Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

Penicillium expansum produced the toxin patulin in pome fruits. To evaluate the
molecular mechanism by which the treatment of probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium breve and
Lactobacillus salivarius could modulate patulin production, three genes involved in the
biosynthesis of patulin were measured using real time-PCR technique. The result of this study
found that the supplementation with B. brave and L. salivarius down-regulate the relative
expression of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (msas), ATP binding cassette transporter (ABC)
and putative cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450-1) as well. Although, there is no effect
of some strains on this expression. However, these finding suggested that these bacteria
decreased patulin production through effect on the genes responsible for its biosynthesis
which can be the main mechanism by which patulin reduced in the presence of these bacteria.

Single crystals of pure and Cu+2,Fe+2 doped potassium sulfate were grown from
aqueous solutions by the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. with dimension of
(11x9 x4)mm3 and ( 10x 8x 5)mm3 for crystal doping with Cu &Fe respectively. The
influence of doping on crystal growth and its structure revealed a change in their lattice
parameters(a=7.479 Å ,b=10.079 Å ,c=5.772 Å)for pure and doping (a=9.687 Å, b=14.926 Å
,c= 9.125 Å) & (a=9.638 Å , b= 8.045 Å ,c=3.271 Å) for Cu & Fe respectively. Structure
analysis of the grown crystals were obtained by X-Ray powder diffraction measurements. The
diffraction patterns were analyzed by the Rietveld refinement method. Rietveld refinement
plots for showing the experimental (red circles)calculated (black line) and difference profiles
(blue line); green tick marks indicate reflection positions XRD measurements show the crystal
system of orthorhombic.

The aim of the current study is the investigation of tensile behavior of the semi -
crystalline polymers : polypropylene (PP ) , high density polyethylene(HDPE) and low
density polyethylene (LDPE) .
The energy to break or deformation was determined as a function of extension rates ,
( PP) was break at extension rate (5) mm/min but (HDPE) break at higher extension rates
(25) mm/min while( LDPE) not break even at very high extension rates but it is deformation
or failure

In this research CdTe and CdTe: Cu thin films with different doping ratios (1, 2, 3, 4 and
5) %, were deposited by thermal evaporation technique under vacuum on glass substrates at
room temperature in thickness 450 nm.
The measurements of electrical conductivity (σ), and activation energies (Ea1, Ea2), have
been investigated on (CdTe) thin films as a function of doping ratios, as well as the effect of
the heat treatment at (373, 423, and 473) K° for one hour on these measurements were
calculated and all results are discussed.
The electrical conductivity measurements show all films prepared contain two types of
transport mechanisms, and the electrical conductivity (σ) increases whereas the activation
energy (Ea) would decrease as the increasing (Cu) percentage in the sample except 5%. It is
also noticed that the electrical conductivity (σ) showed a decreasing trend with increasing
annealing temperature, while the activation energies (Ea1, Ea2) showed opposite trend, where
the activation energies increased with annealing temperature. Also the electrical conductivity
values was found increased about 3- 4 orders when pure CdTe films are doped with (3, 4) %
Cu and annealing at 473 K°.

CdSe alloy has been prepared successfully from its high purity elements. Thin films of this
alloy with different thicknesses (300,700)nm have been grown on glass substrates at room
temperature under very low pressure (10-5)Torr with rate of deposition (1.7)nm/sec by
thermal evaporation technique, after that these thin films have been heat treated under low
pressure (10-2)Torr at (473,673)K for one hour. X-ray patterns showed that both CdSe alloy
and thin films are polycrystalline and have the hexagonal structure with preferential
orientation in the [100] and [002] direction respectively. The optical measurements indicated
that CdSe thin films have allowed direct optical energy band gap, and it increases from (1.77-
1.84) eV and from (1.6-1.65)eV with the increase in temperature from (R.T-673)K for
thicknesses. (300,700)nm, respectively. The optical constants (refractive index, extinction
coefficient and the real, imaginary parts of dielectric constant) were also studied

