Journal of Techniques

This work aims to form a disc by recycling AA2024 chips using friction stir consolidation (FSC) technique. Initially, the chips were compacted inside a chamber by an applied pressure of 20.7 MPa. Different chips weights and two process parameters were studied in the FSC process: pre-heating time and plunging depth of the tool. The process was carried out at 1400 RPM. Effect of the process parameters and chips weight on chips quality was analysed by design of the experiments method. The discs formed with a fully consolidated (FC) volume fraction range of 14.5-22.4%. The plunging depth was the most effective factor on surface finishing and grain size of the discs, while the chips weight was the most effective factor on the FC volume. Increasing the chips weight and plunging depth increased the FC volume. The average grain size of the disks ranged between 6.3 to 11  m.

Abstract: Soil, water and air are the main components of the environment. The presence of old and modern factories that emit pollutant materials such as steam and smoke polluting the air and soil, as well as dumping solid and liquid wastes for these industries on the lands and in the adjacent water channels, and all these pollutants will negatively affect the environment surrounding the industrial sites. The factories are located south-east of the capital, Baghdad. This study aims to estimate the damage and seriousness of heavy metals pollution in the soil surrounding these factories. Soil samples are taken at three depths (0-10) (10-30) (30-50) cm with nine different sites. The necessary tests are carried out to find the concentrations of heavy metals such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) , as well as phosphate (PO4) and PH. These tests values can be used in statistical program and obtained the analysis of variance tables for a significant level less than 0.05 in f-test. The least square difference method is used significant difference among tests in one layer. The second layer of soil is the worst where Mean square error is 24.432 with Mean Absolut error is 1.164 and Mean Absolut percentage error is 96.21.
Using Minitab program to predict heavy metal values for the second layer and these values are not exceed the permissible limits. In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals for the second layer of soil and for the nine sites starting from the first site are as follows Pb (3.05-11)mg/kg Prediction values to Pb(3.15-17.35) mg/kg. Concentration of Cd (0.05-0.2)
mg/kg while prediction values of Cd (0.09-0.31)mg/kg. Concentrations of Ni in second layer of soil (3-35)mg/kg; Prediction values Ni (4.41-37.08)mg/kg. Zn concentrations (0.6-22.5)mg/kg; Prediction concentration Zn(0.9-24.1)mg/kg. Concentrations Cu(0.35-8.55)mg/kg while predictions Cu (0.62-10.21)mg/kg. Concentrations of Fe (2.8-7.1)mg/kg. Prediction concentrations Fe (3.61-9.22 )mg/kg.
The benefit of prediction concentration of heavy metals in soil is by finding solutions to contaminated soil in simple ways with primary treatment and acceptable measures for recycle waste factories. Loss of food security in the event of aggravated soil contamination with heavy metals

Land Cover/Land Use (LC/LU) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) are the main inputs for watershed modelling. Recently, (DEM) and (LC/LU) are freely available online open-source products in varied accuracies, spatial and spectral resolutions as a result of several remote sensing platforms. Therefore, it is very imported to determine which one is the optimum for modeling the watersheds in the selected study area, which is represented by five valley watersheds of diverse characteristics, located on east and west sides of the Mosul dam reservoir, Nineveh province, Iraq.In this research, the different accuracy of 30m resolution DEMs with Satellites (Copernicus (GLO-30), ASTER, and SRTM), besides to supervised classification (Support vector machines (SVM) classifier) results (LC/LU) main layers (green land, bare soil, urban areas, and water) of different spatial and spectral resolutions images with Satellites (10m Sentinel-2, 30m Landsat-8, and resampled 15m from 30m Landsat-8) are examined by using the techniques of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Analysis of the results led to find that Copernicus DEM (GLO-30) 30 m spatial resolution is the most accurate and optimum DEM in the research study area with 1.1615 m vertical accuracy and 2.276 m at 95% confidence level. The optimum most accurate image for (LC/LU) thematic map production in the selected area is (Sentinel-2 l0 m) satellite at overall Classification accuracy (97%) and the overall kappa statistics (95%). The optimum remote sensing data (sentinel-2 image and Copernicus DEM) are maped, 3D simulated and analyzed by GIS to calculate the areas of (LC/LU) main layers and to find that the considerable part of the selected watersheds is the area of green lands 404.32676 km2 was about 54.396% of the total area in the study, and these areas are vary depending on many factors such as remote sensing data, precipitation, cultivation, season, and human activities.

