MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

Rough, poorly polished resin – based composite surfaces contribute to staining, plaque accumulation, gingival irritation and recurrent caries. Proper finishing and polishing enhance both the esthetics and longevity of restored tooth. To evaluate the effect of different finishing / polishing techniques on the surface roughness of minifilled hybrid Filtek Z250 and very fine particles hybrid Latitude composite resins. Two types of composite resin were used, Filtek Z250 and Latitude. 32- disc shaped specimens for each type of composite were made (with diameter of 10 mm and 2mm thick) and total is 64 –specimens. All the specimens were cured under Mylar – matrix strip and divided into four groups: control had no surface treatment, finished with fine and extra fine diamond burs, finished with 12 – fluted and 30 – fluted carbide finishing burs, treated with diamond burs plus coarse, medium, fine and extra fine Sof – lex discs. Surface roughness of the specimens was evaluated using profilometer, and the data were analyzed by 2 – way ANOVA test and LSD test. There was statistically significant difference in the average surface roughness values among Mylar – strip, diamond bur, carbide bur, diamond bur plus Sof – Lex discs. For both materials, there was no significant difference between them. Surface roughness of composite resin is directly influenced by finishing / polishing technique used. For both types of composite resin tested in this study, there was no significant difference between them. The Mylar strip provided a smoother surface than the other groups. It was followed bydiamond bur plus Sof – Lex disc, carbide bur and, the diamond bur produced the highest surface roughness values.

Chemical tests concluded that Zamzam water is absolutely good and suitable for drinking as it has very high percentage of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and many other minerals. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of Zamzam water on the microhardness of permanent teeth enamel.
Teeth samples (n= 30) with artificially initiated carious lesions were divided randomly into three groups, study group treated with Zamzam water (n= 10), control positive treated with sodium fluoride (n=10), and control negative treated with deionized water (n=10). Teeth were subjected for microhardness assessment before and after pH cycling and treatment with the three agents.
The microhardness of enamel surfaces treated with Zamzam water is shown statistically significant increase in the values following demineralization which was not different from that of sodium fluoride.
Zamzam water cause an increase in the microhardness of the enamel surface after pH-cycling.

The purpose of this research was to estimate the percentage and nature of bacteraemia following four orthodontic treatment procedures which were: an upper alginate impression, separator placement, band fitting or placement, and arch wire adjustment on a fixed appliance. The study group consisted of 40 patients (25 females and 15 males) ranging from 17-25 years of age attending Orthodontic Department in the College of Dentistry/Baghdad University, and out patients department from private clinic. The 40 patients were divided into four groups (10 patients each). A cannula was inserted into either the left or right antecubital fossa using an aseptic technique. A 5ml of blood was taken immediately before orthodontic treatment procedure and a second 5ml sample was taken 1-2 minutes after the procedure.
The blood samples showed a percentage of bacteraemia of 50%, 40%, 30%, and 20% in cases of post-band placement, post-separator placement, post-arch wire adjustment, and post-alginate impression procedures respectively.
This investigation demonstrated that the placement of separator and fitting of band procedures could cause a significant bacteraemia, thus these procedures for patients at–risk of bacterial endocarditis should be placed in consideration, and the orthodontist should be advised to consult the patient's medical specialist for controlling and prescribing the necessarily antibiotic coverage.

The most common congenital missing teeth are the upper lateral incisors. This study is performed to find the frequency of missing upper laterals in the young adult Iraqis and to assess their orthodontic treatment. The sample consists of twenty patients with hypodontia of upper lateral incisors (right and left) out of a thousand patients examined for three years in the orthodontic clinic of the Institute of Medical Technology. Gender distribution for patients was 15 females and 5 males. Age distribution for patients ranged from 15 to 25 years. Full record for the hypodontic patients included: photographs, panoramic x-rays and casts taken before and after orthodontic treatment. The treatment by space closure took more orthodontic treatment time and retention period than by space opening and prosthodontic treatment. The frequency of missing upper lateral incisors is 2% (consisting of 1.5% for females and 0.5% for males).

Dental caries is a sugar – dependent disease acid is produced as a bi product of the metabolism of dietary Carbohydrate by bacteria plaque, which results in a drop in PH at the tooth surface.
In response, Calcium and Phosphate ions diffuse out of enamel, resulting in demineralization.
This process is reversed when the PH rises again (1). The sample consisted of 100 students from both sexes at age 9, 10, 11 and 12 years from primary schools in Baghdad. This study reveals that dental caries increases with age as caries begins in the permanent dentition. And the DMF decrease after 13 years of sanctions in Iraq.
It has been found that 13 years of sanction is just enough to reveal the result of the reduction in sugar consumption on prevalence of dental caries. Also, it has been found that after two years of 2003 is just enough to reveal of increases in sugar consumption on prevalence of dental caries.