Linde Type-A (LTA) zeolite was modified by adding lead sulfide into cavities of
zeolite. The zeolite and zeolite –pbs were characterized by FTIR, XRD, AFM and SEM. The
adsorption of congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution by zeolite and zeolite – pbs were
studied. Different parameters like contact time, temperature and concentration of (CR) dye
were investigated. The results show that at contact time of 45, 30 min for maximum
adsorption of (CR) dye onto zeolite and zeolite -pbs respectively were observed. The kinetic
data was analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The
adsorption kinetics of (CR) dye were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model
for both adsorbents. Experimental equilibrium data onto adsorption of C-R dye on zeolite and
zeolite –pbs were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and temkin isotherm models .The
calculated thermodynamic parameters, namely ΔGο, ΔHο, and ΔSο for zeolite showed that
adsorption of C-R dye onto zeolite was spontaneous , endothermic and increase in the
randomness and for zeolite –pbs showed that adsorption of C-R dye onto zeolite -pbs was
spontaneous and ,exothermic and decreasing randomness under examined conditions ,The
results of analysis errors and R2 values shows that the best fit was achieved with the
Langmuir isotherm equation and were followed order:-
( Big R2) langmuir > temkin > freundlich( small R2)
( small error) Langmuir < temkin < freundlich( big error)

New thermally stable aromatic poly(amide-imide)s ( PAI1- PAI4 ) were synthesized from
direct polycondensation reaction of Terephthalic acid and Phthalic acid with two new
different diamine monomers derivatives of 1,2,4,5-tetracarboxilic benzene dianhydride as a
second diacides in a medium consisting of triphenyl phosphite (TPP) in N-methyl-2-
pyrrolidone (NMP) / pyridine solution containing dissolved calcium chloride CaCl2. The
polymerization reaction produced a series of novel poly(amide-imide) in high yield. The new
monomers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The resulting polymers were
typically characterized by means of FT-IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and solubility tests.
Thermal properties of the poly(amide-imide)s were also investigated using differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC). Data obtained by thermal analysis revealed that these polymers
showed very good thermal stability. These polymers were readily soluble in various organic
solvents.

The chalcones 1( a,b) were prepared by the reaction of 2- acetyl benzofuran with two
aromatic aldehydes in the presence of alkaline media. These chalcones are used as starting
material to obtain the desired heterocyclic: pyrazolin, isoxazoline, pyrimidinthion,
pyrimidinone, cyclohexanone and indazole derivatives. The structure of newly synthesized
heterocyclic compounds were established on the basis of their melting points, elemental
analysis(C.H.N), FTIR and 1HMNR (for some of them) spectral data . The synthesized
compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activities, they exhibited good
antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (G-) and Staphylococus aureus (G+)

Twosimple, sensitive,accurate, and precise spectrophotometric methods have been
developed for the determination of chlorpromazine – HCl in pure form and pharmaceutical
formulation. The first method involved treatment of cited drug with a measured excess of
permanganate in acid medium and the unreacted oxidant was measured at 525 nm. The
second method involves the reaction of the drug with potassium permanganate in the
presence of sodium hydroxide to produce a bluish – green colored manganite which is
measurable at 610nm.
All the experimental variables affecting the development of the manganite ions were
investigatedand conditions were optimized. Working linearity ranges were 5-45 μg.mL-1and
1-20 μg.mL-1 by two methods respectively. The apparent molarabsorptivities are 4.015 
103and 18.717 103L.mol-1.cm-1 respectively, with corresponding Sandell’s sensitivityvalues
of0.0885and 0.01798μg.cm-2 respectively.
The methods have successfully been applied to the determinationof drug in dosage forms.

The corrosion behavior and the influence of the concentration of adenine (AD) on the
corrosion of 316L stainless steel in 0.6 mol.dm-3 sodium chloride acid solutions were studied.
The research was performed in two pH values (pH=2 and pH=4) over the temperature range
(293- 308)K. The investigation involved electrochemical polarization method using
potentiostatic technique. Tafel polarization study revealed that (AD) acted as a mixed
inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in the concentration of adenine,
but decreased with increase in temperature. (efficiency= 87% at 0.01 M AD & at T= 293K).
The adsorption of (AD) has been found to occur on the surface of 316L stainless steel
according to the Langmuir isotherm. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for stainless
corrosion and adenine adsorption respectively were determined and discussed.

