MUSTANSIRIA DENTAL JOURNAL

The aim of the this study was to investigate the efficacy of ProTaper rotary instruments compared to hand instrumentation with Hedstrom files, with and without the use of a solvent (eucalyptol) in the retreatment of gutta-percha filled root canals. Roots of forty extracted single-rooted maxillary anterior teeth with straight root canals were utilized in this study. The root canals were prepared using step-back technique and obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer cement. The roots randomly divided into four groups with ten specimens each. Removal of gutta-percha was performed using ProTaper and Hedstrom files, both were used with and without the solvent eucalyptol. Both, time taken to reach the working length and time taken to complete removal of gutta-percha were recorded. Statistical analysis of the collected data revealed a highly significant decrease in the working time when ProTaper was used to remove gutta-percha compared with Hedstrom files. A highly significant decrease in the working time was found when eucalyptol was used with ProTaper. No significant difference existed between the treatments using Hedstrom with or without the use of eucalyptol.

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of glass ionomer liner in limiting temperature rise during composite curing with Light Emitting Diode (LED cure unit) compare it with Conventional visible light-cure lamp.
Twenty sound upper premolar teeth were used & on the buccal and palatal surfaces of them, a standardized class V cavity was prepared, 1mm occlusal to the cemento-enamel junction. Cavity dimensions of occluso-gingival height 1.5mm, mesio-distal width of 3mm. The depth of the cavity was 2mm and was calibrated by measuring with a pre marked periodontal probe. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups according to the cure mode and filling teqnique. Each group consist of 5 teeth (10 cavities); Group I; each cavity filled with 2mm (micro-hybrid resin composite) and cured with Quartz Tungsten Halogen light unit (QTH), Group II; the same as Group I but cured with Light Emitting Diod (LED cure unit), Group III; each cavity filled with glass ionomer lining of 0.5mm and 1.5mm (micro-hybrid resin composite), and cured with Quartz Tungsten Halogen light unit (QTH), & Group IV; each cavity filled with glass ionomer lining of 0.5mm and 1.5mm (micro-hybrid resin composite) but cured with Light Emitting Diod (LED cure unit). Temperature was measured before light curing of the composite resin & immediately after it. Then the Temperature was measured by a type K thermocouple.
The results revealed that there were significant differences between the groups at p<0.01 with in favor of the group filled with composite resin & cured with LED with glass ionomer lining.
The use of sandwich restorations with LED curing unit produced lesser temperature degrees toward the pulp space

The ability of tooth – colored restorative material to resist stain is important because discoloration of it may result in patient dissatisfaction and additional time and expense for replacement. However, the effect of different staining agents on the color difference of resin composite restorative materials has not been completely clarified.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the stainability of composan ceram resin composite upon exposure to different drinks.
Forty – two disk shaped specimens (10X2mm) were prepared from composan ceram using polytetraflouroethylen mold. The specimens were divided into six groups (n=7) and stored for 7 days at 37C ْ in different types of solutions (distilled water, coffee, coffee with sugar, coffee with sugar and artificial creamer, tea, tea with sugar). Color of all the specimens was measured before and after exposure with spectrophotometer using CIE L* a* b* relative and color changes (E) were then calculated. The data were analyzed with one – way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test.
There was a highly significant difference when comparing the storage agents. Coffee solution produced the most severs stain and it stained composite more than tea. When tea and coffee groups with and without sugar were compared, both groups without sugar demonstrated a higher color difference than with sugar.
Coffee stained composite more than tea and the absence of sugar in coffee and tea increased color difference compared to coffee or tea with sugar.

To evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of ozonated water against adherent bacteria (in vitro). Ten dentin samples per group were inoculated with bacterial suspension and treated as follows: (I) untreated served as –ve control, (II) sterile distilled water for 10 seconds served as +ve control, (III) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (Sultan-USA) for 10 seconds, (IV) 0.2% chlorhexidine (Corsodyle®, England) for 10 seconds, and (V) 4mg/L ozonated water (Ozonesolution-Enaly, USA) for 10 seconds. Swab taken from all samples and an inoculum was spread on the selective medium MSB (HiMedia, India). Count of bacteria was recorded expressed in colony forming unit (CFU) taking in consideration the dilution factor.
There was high significant reduction in viable count of adherent M.S treated with ozonatd water 4mg/L compared with the other groups at P<0.01 level.
According to the circumstances of this study, ozonated water was very potent antibacterial agent against mutans streptococci

Bonding of restorative materials to tooth structure has become one of the prime objectives of modern dentistry. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and
compare the shear bond strength of compomer material to dentin washed with three cleanser agent. Thirty freshly extracted adult human maxillary firs,, premolars teeth were utilized in this study. Each tooth was sectioned horizontally exposing the dentin surface. According to the type of cleanser agent used to wash the dentin surface; the teeth were divided into three groups often teeth each: Group I chlorhexidine cleanser with compomer; Group II acetic acid with compomer; and Group III distal water with compomer. The measurement for evaluation the shear bond strength of compomer to dentin by using Zwick universal testing machine. The results showed that higher significant different between group I and group III also between group II and group III; however< there is no significant difference between group I and group II. This present in vitro study concludes that the shear bond strength of compomer material to dentin can be enhanced by washing the exposed dentin with cleanser agents chlorhexidine and acetic acid instead of distal water.

Fifty four orthodontic patients wearing upper and lower fixed appliances were assigned either an electric tooth brush or a manual tooth brush. Each patient was instructed and trained on the proper use of the allocated brush. Clinical parameters included (Plaque index, Gingival index and Eastman interdental bleeding index) were measured at base line, at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks. Data for each group were analyzed using paired t-test.
Patients using electric tooth brush and manual one showed a significant reduction in all clinical parameters at 4 and 8 weeks, but the reduction of the values of all parameters in electric brush group is higher than in manual group and the difference is statically significant.
The present study concluded that electric tooth brush is real alternative to the often laborious manual tooth cleaning procedures used during active appliance therapy.

Many orthodontic problems arise at the age of 10-12 years therefore the aim of this study was to detect the percentage of pupil at age 10-12 year that need orthodontic treatment and have not done it till now, and the possibility of motivating them. 1500 Iraqi pupil at school age of 10-12 year were examined according to grade designed by Sweden orthodontic board. 57% of the sample required no treatment, 23.3% required mild treatment, and 14% required moderate while 5.3% required great treatment & 0.3% require very great treatment. Majority of pupils that need treatment didn't receive any motivation even from their dentist, There is a great shortage in dental health education programs. About half of pupil examined didn't need treatment although there is a large number of thesample who needs treatment

Hands have consistently been an important vehicle in the transmission of disease (1). Thus, thorough hand-washing remains the single most important factor in preventing infection specially in hospitals and labs.
Twenty-nine non-clinical volunteers (do not work or come in contact with a clinical or hospital setting) that lacked visible skin injuries, eczema or apparent skin disease were used, those subjects were all tested by a material of each of the three used in the study weekly and laboratory tests were done pre- and post washing.
All three material were effective , Eugenol extract as effective as the bar and lotion soap. And this was confirmed statistically.
Eugenol has a great antibacterial action even in small concentration and this may be due to steroids and other constituents that are found in the composition of its volatile oil. High concentrations are more effective and this may give us a newrevolution in prevention of bacterial infection.