Cross-bite is one of important numerical anomalies of teeth . So that many studies have been carried out in different parts of world to find the prevalence of cross-bite.
This study was conducted to assess cross-bite in a sample of Iraqi student. Which is essential for planning dental health services? The examination was carried out on 2210 subjects 1080 male and 1130 female, the age rang was (13-17 years) .
The assessment procedures of cross-bit were carried out via intra-oral examination.
The analysis of results showed that
- The total percentage of cross-bite was recorded 18.8% .
- The posterior cross-bite 10.4% while anterior cross-bite 8.5% .
- The percentage of cross-bite in female 20.9% while in male 16.6% .
- The percentage of unilateral cross-bite 7.3% while bilateral cross-bite 3% .

The congenital lack of one or more permanent teeth is a common anomaly in man .By definition, congenitally missing teeth are those that fail to erupt in the oral cavity and remain invisible in a radiograph, which implies this caused by disturbance during the early stages of tooth development.
389 orthopantomograms of healthy patients were used the number of males were 194 and the number of females were 195.The patients has visited the hospital of college of dentistry of Baghdad university between 2006 and 2008.Thy were aged between 13 and 27years at the time the OPGs were taken .All OPGs were analyzed by viewer .The congenitally missing teeth were identify first clinically and confirm by the OPGs
The hypodontia mostly seen in upper lateral incisors, and lower second premolar, flowed by lower central incisors, upper central incisors, and lastly the lower lateral incisor, there were gender difference in hypodontia, but both genders show high percentage of upper lateral incisors hypodontia, 60.31%for males, and 72.30%for females. The hypodontia of lower second premolar in males 18.56%,and in females 14.5%.The hypodontia of upper central incisors in males 2.577%,and 0%in females. The hypodontia for lower central incisor in males 12.89%, and 13.3%in females. The hypodontia for lower lateral incisors in males 5.67%, and in females 0%.From these percentages it was clear that there were difference in hypodontia of upper and lower arches.
To evaluate the frequency of hypodontia and compare its appearance between males and females and between upper and lower jaw.

Fixed orthodontic appliances were used for long period in the treatment of malocclusion patients. It is subjected to the oral environment and affected by the changes that take place in this media. Many studies were done and express the tendency of these appliances to corrode inside the mouth. 150 orthodontic brackets related to three different companies (Orthodent, Ortho-organizers, and Dentaurum). These brackets examined after removing them from the patients' mouth and examined microscopically. Most of the brackets exhibit corrosion which is mainly pitting, crevice and erosion corrosion.

This study was conducted to determine clinically if there is a correlation between lengths of upper lip and inter occlusal distance, closest speaking space concening palatal depth relativity and to develop a technique for measuring occlusal vertical dimension.
The sample consisted of 88 subjects, irreversible hydrocolloid impressions, stone models, vernier calipers, modified plastic rulers were used in the measurements of lip length, transverse and vertical arch dimensions. The speaking method was used for measuring the free way space by pronouncing m sound while the closest speaking space was measured by asking the subject to pronounce s sound.
Statistical analysis was carried out using a standard t-test to compare between males and females; the result reveals possible gender difference related to lip length and palate depth. Also r-test used to find the correlation between the parameters used in the study (lip length, free way space, closest speaking space, inter canine distance, inter molar distance, and palatal depth) , the results analyze and found that there is a positive correlation between the parameters.
When selecting a method to be used for OVD measurements, the criteria to be considered are accuracy, repeatability of the measurements and the length of the time required to secure the measurements.
The results of this investigation indicate that new method for measuring occlusal vertical dimension may be suggested .It was based on the observed correlation, normally found in individuals with natural teeth, between lip length and different parameters.

This research compares between the effect of flexible and hard stabilization splint (night guard, mouth guard) in the treatment of patients with tempro-mandibular joint problems.
Four different categories of patients are used for comparison, each composed of ten patients. Category number one and two are treated with flexible mouth guard, while category three and four are treated with hard type of mouth guard for the same periods of time, one month and three months respectively. Analysis of the results indicate that patient category treated with soft stabilization splints for longer period of time show improved treatment and the patients are more relived and willing to continue the treatment than those treated with hard splints