Osteoporosis is related to the loss of bone mass that occurs as part of the natural process
of aging and in menopausal women.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of interleukin-35 in menopausal women
with osteoporosis, that may be used as an early predicted marker of osteoblastic and
osteoclastic activity in osteoporosis patients in relation with other diagnostic parameters.
Fasting blood samples were obtained from forty Iraqi menopausal women with mean
age of (61.06±6.59)years who were newly diagnosed of osteoporosis by physicians at
Baghdad Teaching Hospital as patients group(G1). In addition to , twenty two healthy women
were included in the study as a control group(G2) with mean age(60.75±6.35). Serum samples
were used for determination of Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP),
Calcium(Ca+2), Phosphate(PO4-3) and Interleukin-35(IL-35),while blood sample was used for
determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).
The results revealed a highly significant increase in IL-35 level in patients group(G1)
compared to the control group(G2) while there are no significant differences in ALP, Ca+2 and
PO4-3 levels between G1 and G2. The correlation between serum levels of IL-35 and
ALP ,Ca+2 and PO4-3 in menopausal osteoporosis patients was calculated; A significant
positive correlation between IL-35 and ALP was found (r=0.277,P<0.05), while there was no
significant correlation between IL-35 and each of Ca+2 and PO4-3 levels
(r=0.191,P>0.05),(r=0.124,P>0.05) respectively.
The conclusion obtained from this study that IL-35 may be used as an additional
biomarker in predicting osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important factors leading to atherosclerosis and heart disease,
therefore, this study conducted to examine the effect of two newly synthesized compounds[3-(5-
(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-2-(3-nitrophenyl)benzo[1-3-e] thiazin-4-one (I) and 5(4-
dimethyl amino) benzylidene amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol(II)] on the activities of creatine
kinase(CK) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- CoA reductase (HMGR) in male Wister mice . Also to
determine the type of inhibition of these compounds on the above enzymes .The study was carried out
on sixty male Wister mice aged seven to eight weeks their weight ranged(180-200 g) . The mice were
grouped as: group(1): control group (12 mice).Group(2):consisted of 48 mice in which the mice were
daily administered cholesterol (25mg/kg/day) in coconut oil 6% and creamy cheese for 28 days. Lipid
profile was measured for 12 of mice chosen randomely from G2 to assure hyperlipidemia. Then
group2 is subdivided into three groups as:group (2.A): (12 mice) positive control group in which the
mice were daily administered simvastatin (40mg /day) as standard drug for hyperlipidemia for 20
days.Group(2.B):(12 mice) in which the mice were daily treated with (10-4)M of compound (I)via
drinking water for 20 days. Group(2.C):(12 mice) in which the mice were daily treated with (10-5)M of
compound II via drinking water for 20 days.Lipid profile(Tch, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c and VLDL-c)
were determined in all groups.The activities of CK and HMGR were determined in all groups.
Lineweaver-Burk plot was used for determination of Vmax, Km and type of inhibition for treated and
untreated groups with compounds I and II. The results showed significant elevation in levels of Tch,
TG, LDL and VLDL, while there are significant reduction in HDL-c levels in G2 comparing to control
group(G1), after administration of fat rich diet. Simvastatin, compound I with concentration (10-4M)
and compound I The results revealed that the levels of Tch, TG, LDL and VLDL were reduced while
the levels of HDL-c was elevated after administration of simvastatin, compound I and II in G2A, G2B
and G2C respectively. The results showed that the activities of CK reduced for group G2B and G2C
while it is increased for G2A . The results also showed that the activities of HMGR were reduced in
the three groups. The effect of compound I on CK activity was found to be noncompetitive inhibitor
with Vmax values values(1000and 166.6) U/L respectively for the uninhibited and inhibited reactions
and Km value (0.6)mmol/L for compound I and with Vmax values (1000 and 250)U/L and Km
value(0.84)mmol/L respectively for the uninhibited and inhibited reactions for compound II.
Compounds I and II were found to be noncompetitive inhibitors on HMGR with Vmax values (0.83
and 0.16)U and Km value (0.34)mmol/L respectively for the uninhibited and inhibited reactions for
compound I and Vmax values (0.83 and 0.35) U and Km value(0.28)mmol/L respectively for the
uninhibited and inhibited reactions for compound II. In conclusion the
new compounds(I and II) showed different inhibitory effect on CK and HMGR activities that could be
used in treatment of hyperlipidemia and related disease in future

