MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

This study evaluated the amount of apical debris, using hand, rotary ProTaper instruments, and rotary ProFile instruments. Forty five of mandibular premolars with single root were randomly divided into three groups. The teeth in all groups were instrumented until reaching the working length, with ProFile, rotary ProTaper and hand PrpTaper instruments. Debris extruded from the apical foramen was collected into preweighed polyethylene vials and the extruded irrigant was evaporated. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by comparing the pre-and post instrumentation weight of polyethylene vials for each group. All instruments tested produce a measurable amount of debris, a statistically significant difference was observed between ProTaper instruments and ProFile group in term of debris extrusion (P < 0.001). Although ProTaper rotary extruded a relatively higher amount of debris, no statistically significance difference was observed between this type and the ProTaper hand instruments (P > 0.05).

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of using two different demineralizing agents on the micro-leakage of different retro-grade filling, the sealing ability of the MTA, & to compare the sealing ability of the three different retro-grade fillings.
Seventy roots were selected, & the canals then instrumented utilizing crown down technique using pro-taper rotary files. All roots were obturated with non standardized gutta-percha master cones using the lateral condensation technique, apical root resections were made & root-end cavities were prepared.
The prepared roots were randomly divided into seven experimental groups with 10 specimens in each; three groups demineralized by 17% EDTA, each group of them was filled with different retrograde filling materials either MTA , Resin-modified glass ionomer cement, or amalgam. The other three groups were demineralized by 35% phosphoric acid & each group of them was filled with the same different retrograde filling materials. The seventh group which is the control was filled with MTA without demineralization agent. The specimens were then placed in 2% methylene blue solution at (37°C, & pH 7) for 72 hours. To evaluate the depth of dye penetration, each root was sectioned longitudinally in a crown-apex direction. Linear dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope.
Statistical analysis of the results revealed that the MTA had less leakage than the amalgam & the glass ionomer cement, & the difference was highly significant (p>0.01) for EDTA. In addition, the using of phosphoric acid had higher leakage than EDTA for MTA & GIC groups , however, the difference was non significant (p>0.05).
MTA retro-filling material had better sealing ability than other materials used and the demineralizing agents may have effect on the quality of the micro-leakage.

This in vitro study evaluated the influence of chemomechanical caries removal solution on the surface topography of metal-ceramic feldspar porcelain (MAJOR ceramic) and All-ceramic feldspar porcelain (Vita Alpha) using light polarizing microscope. Forty specimens of MAJOR ceramic and forty specimens of Vita Alpha ceramic of (12mm diameter & 3mm height) were prepared .All specimens were polished with silicon polishing burs, cleaned, autoglazed and stored in 37°C before exposure to Carisolv. Thirty specimens of each material randomly exposed to Carisolv gel for 5, 10 and 20 minutes respectively, other ten specimens were not, to act as control group. All specimens were subjected to surface roughness test by profilometer and evaluated using light polarizing microscope. ANOVA and student t-test were used to analyze the surface roughness values.
Different exposure times of modified Carisolv gel showed highly significant difference compared to control (P<0.001).Surface treatment with modified Carisolv gel for 20 minutes resulted in the highest surface roughness. Metal-ceramic feldspar porcelain (MAJOR ceramic) showed high surface roughness than all ceramic feldspar porcelain (Vita Alpha), however, the difference is statistically not significant (P>0.05).
Different exposure times of modified Carisolv gel affect the surface roughness of dental ceramic materials differently. This study showed major influence on surface topography after exposure to modified Carisolv gel for 20 minutes on dental ceramics MAJOR and Vita Alpha.

Dental caries is a significant public health problem for a large segment of society. Blind people have been described as those who encounter more visual barriers to the receipt of dental care than other people. They may have greater problems accessing dental care or may be at increased risk from dental disease or its treatment.
The present study was conducted to assess the caries prevalence, traumatic injuries, levels of oral hygiene and treatment need, in a group of 58 blind children aged (6-15) years. The results were compared with a control group of 58 age and sex matched normal children. The data were collected using the methods and standards recommended by the WHO for oral health survey, 1997.
A highly significant difference between study and controls concerning DMFT and dmft, dental caries was higher among normal students compared to blind one. Where as traumatized teeth were higher among blind compared to normal students with a significant difference, a highly significant difference was seen on comparing between blind and normal students concerning plaque and gingival index, while a significant difference was seen for calculus index, one surface filling was needed by 25.9% of 58 control subjects, while only 5.2% of study group needed this type of treatment, less than 7% of the control group required pulp treatment, while 25.9% needed pulp care in the study group.
The findings of this study demonstrate that blind subjects have a low prevalence of dental caries, poor oral hygiene, and extensive unmet need for dental treatment. This highly alarming situation requires immediate attention.