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may be affected by inflammatory, traumatic, infectious, congenital, and developmental, as seen in other joints. However, the most common affliction of the TMJ and masticatory apparatus is a group of functional disorders with associated pain that occurs predominantly in women and was previously known as the TMJ pain dysfunction syndrome. Since 1978, there have been substantial changes in the study of etiologic factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of what are now called temporomandibular disorders (TMD).(1)The general perception that all symptoms in the head, face, and jaw region without an identifiable cause constitute a "TMJ" problem is clearly unfounded.
Although some oral lesions, such as torus palatinus and torus mandibularis are normal variants, but require prompt diagnosis and sometime treatment to reduce the potential for serious complication and enhance prosthodontic treatment. The purpose of this study is to inspect the relation of TMJ dysfunction syndrome to the presence of oral exostosis, and find the prevalence of torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM)
The sample consisted of 932 teachers, 301 males and 631 females were examined for the presence of TMD, TP and / or TM. Analysis was carried out according to age, gender, TMJ dysfunction and the presence of TP and TM.
Results indicated that 123(16.1%) had at least one symptoms of TMD, where as 49 (5.3%) had TP; and 67 (7.2) had TM. The male: female prevalence ratios of TP and TM were 1: 3.42 and 1: 1.81 respectively. The results revealed that significant relationship between TMD and tori, and increase in percentage of mandibular tori with the presence of TMJ dysfunctional syndrome more than maxillary tori were found.
TP and TM were more frequent in females and there is significant relation between the TP and TM with presence of TMJ dysfunction syndrome ( P< 0.05 ) especially TM , the presence of TM might be useful to look for sign of dysfunction. (TP),

The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of incidence of various removable partial denture classes among a selected sample of population.
The study population consisted from 362 patients (156 men and 206 women) were selected from prosthodontics department, college of dentistry, Baghdad university. Intraoral examination of each patient has been done to determine the Kennedy classification for each patient. Categorization of modification areas for the Kennedy partial edentulous cases has been done, also categorization of partially edentulous cases according to age and gender has been done. The results indicated that mandibular removable partial edentulism are more common than the maxillary cases, and the class I mandibular cases are the most commonly incident and the class IV partially edentulous cases were the least common cases.
The distribution of partially edentuluosness revealed the influences of the general pattern of tooth loss, which could be modified by patients' demands and socioeconomic status.

Although favorable long-term results of implant therapy have been reported, complications as infections of peri-implant mucosa (Peri-implant mucositis) and deeper implant supporting tissues (Peri-implantitis) had been repeatedly reported. Studies regarding prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis in our community are very rare because of the recent introduction of this new area of dental treatment to our country. So the aim of this study is to take an idea about the real state of implant dentistry in our community and to enrich the very poor base line data that available on this dental practice in Iraq. Sample of this research composed of 24 patients (13 Females &11 Males). Their age range was (20-60 years). All of them had worn more than two implants for at least two years. Results of this research revealed that percentage of females’ worn implants (54.17%) was greater than males (45.83%). Greater percentage of patients had worn implant for two years (45.83%) in comparison with other durations. Radiographic results revealed that there is no bone loss in most cases (66.67%) and in the remaining percentage horizontal bone loss(20.83%) was greater than vertical(12.5%). Clinical examination showed non significant differences between females and males for both Plaque Index (PLI) & Bleeding On Probing (BOP) scores.

To assess the periodontal status among relatives of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients and to evaluate the reliability of the family history report as provided by the proband.
Fifty AgP patients were identified during 2005/2006 as fulfilling the criteria to be diagnosed as AgP as outlined in the 1999 international classification system for periodontal disease. These subjects met the clinical criteria for either localized or generalized AgP.
It was considered that AgP patients should be informed of the genetic nature of their condition and that other blood relatives could be at risk. The results would suggest that the screening of relatives with a positive family history could be justified as a standard procedure, but negative family history reports are unlikely to yield significant numbers of affected relatives and may not be a justifiable use of scarce resources.
The report given by the proband was considered reliable. If the report was positive, it was followed by diagnosis of periodontitis in 73% of the cases, while if it was negative, periodontitis was absent in 66% of the cases.

A survey was done among (460) patients attending Oral Medicine Clinic with an age (6-75) years. The most common type of pain complaints was orofacial pain (87.8%). This study had been performed to investigate the various type of orofacial pain complaints in (404) patients attending Oral Medicine Clinic.
It was found that most common type of orofacial pain complaints was dental pain, pain and swelling (85%) followed by pain/ restricted mouth opening, clicking, fatigue in masticatory system which was recorded (9.4%) of orofacial pain complainers with skewed sex distribution for female.
Burning mouth compliant was reported in (5.4%) of orofacial pain complainers with skewed sex distribution for male.
Patients accuracy in identifying source of pain was found in 100% patient with burning mouth complaints where as (86.8%) of patients with TMJ. Complain have a real problems in their. Masticatory system of those patients with dental pain. Pain and swelling (79.6%) have a real problem in their teeth or in their periodontium