In this work , the ligand [N-(4-Methoxybenzoyl amino)-thioxomethyl] Methionine acid
has been synthesized by the reaction of 4- Methoxybenzoyl isothiocyanate with methionine
acid . The metal complexes were prepared through the reaction of metals chlorides of Co(II) ,
Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) in ethanol as solvent . The ligand (MbM) and its metal
complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis (CHNS), IR, 1H-13CNMR and UVVis
spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements, molar conductivity, melting points and
atomic absorption. The metal-ligand ratio was determined by mole ratio method. The
suggested structures for the Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) complexes are tetrahedral
geometry and the Cu(II) complex is square planer geometry.

A (b,t)-blocking set B in PG(2,q) is set of b points such that every line of PG(2,q)
intersects B in at least t points and there is a line intersecting B in exactly t points.
In this paper we construct a minimal (b,t)-blocking sets, t = 1,2,3,4,5 in PG(2,5) by using
conics to obtain complete arcs and projective codes related with them.

In this paper, the complex of Lascoux in the case of partition (3,3,2) has been
studied by using diagrams ,divided power of the place polarization (k )
ij  ,Capelli
identites and the idea of mapping Cone .

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and let M be a unitary left R-module. The
purpose of this paper is to investigate some new results (up to our knowledge) on the
concept of semi-essential submodules which introduced by Ali S. Mijbass and Nada K.
Abdullah, and we make simple changes to the definition relate with the zero submodule, so
we say that a submodule N of an R-module M is called semi-essential, if whenever N ∩ P =
(0), then P = (0) for each prime submodule P of M. Various properties of semi-essential
submodules are considered.

This study was conducted to evaluate serial concentrations of commercial formulation
suspension (Antrol) of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. As a microbial control agent against
Chrysomya albiceps (blow fly) larvae and adults under laboratory conditions. The results
revealed that percentages of accumulated mortalities of second instar larvae were 30 - 63.33%
for the doses 100 – 2000 ppm respectively , Mortalities rate increased with increased of time,
treating larval food with 1000 ppm of bacterial suspension caused mortality rate reached 30%
after two days, later reached 72.96% after 12 days. The bio assays results of treating adults
food showed that mortalities percentage were 6.67 – 73.33 when their food was treated by 100
– 2000 ppm of bacterial suspension. The results indicated that B. thuringiensis has a potential
to be a bio control agent for Ch. albiceps.

The experiment was carried out in the field of botanical garden belonging to the
Department of Biology Sciences, College of Education for Pure Science -Ibn AL-Haitham
,Baghdad University. for the growing season. 2014 -2013 to study the effect of the
electromagnetic field which included five different intensities (0,5,10,15,20) MT and three
periods of time, namely, (1,2,3) an hour and their interaction on some of the morphological
characteristics of the safflower plant . designed experiment by Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) and three replicates per treatment, compared to the average using less
significant difference at the level of probability (0.05) , the results showed the following:-
1-Exposing seeds to different electromagnetic field intensities led to a significant increase
except the number of vegetative branches, as it gave the highest rates in the percentage of
seed germination, plant height, the size of the root, leaf area and leaf area guide. The highest
increase was when the seeds which were exposed to the intensity of the electromagnetic field
10MT.
2-Exposing the seeds to different time periods of the electromagnetic field led to obtain a
significant increase in most of the treatment mentioned except the character of vegetable
branches number and the size of root, and the highest increase when the seeds exposing for
two hours for most of the qualities mentioned and for three hours to the percentage of seed
germination.
3-The interaction between the factors of the study had significant effect on all treatment with
the superiority of treatment 10MT for two hours to give them the best rates for the studied
traits compared with the control plants.

The work included study of external morphology of white cabbage butterfly Pieris
rapae (Linnaeus, 1758). The study included the external morphological characters of different
body regions in addition to the male and female genitalia.
The studied morphological characters were supported by photos and illustrations.
Specimens of the work were collected from north and middle of Iraq and dates and sites of
collection were fixed.