To determine the face type of young Iraqi adults in Mosul city and to find out the possible relationship of the face form in frontal and lateral planes.
The sample subjects were normal class I molar and canine relationship, all subjects were following special criteria. The sample included: 60 Iraqi young adults (30 males and 30 females), aged (18-25) years. All subjects were radiographic with lateral and frontal cephalometric and the films were traced. The tracing is done including the external and internal contour of cranium, pituitary fossa, nasomaxillary complex and the mandible and it's out lie. The result was subjected to the descriptive statistics, to T-student test and to chi-square test to investigate the sex difference of facial type and means between the two sexes.
All the linear measurements are significantly differ with the males having the large value. From the lateral view, the majority of the sample (60,9%) having mesofacial type with no significant difference between the two sexes, followed by dolichofacial type (34,4%) with the females having significantly large value than males, and the least brachyfacial type (4,7%) with the females having significantly large value.
From the frontal view, the majority of the sample (84, 4%) having leptoprosopic type with no significant difference, followed by mesoprosopic type (15, 6%) with the females having significantly large value than males.
The most frequent facial pattern, of this present sample in lateral view is mesofacial followed by dolichofacial and the least is brachyfacial, while in frontal view is leptoprosopic followed by mesoprosopic type. There is good correlation between facial type in frontal and lateral planes.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum aqueous extracts and ethanol extracts on different type of dental plaque microorganisms. Screening study was performed to detect the potential antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, S. mutans, Lactobacillus and dental plaque pool samples. From the screening test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were determined. The lowest MIC value was 25 mg/ml of aqueous and 12.5 mg/ml of ethanol extract for S. aureus. The highest MIC values were seen in dental plaque anaerobic pool samples with 300 mg/ml of aqueous extract and 150 mg/ml of ethanol extract. The MIC values for aqueous extracts ranged from 25 to 300 mg/ml where as ethanol extract ranged from 12.5 to 150 mg/ml. The high concentration of ethanol extract, 100 mg/ml in the fixed plant concentration test showed the most inhibition effect for all the organisms tested. Generally, the Cinnamomum zeylanicum ethanol extracts demonstrated a stronger antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extract. This study also compares the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine with the plant extracts but chlorhexidine showed a higher antibacterial effect on the microorganisms where almost all organisms inhibited The morphological structures of S. mutans Lactobacillus were observed under SEM before and after treatment with Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts and chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash. This study did not detect any physical changes occurring in shapes and structures of the bacteria after treatment with Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts. The scanning electron micrograph of bacteria after treatment with chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash showed visible changes in the shapes and structures of the bacteria. Cinnamomum zeylanicum present promising antibacterial properties which could be used to inhibit dental plaque formation

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the maxillary arch dimensions in a selected sample of Iraqi children from Baghdad city at the mixed dentition stage, aged 8 – 9 years. Measurements were picked out from 50 study models for the whole selected sample using Auto sketch computerizing program, then The data collected were subjected to a statistical analysis. The results show that the mean values of maxillary arch dimensions of Iraqi children represent a median between North American and Indian samples. The mean values for both maxillary arch lengths and widths for the children of the present study shows lower values than that estimated from previous Iraqi studies done on older age groups, the findings of this study can be used as a basis for future Iraqi studies in other cities of Iraq rather than the capital for the same age group.

Abstract
To evaluate the effects of first premolar extraction on third molar angulation during fixed orthodontic treatment.
Panoramic radiographs of 40 patients treated orthodontically by fixed appliances were evaluated for change in third molar angulation. Twenty patients were treated by extraction of first premolars, whereas the other 20 patients were treated nonextraction. The change in upper and lower third molars angulation, relative to the occlusal plane and adjacent second molars, were obtained by subtracting post- treatment from pre- treatment values.
Statistically significant change in the angulation of both upper and lower third molars, relative to the occlusal plane and second molars, were found in the extraction group as compared to nonextraction group.
The extraction of first premolars during orthodontic treatment significantly improved the angulation of third molars toward uprightening.

Abstract
Recurrent aphthus ulceration (RAU) is one of the most common and troublesome oral lesions, as they are extremely painful and recurrent, no single preparation is uniformly effective in the treatment of this condition.
A double blind cross-over trial assessed the value of pizotifen in reducing the severity of pain, duration and frequency of ulcers in a group of recurrent aphthus ulcer patients. Active & placebo preparation were used for a period of 4 weeks each; 42 patients completed the use of both preparations.
20 patients out of 28 patients on pizotifen therapy experienced a decrease in the severity of pain as well as decrease in the duration of each attack, where as 18 patients in the same group reported reduction in the frequency of the disease.
Pizotifen reduced pain severity, duration and frequency of oral ulcerations in the examined group.

To assess the effect of Nigella sativa oil as a topical preparation for treatment of oro- genital ulceration of Behcet's disease. This is a double blinded therapeutic trial in which 40 patients with Behcet's disease manifested as recurrent episodes of oral and genital ulceration were enrolled into 2 groups; Nigella sativa oil was applied as 10% in glycerin topically 3 times / daily to the first 20 patients. The other 20 were given glycerin only. Assessment was done 4 days then 8 days after treatment.
Results were recorded as they appeared in clinical examination and those records were arranged in tables for both groups concerning oral and genital ulceration cases.
Nigella sativa oil is a new topical agent for promotion of healing of oro- genital ulceration of Behcet’s disease which may act through Pits anti-inflammatory effect.

