MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare & measure the release of fluoride ions from set tested materials, CGI (Pro-med), MGI (Ketac molar), and LCGI (Vitremer).
The tested materials were made as molds with certain dimensions and each mold was placed in vial containing 100 ml. of DDW. Every 24 hrs, 5 ml. of the solution was transferred into smaller tubes to measure the fluoride release using spectrophotometer. This procedure was repeated every 24 hrs. for 14 days.
The results revealed that the CGI (conventional glass ionomer) had higher release over other materials, then the MGI (modified glass ionomer) material, and finally the LCGI (light cure glass ionomer) with significant differences between them at P< 0.05.
The MGI material had higher fluoride ions release concentrations over the LCGI. However, the CGI had higher fluoride ions release concentrations over other materials.

Abstract
To evaluate the antimicrobial action of five endodontic sealers after 24 hr and 48 hr.
The sealers studied were Canason, Acroseal, Epiphany, AH-Plus and MTA, while the microorganisms used were Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Agar diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar was employed; fourty five petriplates with 25 ml of Muller Hinton agar were inoculated with 0.1 ml of the experimental suspension. Five cavities , each one measuring 5 ml in diameter and 4 ml in depth , were made in each agar plate using cork poorer and then completely filled with the product to be tested .
Canason containing eugenol and formaldehyde proved to be the most effective against all microorganisms tested. This was followed by Epiphany, Acroseal and AH-Plus which showed antibacterial activity on all tested microorganisms higher than that of MTA which showed the least action on all tested microorganisms. No antimicrobial activity was seen after 48 hrs.
All the sealers evaluated in this study showed different inhibitory effect against all bacterial strains.

Abstract
This study evaluated the ability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to seal the root end effectively by comparing its apical sealing ability with that of amalgam and zinc phosphate cement. Forty five, single rooted extracted human teeth were used in this study, teeth divided randomly into three groups. After root–end resection of teeth, 3 mm depth of retrograde class I cavities were performed in 3 groups. Retrofillings of each group were performed with Amalgam, MTA and Zinc Phosphate cement. Following immersion in 1% Methylene blue dye for 42 hours, the roots were sectioned and the depth of dye penetration was evaluated by a stereomicroscope at X-10 magnification. The sealing ability of the retrograde filling materials was determined by their ability to inhibit dye penetration. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and t-test. MTA provides a better seal than Amalgam and Zinc Phosphate cement when used as retrograde filling.

Abstruct
Several techniques are proposed for the restoration of Class V cavities but there is no agreement in the literature as to which technique is more effective. The aim of this study was to compare a one-year clinical performance of class V composites using different placement technique.
Thirty-eight class V cavity preparations in identical patients were prepared. One complete unit of composite and three increments of composite were used for restoration of class V preparations. The clinical criteria consisted of post-operative sensitivity, marginal discoloration, recurrent caries and marginal adaptation that were evaluated after one year.
The t-test and Chi-square Pearson were used for analysis of data (P≤0.05). There was no significant difference between the two techniques regarding post-operative sensitivity and marginal adaptation. Marginal discoloration using three increments was significantly less than that of one complete unit.
There was no significant difference in post-operative sensitivity between the two techniques. Marginal discoloration using 3 increments was significantly less than that of one unit. No significant failure was observed when using any of the techniques.

Abstract
Conventional root canal treatment despite having a reported high success rate may not invariably lead to the desired healing response in clinical practice because of shortcoming in the treatment. Different criteria have been used to define success and failure; mostly dependent on both clinical and radio-graphic findings and therefore sometimes there is a need to re-treat the root canal treated teeth.
This study was done on twenty single rooted teeth, which divided equally and randomly into two groups depending on the solvent used, the first group was tested with the use of chloroform and the second group was tested with the use of eucalyptol oil.
The chloroform showed the lowest mean of penetration time and was more efficient in softening the gutta-percha than the eucalyptol oil.
Chloroform softened gutta-percha and ZOE sealer more statistically efficient than the eucalyptol oil.

Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of using two different demineralizing agents on the micro-leakage of different retro-grade filling, the sealing ability of the MTA, & to compare the sealing ability of the three different retro-grade fillings.
Seventy roots were selected, & the canals then instrumented utilizing crown down technique using pro-taper rotary files. All roots were obturated with non standardized gutta-percha master cones using the lateral condensation technique, apical root resections were made & root-end cavities were prepared.
The prepared roots were randomly divided into seven experimental groups with 10 specimens in each; three groups demineralized by 17% EDTA, each group of them was filled with different retrograde filling materials either MTA , Resin-modified glass ionomer cement, or amalgam. The other three groups were demineralized by 35% phosphoric acid & each group of them was filled with the same different retrograde filling materials. The seventh group which is the control was filled with MTA without demineralization agent. The specimens were then placed in 2% methylene blue solution at (37°C, & pH 7) for 72 hours. To evaluate the depth of dye penetration, each root was sectioned longitudinally in a crown-apex direction. Linear dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope.
Statistical analysis of the results revealed that the MTA had less leakage than the amalgam & the glass ionomer cement, & the difference was highly significant (p>0.01) for EDTA. In addition, the using of phosphoric acid had higher leakage than EDTA for MTA & GIC groups , however, the difference was non significant (p>0.05).
MTA retro-filling material had better sealing ability than other materials used and the demineralizing agents may have effect on the quality of the micro-leakage.

dental caries survey was conducted concerning 6-9 years old children in two different social areas in the city of Baghdad.
The total sample composed of 180 (90 males and 90 females). Purpose of this study included the estimation of the prevalence of dental caries and its association with the socioeconomic background of children.
Results showed that for the primary dentition dmfs and dmft values were higher for males aged 6-7 and 7-8 years in high socioeconomic class (7.8 & 4.2 , 9.7 & 4.7) than in low socioeconomic class (6.7 & 3.9 ,7.2 & 3.2) with statistically no significant differences ( p> 0.05). For children aged 8-9 years in low socioeconomic area the values were higher compared with those in high socioeconomic area for both sexes.
For the permanent dentition the high social class showed higher prevalence of dental caries compared with their lower social class counter parts except females aged 8-9 years with low socioeconomic status recorded higher DMFS and DMFT values ( 2.66 & 2.6) compared to those in high socioeconomic (2.6 & 1.8), while the relation was not significant ( p>0.05).
Generally the present study showed that the prevalence of dental caries for primary teeth was higher among children with low social class (dmfs & dmft) than those with high social class, while the results were reversed for the permanent teeth.

Abstract
Oral streptococci constitute the most oral bacterial groups in the human oral cavity. Most of the oral streptococci belong to the viridians group and include the species S. mutans, S. sanguis, S. salivarius and S. milleri.
Dental plaques and saliva samples were randomly taken from 210 selected students of Education College of 22 – 24 years old. The results showed that S. mutans was isolated from 75 salivary samples (35.7%) and from 80 plaque samples (38.1%): the other oral streptococci were isolated from all saliva and plaque samples.

The complain of burning sensation in the mouth can be said to be a symptom of other disease or a syndrome in its own right of unknown etiology. In patients where no underlying dental or medical causes are identified and no oral signs are found, the term burning mouth syndrome should be used.
To obtain base line information on the prevalence of the oral problems and clinical features co-existing with burning mouth syndrome patients.
The study group consisted of 38 (11 males and 27 females) burning mouth patients, they were examined to evaluate the oral health status.
Of 38 patients, who verbalized their complaints, 63.1% complained of subjective oral dryness, 26.3% had taste disturbances; the most prevalent site with burning sensations was the tongue 65.7%.
Burning mouth syndrome patients in our environment are principally women, other symptoms include dryness and altered taste is common in those patients.

Benefit of A modified technique of extraction for buccally carious lower wisdom teeth was Assessed in (25) cases In 16 (64%) of cases it was successful and failed In 9 (36%) of the cases the technique gave a good help in avoided the need for a surgical extraction of those teeth, although it require an experience dental handed. Technique need to be studied on a wider group of cases.

The function of flap is to raise the soft tissue overlying the surgical site to give the best possible view to the operator and sufficient exposure of the area to be operated on with minimal postoperative complications.
The objective of this study is to evaluate a new flap design for exposure of periapical lesion, also to compare it with other common flaps used in periapical surgery.
The study include 107 young patients apicectomized for one, two, or three anterior teeth from January2007 to June 2008, age ranged between 18-30 years old, using special case sheet.
The flap has given good access to one, two or three apices apicectomized with less postoperative complications including pain, swelling, parasthesia of lip and wound healing.
The flap described is an alternative approach to reach the periapical area that may be used to overcome the disadvantages of other flap designs used in periapical surgery.