The present study introduces description of a new species of leafhopper of genus
Assuita Lindberg; 1969. This study includes external morphological characters and the
spotting patterns and photos of vertex face pronotum, mesonotum, fore wing, hind wing and
the shape of male abdominal abodeme, also aedeagus, connective, genital style and genital
plate.

The experiment was condncted in greenhouse of Botanical Garden at Biology Garden
Dept,College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn-Al-Haitham),University of Baghdad , during
the growing season 2013-2014 to study the role of salcylic acid in three concentrations
(0.12and24) ppm and two levels of NPKZn fertilizer ( 0. 160) kg.H‾1 and four concentrations
of sodium chloride (0.50.100and150) Mmol and the intreaction between salcylic acid and
NPKZn on some of morphological parameters of Allium cepa.
The experiment was performed with random compelete block design (RCBD)with three
replications and the results showed the following
1-The sparying of salcylic acid led to aignificant increase in all
parameters compared with control treatment .
2-Treatment with two levels of NPKZn fertilizer caused a significant increase in all
parameters
3-The interaction between salcylic acid and NPKZn fertilizer led to increase all parameters
and the treated plants with 24 ppm showed the highest influence.

The Present study was aimed to evaluate the responses of sixteen species of barley Hordeum
vulgar L. cultivated in Iraq against drought stress through treatments of seedling with varying
concentrations of Polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) to reach the water stress(-3,-6,-9) in addition
to control (without PEG 6000). The results showed variation of barley species in their ability to
tolerate the drought stress. For instance, Boraq and Arefat were shown to be the most tolerable
species, since their percentage of seeds germination were non significantly affected by the
highest water potential (-9) bar, while (bawadi,amal,nor alqadsea and nomar) were shown to be
moderately drought tolerable, since their percentage of seeds germination were significantly
affected at water potential (-9)bar. In contrast, the rest of species,i.e. Alkhair,alwarkaa, ebaa99
,shoaa ,alrafidian ,sameer ,rehana3 ,forat9 ,Jazera1 and ebaa7 species, were all shown to be the
most drought sensitive species, since their percentages of seeds germination were significantly
affected at-3 and -6 bar.The results also showed that the averages of seeds percentage
germination ,root length, dry weight, vigor index lowered significantly at (-6,-9) bar but they
were significantly affected in -3 bar, while plumule length and fresh water significantly affected
from -3 bar. The ratio of root to plumule length gave significantly increasment at -6,-9 bar and it
was not affected significantly at -3 bar.
In conclusion, barley species showed great variation in their response to the different water
stress, This means that, there was a wild range of barley riddling tolerating the drought in
germination stage and seedling growth.

The research was conducted to study the effect of five exposure periods of microwave
radiation (0,10,30,60 and 90) seconds on Nymph of the Green Peach Aphids Myzus persicae
by counting the percentage of occured deformation ,rate of mortality percentage and emerged
adults percentage, The study showed that the microwave radiation had a great effect on
occurring deformation especially at the period 90 seconds, the exposure periods effect on the
mortality percentage had a clear affect where the highest percentage of nymphs mortality was
( 52) for exposure period 90 seconds while it was found that the mortality was decreased to 48
and 24 for exposure periods 60 , 30 seconds which was significantly different in comparing
with the control . The highest percentage of emerged adults was 92% at the exposure period
0 while the lowest percentage was 48 at the exposure period 90 seconds that caused a
decrease of emerged adults

The quality of industrial water from (Babil / 2 batteries factory in Baghdad) was
investigated, and evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics of the water discharged
from sections ALShahen , final collection sank. The values were represented by pH, electrical
conductivity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand ,total suspended solid,
total dissolved solid, sulfate, chloride and heavy metal. The sample of water collocated by
two samples per month for 6 months was taking during the period from Novembers 2013 to
May 2014.
The results show that industrial waste water factory contains contaminations and has varying
value rates the average of PH,EC, TDS, SO4, COD, Pb, Zn, for the final collection sank and
respectively 8.2,1191.6s/cm, 927 mg/L ,722 mg/L,29.2 mg/L, 0.04,mg/L,0.03 mg/L and for
Al-Shahen department which also consider final discharge water but it is separated from final
collection sank often acted to Sewerage network PH,EC, TDS, SO4,COD, Zn, Pb, 1.6,12058
s/cm, 10122mg/L ,3383 mg/L,203.5 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.6 mg/L, it is turns of that there is
high sulfate pollution and the value of electrical conductivity was high and other materials
solid dissolved, heavy metals and the other parameter like BOD, CL,TSS,Cd were within the
allowable discharge limits.