Alveolar bone loss is the atrophy of maxillary and mandibular bone that underlines and support the teeth lead to reduction in bone height and volume. The sample of this study was collected from patients who attended Al-Mammon center for specialist dentists. The patients usually complaing from bleeding gum, discomfort on eating and relative mobility of teeth. In this study 60 male patients with age between 20-49 years were selected and divided into three groups to assess bone loss by the aid of digital panoramic radiographs in the upper and lower anterior teeth. The results revealed that bone loss is more in lower anterior teeth than in upper anterior teeth in most of the age groups.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in oral surgery is well established practice; still there is no specific protocol followed in Iraqi dental surgical centers. The aim of this study is to compare between efficiency of 3 prophylactic protocols in preventing post operative infection and reducing healing period in out patient’s oral surgical procedures. Forty four patients, selected from the attendants of oral surgery clinic in college of dentistry Almustansiriyah University, were subjected to different oral surgical procedures (45 operations) under local anesthesia. These patients were given single dose antibiotic prophylaxis in 3 groups; 1st group were given 1 million i.u. of procaine penicillin (15 cases), 2nd group were given 500 mg ampicilline vial (15 cases), 3rd group were given 1 gm amoxicillin (15 cases). The maximum time for all procedures was 2 hours. We conclude that there is no difference between ampicilline (500mg), procaine penicillin (1 million i.u.), and Amoxicillin (1 gm) regimens concerning post operative infection, while patients of the 1st group healed in a shorter period than other two groups.

The aims of this study were to investigate the degree of visibility of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth surfaces when the lips are at rest. And to evaluated its correlation with age and sex. As well as to determine the correlation of the upper lip length with the amount of clinical free way space.
Two hundred adults (100 males and 100 females) were examined. All the subjects had maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth present with bilateral molar support. The measurement was taken at the midpoint of the each anterior tooth when the lips and lower jaw were at rest position. The length of upper lip was measured from the base of the columella to the tip of the philtrum at the midline of the face. Artificial landmarks (adhesive tape) were placed on the more prominent parts of the nose and chin of each subject. The clinical free way space value was obtained by subtracting measured vertical dimension of occlusion from postural vertical dimension.
Females showed more of the maxillary central and lateral incisors than males. With increasing age, the amount of maxillary anterior teeth that was visible at rest position decreased. Statistically the amount of visible surface of maxillary central incisor showed significant differences with increasing age of subjects. The subjects with shorter upper lips displayed more of maxillary central and lateral incisors than those with longer upper lips. Significant differences were founded between the visible amount of maxillary central and lateral incisors and lip length. It was founded that the more increased in the length of upper lip, the more decreased in the vertical dimension as increased in the amount of clinical free way space which is founded within the recommended range (2-4mm). High significant differences were founded between the amount of clinical free way space and length of upper lip. Females showed shorter upper lip than males and high significant differences were founded between sexes and upper lip length.

Thalassemia major is no longer a disease of childhood. Life expectancy of these patients has increased as a result of the dramatic change in medical management of thalassemia major in the past two decades. As patients with thalassemia major become older, their needs also are changed. Patients now face new issues, such as having families, obtaining higher education, and securing employment, which need more care and attention for their appearance in general and dental health in special.
The aim of this study was to compare the dental maturity and integrity of a group of patients with β thalassaemia major with age and sex matched healthy controls in Baghdad.
For this cross sectional study, a convenient sample of 100 (72 males and 28 females) thalassemic patients who were attending the thalassemia centers in AL-Karama and Ebin-AL Balady hospital was involved. The age of the patients ranged from 6 to15 years. A similar number, of healthy individuals matching with age and gender, was selected as control.
Plaque, calculus, and gingival indices as well as decayed, missed and filled surfaces indicator are significantly different in thalaessaemic patients in comparison to control group. The thalaessaemic patients also demonstrated a delay in the development of their dentition.
The thalassemic patients demonstrated a delay in the development of their dentition. The mean difference between chronologic and dental age was found to be statistically significant

Teachers are believed to be the key in any educational program so they could be targeted in order to enhance the effect of dental health education. A sample of eighty eight of first year primary school children aged 6 – 7 years old were randomly chosen and allocated into two group ,control and experimental (with 44 children in each group ). Teaching staff of experimental group were submitted to oral health education program that were conducted for the children in the experimental group only. The total sample were examined using plaque index PLI (silness & Loe) & gingival index GI (Loe & silness). The first examination carried out before the program conduction and the second examination done one month after. A highly significant improvement was recorded among the children in the experimental group after the program conduction. Results of this research support the positive role of the educational programs in the improvement of dental and periodontal health. Therefore, oral health education for school children is an essential activity for promoting, establishing and marinating optimal oral health and preventing oral diseases.