A salivary gland tumor is an uncontrolled growth of cells that originates in one of the many saliva-producing glands in the mouth. The salivary glands are afflicted by a greater variety of neoplasms than any other organ system in the body. The objective of this study was to find the most common age group, sex affected, location, and types of salivary gland tumors in Erbil City.
A retrospective analysis was done for all the cases of salivary gland tumors received, in the Department of Histopathology, Rizgari Teaching Hospital, for the years 2006, 2007 and 2008, and four histopathological laboratories in different area of Erbil City. All the cases were analyzed for age, sex, site, and type of the tumor, the slides of all cases under the study were re-examined for the histopathological presence or absence of any invasion.
The number of the salivary gland tumors was (44) case. The age range of the patients was from (15-69) years, with a mean age of (42.05) years for the males, and (41.54) years for the females. The highest number of patients was seen above (54) years. The total male to female ratio was 0.76:1. Most of the salivary gland tumors were seen associated with the parotid gland and (31.82%) was seen within the age group (28-40) years. Histopathological study showed that the most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma followed by Warthin’s tumor, and the most common malignant tumor was adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences present between the benign and the malignant tumor regarding the age, sex, and the invasion.
The highest number of patients with salivary gland tumors was seen above (54) years. The total male to female ratio was 0.76:1. Most of the salivary gland tumors were seen associated with the parotid gland .The most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma followed by Warthin’s tumor, and the most common malignant tumor was adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Abstract
This study was done to investigate the incidence of secondary oral malignant tumors that metastasis from other parts of the body in the Iraqi patients that affected with oral malignancy which may be a valuable in early discovery of malignancy and saving patient's life.
This study was conducted through the analysis of data base collected from records in the histopathology lab in Specialized Surgery Hospital in Baghdad which belong to patients attended maxillofacial surgery department at period 2005-2009 and their number was 122 patients.
The analysis included age, sex, malignant and benign lesions and type of malignant lesions. The results showed equal male to female ratio (55.47%) of the patients complained from malignant lesions; while (44.26%) were affected by benign lesions.
Non-Hodgikn's lymphoma was the only systemic malignancy which showed oral manifestation in this sample.
We concluded that further investigations are needed to know the real incidence of this type of malignancy.

Human gingival tissues serve as a target for progesterone and estrogen, causing an increase in gingival inflammation.
Therefore, the use of oral contraceptives (OC) might be considered as a predisposing factor for periodontal disease. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of oral contraceptives on the periodontium and to investigate the relation between socio-cultural status and periodontal condition.
Twenty non users women (group 1), 20 OC users for less than 2 years (group 2) and 20 for 2-4 years (group 3) with generally good oral hygiene standards were selected for this study. Plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and teeth loss were measured. Socio cultural data including: age, educational level, professional level, number of children, frequencies of dental visits, tooth brushing and previous periodontal treatment were collected by a questionnaire form.
The results of this study showed that the percentages of PPD of score (≥4) mm were significantly increased when group 1 was compared with group 2 and group 3. Similar results were detected by comparing group 1 with group 3 in respect to percentages of BOP. Also a relationship was observed between percentages of extracted teeth of mothers and number of children at each group. On the other hand neither of the socio-cultural variables was found to have a statistically significant effect among the 3 groups nor means of PLI and GI.
It's concluded that women on contraceptive pills require regular periodontal care programs may help to maintain healthy gingiva and avoid development of sever periodontal problems.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic disease with several major complications. One of the important complications of diabetes mellitus is periodontal disease. The risk for this complication is not equal in all DM patients and thus some factors may increase its severity.
To study the relationship between selected clinical characteristics and periodontal disease in type 2 (DM) patients.
Two hundred and four type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study; their ages were (28-71) years. The clinical characteristics included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), duration of (DM), smoking, and history of important diseases that complicate (DM) including hypertension, coronary heart disease, and arthritis. Periodontal status was evaluated by periodontal disease index (PDI) which included plaque, calculus, and periodontal components of this index. The means of plaque, calculus, and periodontal disease index were compared between patients who were grouped according to the presence or absence of the selected clinical characteristics.
There was a significant difference in mean value of calculus index between hypertensive and non hypertensive patients (0.56±0.53 vs. 0.72±0.43, P< 0.05). Also there was a significant difference in periodontal disease index between hypertensive diabetic patient compared to diabetic patients who had no hypertension (3.84±0.75 vs. 3.2±0.99, P<0.001).
Analysis of correlation showed that the correlations between plaque index and both calculus index and periodontal disease index were highly significant (P<0.001). The correlation was positive and highly significant between PDI and age (P<0.001) while it was significant between PDI and duration of DM ( P < 0.05 ).
Hypertension seems to have a role in aggravating periodontitis in type 2 DM particularly with increasing age and duration of disease. Preventive periodontal disease programs should take in consideration presence of hypertension in type 2 DM