Thin films of pure tin mono-sulfide SnS with thicknesses of (0.85) μm were
prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique and annealed for two hours with
673K.The effect of annealing on structural and optical properties for films prepared was
studied. X-Ray diffraction analysis showed the polycrystalline with orthorhombic
structure. It was found that annealing process increased the intensity of diffraction peaks.
Optical properties of all samples were studied by recording the absorption and
transmission spectrum in the range of wave lengths (300-900) nm. The optical energy
gap for direct forbidden transition and indirect allowed transition were evaluated .

The effect of thermal annealing on some structural and optical properties of ZnSe thin
films was studied which prepared by thermal evaporation method with (550±20) nm thickness
and annealing at (373,473)K for (2h), By using X-ray diffraction technique structural
properties studied and showed that the films are crystalline nature and have ( cubic structure )
.From the observed results after heating treatment, We found that the annealing to perform
decreases in grain size and increases in dislocation and observed the optical properties
increase in absorption and decrease in transmission. From absorption spectra optical energy
gap calculated about (2.66,2.68)eV which decreases value after heating treatment.

Powder of silver nanoparticles was prepared by Sol - Gel method successfully using silver
nitrate , (AgNO3) gesture is added to sodium citrate (C6H5O7Na3) as a reducing agent and by
using Magnetic Stirrer to mix the solutions and heated then using centrifuge machine to
separate the silver nanoparticles from solution .It is then dried in an oven at a temperature
40oC for 24 hours.
Structure characteristics was studied , the synthetic silver powder was prepared through the
use of an (XRD). Results showed the composition of silver nanoparticles is a (fcc) and a
constant lattice (4.086 ± 0.006 Å) by comparing it with standard tables (JCPDS) which is
found perfectly matched to file with a number 04-0783, which is due to the space group
Fm3????
m No. 225.
Particle size of nanoparticles was calculated for samples prepared using the Scherrer
equation where the average grain size of (18.84 nm - 50.23 nm) was also found using the
equation Williamson - Hall and ranged from (10.11 nm - 39.60 nm). As well as the mass
density, density of dislocations, texture factor and the surface area of nano-particles were
calculated. In addition samples prepared with an atomic force microscope (AFM) were
examined and had the average diameter of the grains between (84.32 nm - 97.35 nm), and the
average height ranged between (1.54 nm - 5.02 nm).

CdSe thin films were deposited on glass sudstrate by thermal evaporation method with
thickness of (300±25%) nm with deposition rate (2±0.1) nm/s and at substrate temperature at
(R.T.). XRD analysis reveals that the structure of pure thin films are Hexagonal and
polycrystalline with preferential orientation (002). In this research ,we study the effect of
doping with (1,2,3)% Aluminum on optical energy gap of (CdSe) thin film . The absorption
was studied by using (UV - Visible 1800 spectra photometer ) within the wavelength
(300-1100) nm absorption coefficient was calculated as a function of incident photon energy
for identify type of electronic transitions it is found that the type of transition is direct , and
we calculated the optical energy gap before and after doping we found that the energy gap
decreases after doping and absorption coefficient increases.

In this study, epoxy was used as a matrix for composite materials, with E-glass fiber,
jute and PVC fiber which was woven roving fiber, as reinforcement with volume fraction
(Vf= 30%). There are two of prepared types of epoxy non reinforced, epoxy reinforced with
E-glass, jute and PVC fibers including study of mechanical tests (Impact test, Bending test)
different temperature and thermal conductivity and calculating the temperatures coefficient at
different temperature. Results show that elastic modulus at rate values decrease to the increase
of temperature and the impact strength, impact energy and thermal conductivity increase with
increase temperature.