This paper presented two new fractal Hilbert MIMO antenna designs with different two thicknesses (0.8mm and 1 mm)and used hybrid techniques between neutralization lines(NL) and defected ground structure(DGS), to enhance mutual coupling of the antenna for 5G applications. Higher isolation and smaller size are major advantages of this design. The proposed fractal Habrit curve MIMO antennas were fabricated for the 3800 - 5460 MHz and 3735-5390 MHz bands with a 49 dB and 40 dB return loss and high isolation of 19.67 dB and 18.5 dB, using FR4 with dimensions of (24 × 45 × 0.8mm3) and (24 × 45 × 1mm3) respectively. The results prove that the MIMO antenna is suitable for a sub-6 band that is qualified for 5G smartphone applications.

In this research, the effect of chemical solutions: (sulfuric acid H2SO4, sodium hydroxide NaOH) at (5 M) and distilled water was studied on some mechanical properties. Especially the wear resistance by pin-on-disk and hardness properties for neat epoxy composite and (epoxy - copper powder) composite. That has been prepared by hand mixing (weight ratio = 20%). The samples were immersed in these chemical solutions for different periods (7, 14, and 30) days. Then the hardness by the Shore D method was measured before and after immersion of the samples in acidic, neutral, and alkali solutions. Whereas the hardness was measured by the Vickers method for the wear disk. Wear rate was measured for all samples. The results showed that the neat epoxy composite was more affected by the alkali solution, followed neutral solution, and then the acidic solution by increasing the radius of wear disk (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) cm, t= 15 min. and the load 5 N. In contrast to the composite material that was more affected by the alkali solution than the acid, neutral solution.

Unrestricted calculations of the shell model were conducted to investigate the positive and negative energy levels and binding energy for A-odd nuclei 133;135Sn and 133;135Sb by utilizing the effective interactions kh5082, jj56pna, khhe, and jj56cdb. The predicted results have been compared with the recently measured data and good global agreements were obtained for all interactions except the khhe effective interaction failed to determine the ground state of odd nuclei, it is concluded that there is no universally effective interaction in this mass region and more investigation needed to study other nuclear structure properties that might help us to better understand the nuclei lies in the vicinity of 132Sn core.

Back ground: Volatile anaesthetics are known to cause hypotension because of effects on the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system, on the myocardium and because of a direct action on vascular smooth muscle.
Aim of study: comparison between sevoflurane and isoflurane effects on pulse rate and mean blood pressure during general anaesthesia.
Patients and methods: this prospective study were carried out at Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital/Babylon, Balad General Hospital/Salah Al-Din, from 2nd (March) 2021-20th (May) 2021. Thirty patients between (7- 68) years old were enrolled in this study, 13 Male and 17 female. All patients fast for 8-10 hours before proposed time of surgery. In all selected patients, pulse rate and mean blood pressure was recorded at baseline, at intubation at (5 Minute), (10 Minute), (15 Minute), (20 Minute), (25 Minute), (30Minute), (40 Minute) of the time of operation, extubation, and recovery.
Results: showed that non-significant differences between inhalation agent (sevoflurane and isoflurane) and hemodynamic status (pulse rate and Mean blood pressure) at different time. groups according to gender, highly percentage (38.5%) in male at age group (36-50) yrs, while (50.0%) in female at age group (21-35) yrs, the most patients which received Isoflurane as inhalational agent were female groups (52.9%) versus (46.2%) for male groups, the female group which received Sevoflurane inhalational agent were (47.1%) versus (53.8%) for male groups.
Conclusion: we conclude that the sevoflurane and isoflurane is more anesthetic gases stable on heart rate and mean blood pressure.

: Endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy have become necessary to provide sufficient airway managements, deliver anesthesia and avoid aspiration in anaesthetized individuals. Laryngoscopy and intubation have been shown to induce broad spectrum of stress response e.g. hypertension and tachycardia. The current study aimed to assess the impact of the endotracheal intubation on the pulse rate (P.R) and blood pressure (B.P) during different time intervals of general anesthesia.
This study was performed in Baghdad teaching and Gazzi AL-Harriri hospitals during 2019-2020. A total of fifty (50) patients were included in the study; twenty five (25) were females and twenty five (25) males with American society of anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status (I & II). The ages of patients ranged between (16-60) years. All patients were administrated (I.V.) Dexamethasone (0.11 mg/kg), Metoclopramide (0.14mg/kg), Ranitidine (0.71mg/kg) & Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) as premedication. At induction of anesthesia, patients were administrated (2-3 mg/kg) Propofol as hypnotic drug and succinylcholine 1 mg/kg as a muscle relaxant.
The results revealed a significant increase (p≤0.05) in systolic/ diastolic blood pressure (B.p) at- intubation (135.58 ± 10.29 / 91.74 ± 10.91) and also at 1 minute (132.34 ± 10.08 / 88.58 ± 13.06 ). There was also a significant increase (p≤0.05) in pulse rate (P.R) at-intubation (103.00 ± 18.59 ).

The ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with axial involvement but also may present as a peripheral arthritis and extraarticular manifestations.
Objective: To assess clinical aspect of ankylosing spondylitis patients and different associated demographic variables in Baghdad teaching hospital.
Patients and methods: Across sectional study was carried out in Baghdad teaching hospital which includes 402 patients (≥ 18 years old) with a clinical diagnosis of AS according to Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis International Society for AS were involved in this study from June/2019 to June/2021. Demographic data and disease characteristics, presence of extra-articular manifestations (past and present) and measurement of disease activity was done by BASDAI, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h) and C-reactive protein (mg/L). Also HLAB27 typing was reported. Results: The age of onset for males was 24.87±8.8 and for females25.97±8.6,HLA typing HLA-B27 were 49.55% and 35.38% in males and females respectively and the association was found to be statistically significant (P. value =0.031). While family history was reported in 25.82% and 34.33% in males and females correspondingly. 75.07% of males compared to 71.38% of females treated with Anti TNF therapy. Females had later onset of disease than males with lower percentage of HLA B27 positivity. Recommendation: more comprehensive with advanced diagnostic and treatment standards.

Background: Chitosan is a natural bio-polymer, which has been utilized in different pharmaceutical and biomedical fields, and it has antimicrobial activities. Resilient liner, it’s a polymeric material, considered as a kind of \"shock absorber\".
Purpose: The purposes of this study were evaluation the effect of immersion in the artificial saliva on the antifungal activity and surface roughness of heat-polymerized soft lining material impregnated with CHs-NPs.
Approach: 180 specimens were prepared. Divided into 3 groups according to the test: Sensitivity test, viable count test and surface roughness test. Then the specimens subdivided into 3groups depending on the Chitosan addition and the different pH of saliva. The sample’s dimensions for candida viability count test were (10×10×2.3mm) length, width, and thickness, while a plastic disc with dimensions (6 diameter ×0.5mm thickness) for disc diffusion test. For surface roughness test a disc with 30mm diameter and 3mm thickness. The data analyzed statistically using SPSS, (ANOVA) test with Games-Howell test to accept or reject the statistical hypothesis.
Results: For viable count test, there was a significant decrease in CFU/ml of C. albicans after incorporation 3.5%CHs-NPs, the results also showed that the specimens’ group that was stored in acidic artificial saliva, recorded a significant increase in CFU/ml of C. albicans, followed by the specimens’ group that was stored in alkaline artificial saliva. While for disk diffusion test, results showed there was no inhibition zone around any PEMA disks except the experimental group that was stored in neutral artificial saliva. The results of surface roughness, showed no significant difference after incorporation in 3.5% of CHs-NPs into the soft denture liner and immersion in the artificial saliva with different pH levels.
Conclusion: Acidic and alkaline artificial saliva encouraging the growth C. albicans, while the neutral artificial saliva had the least effect. Also, the result of the study concluded that vertex soft lining material impregnated with chitosan nano-particles aids in obtaining a lining material with the antifungal activity against C. albicans. While the aging process and the addition of CHs-NPs was not having a significantly effect on the surface roughness.

formality pattern, which gave a sense of formal equilibrium without any obstruction or confusion, resulting from a combination,Conclusions, inter alia, that the functional performance of administrative spaces is reflected in a comfortable internal environment.Using environmental control systems (air conditioning, sound control and fire detection systems), they play an effective roleIn changing the inner atmosphere of spaces, it is also a key factor for psychological well-being,Reassurance (safety and security), which in turn is reflected in the nature of the functionality of users within the internal space.