.

Peace building is a process that involves investigating the deep causes of conflict by rebuilding the infrastructure as a whole. Peace building does not only address the remnants of Wars and Conflicts , but also addresses the causes that led to the outbreak of conflict. The Study of Peace building concludes that Peace building attempts include encouraging and developing Structural Conditions, attitudes, and patterns of political behavior that may allow for stable, peaceful, and ultimately prosperous Social and Economic prosperity. It is worth mentioning that there are four main headings related to peace building: providing Security, establishing the Social and Economic foundations for long-term peace, establishing the political framework for long-term peace, and generating reconciliation, which means healing the wounds of war and establishing justice.Accordingly, the Research attempts to define the boundaries of competencies Between the laws of war & peace building in light of Human Security through Three Axes in addition to the introduction and Conclusion.

The study addressed the limitation of the Saudi-Iranian agreement on the conflict in Yemen, which has been signed on 10 March 2023. This agreement is deeply important for the Saudi and Iran relations that may be a step to their rapprochement as well as for the Arab region, particularly in this period due to the Saudi-Iranian relations interruption since 2016 and the context of Arab region that many events have taken place since 2011 which was known as Arab spring. As far as Yemeni conflict is concerned which is still ongoing, many questions emerged as to whether the agreement might have positive effects on the conflict in Yemen or not?
Questions like these to be answered, The limitation of agreement whether the level of the Saudi and Iran or the level of the international alliances context should be studied, as well as Yemeni conflict that related to the actors and conflict issues, and this will explain the limitation of the Saudi-Iranian agreement on the conflict in Yemen.

This research addresses the outputs of contemporary Islamic political jurisprudence in terms of analysis, inference and abstraction tools, as well as the difference in the topics of this jurisprudence compared to what it was in the medieval times, taking into consideration that Islamic political jurisprudence as a whole is the result of a mentality governed by text, experience and the political, social, and economic reality experienced. The development of this jurisprudence has been observed from the perspective of the research methods used (deductive approach), as new methods have been introduced in the interpretation of Islamic texts, especially Western cognitive methods, in addition to the development in the topics addressed by contemporary Islamic political jurisprudence.

In this research, I discussed the position of the Shiite religious authority in Iraq on the Palestinian issue since its beginning in the 1930s, through its most important events and transformations in the second half of the twentieth century, all the way to the current events that Gaza witnessed in 2023. The religious authority had a firm position in supporting the independence of the Palestinian people and supporting their struggle to resist the occupiers, despite the various religious authorities who took turns confronting the authority and who declared jihad against the occupiers and providing all available aid to the Palestinians to ensure the achievement of their goal and their liberation. The research problem is: “Was the position of the Shiite religious authority on the Palestinian issue a fixed position stemming from religious and humanitarian motives, or was it subordinate to the political positions adopted by the ruling regimes...” In this research, we reached a set of conclusions, including that the position of the Shiite religious authority is a fixed religious ideological position on the Palestinian issue that is not affected by authority or events, and this is proven by the fixed positions of the authority on the events of Palestine over the course of a century.

The events of the Al-Aqsa Tempest fall within the realm of complex and purposeful military operations, allowing the Palestinian resistance to strike deep into the Zionist entity. It exposed the entity's weaknesses and undermined the confidence of Israeli citizens in their authorities. The enormous impact of this operation on both the political and economic fronts continues to afflict the Zionist entity months after the event, with its repercussions potentially lingering for years. This necessitates a reevaluation of the aggressive policies it has long pursued.

There are points of agreement and disagreement that combine the Western and Islamic concepts regarding the term good governance and its essence. They both emphasize that (participation, accountability, achieving justice and equality among all individuals) are basic standards for good governance, but they differ on the meaning of democracy (as the frame of reference for good governance).
Iraqi Islamic political forces and parties able to rise to the level of the main player in building good governance in Iraq in accordance with international standards of good governance? Is the presence of these forces and parties’ commitment to these standards strong or weak?
Accordingly, the study examined the extent of commitment of Iraqi Islamic political forces and parties (Al Sadr Movement and Al-Hikma National Movement as an example) commitment to the standards of good governance as they are an important part of the Iraqi political system.
In order to prove this hypothesis, the study addressed the following topics:
First: The emergence and establishment of the traditional Iraqi Islamic parties.
Second: Al Sadr movement and the standards of good governance.
Third: Al-Hikma National Movement and standards of good governance.
Finally, the study reached a set of conclusions and proposals, the most prominent of which is the belief that good governance cannot be achieved without reform, and the latter includes national reconciliation, and the adoption of reform programs that take into account priorities in achieving the demands of the people, in addition to legislating laws that are required by the country’s interest, which still ranges between the executive and the legislative authority

The researcher deals with the importance of the Middle East from a geopolitical perspective for the world powers, and the most important conflicts in contemporary international issues in our modern era, and aims to show the reality and role of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The future of the Palestinian cause in light of weakness and the Arab state of laxity. By following different research methods "descriptive analytical based on analysis and conclusion, investigation and descriptionIt concluded that the Middle East complex lies in a geopolitical struggle between colonial powers and great powers. The United States is part of the Palestinian problem because of the clear bias towards Israel and its political, economic and military support. Arab weakness negatively affects the Palestinian position. The effectiveness of student movements in Western universities. Official and popular public opinion sympathized with the Palestinian narrative and cause. Islam is the only threat to the world order" factorization. The war on Gaza has weakened the paths of normalization. The case was reinstated to be among the priorities of the international community. The study came out with some recommendations, the most important of which is to end the Palestinian-Palestinian division