Oral health attitudes and behavior among dental students were found to vary in different cultures. The aim of this research was to assess oral health attitudes among Iraqi dental students at Baghdad University and to compare the differences in oral health attitude between male and female dental students for all academic years and also to determine the differences between the preclinical and clinical years.
A self-administrated questionnaire based on a modified version of Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) was distributed among 200 dental students at College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad.
Significant differences between male and female dental students were found for all academic years with significant and highly significant differences between the first three years when compared with the final year.
Female dental students had more positive oral health attitudes and practices than male student, which showed an increase in the percentage of smoking with increase age .Also in, general; this study showed that dental students had poor oral health

High stresses which result during functions in the cast clasps arms are the main causes of deformations or fractures. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the stress distribution in three-dimensional finite element analysis models of clasps and to select their preferable design.
A three-dimensional finite element analysis was used for the investigations. Preformed clasp wax patterns for circumferential clasps were selected and three parameters namely length, thickness and width at the base and tip were measured to generate purposely designed experimental three-dimensional models. Generated stresses and deformatioans were calculated numerically and plotted graphically.
Within the limitations of this study, the preferable cross-sectional shape of the retentive cast circumferential clasp arm was determined as half-round and the taper 0.6 mm.
the ideal cross section of the retentive clasp arm was half round with 0.6mm taper diameter.

This study was used to investigate the oral health status and treatment needs in elderly patients having a pattern of chronic general diseases that often result in social disadvantage. The study sample consisted of seventy patient admitted to the elderly institution. Standardized dental probes and mirrors were used for the clinical examination; questionnaires were taken from elderly patients. The results of this study indicated that the prosthetic treatment was needed in 45 patient which equal to (64.3%) of total. Relining of the dentures was considered sufficient treatment in about (25%) of the patients weaning dentures, while constructing of new dentures were necessary for four patients. The dental health service programs for geriatric patients should be improved andcarried out in connection with their institution

This study conducted on (470) subjects attending dental clinic in Baghdad. Information was collected from all patients regarding their age, sex and chief compliant at the time of presentation. This was followed by clinical examination. Chief complaint of the majority of patients was toothache (47.02%) while the rest were come for various reasons. All of the patients examined were in need of some type of treatment. (56.60%) of patients needed conservative treatment, (14.89%) extraction, (5.79%) prosthodontic treatment, (8.64%) periodontal treatment, (2.34%) fixation of bridge, (0.2%) surgical operation and only medication were (5.74%).
The factors that affect the delay attendance of dental patients to the clinic were studied after direct question to the patients who gave nearly the same causes mentionened in other previous similar studies which reflect the great need to dental health education and improvement of the dentist-patient interaction

To determine the extent of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with a matched control group. And to evaluate the correlation between clinical findings and radiographical findings.
The studied sample comprised 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, age ranged from 18 to 72 years with the mean age of 40.98 (± 13.67.The control group consisted of 63 subjects age–matched non rheumatic patients: Each patient was informed about the purpose of the investigation and that it would include questionnaire, clinical and radiographical examinations. The radiographic examination was done by using double TMJ lateral panoramic technique.
It was found that 64% of RA patients complained of two or more clinical signs and symptoms compared with 44% of the control group ,the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05), the most important clinical findings were pain on palpation and on opening and closing, crepitation, limitation of jaw opening and morning stiffness, difference were statistically significant (P< 0.05). Among the clinically involved subjects in study RA group 28 subjects (56%) had bilateral involvement, 3 subjects (6%) had right side involved and 1 subject (2%) had only left side involvement. The radiographic involvement of TMJ was found in 16 subjects (32.0 %) of the study group compared with 1subject (1.6 %) of the control group. There is a highly statistically significant difference between the study group and the control group (P< 0.05); the most common radiographical finding was erosion. Complete condylar destruction was found in 1 patient which resulted in anterior open bite. Among involved cases 11 subjects (22%) had bilateral involvement, 5 subjects (10%) had unilateral involvement (3subjects (6%) had left side involved and, 2 (4 %) subjects had only right side involved. There was no correlation between clinical and radiographic find ings. There was correlation between the extent of radiographical findings and duration of Rheumatoid Arthritis p value (P< 0.05).The clinical and radiographic findings were more common in RA group than in control individual. The clinical and radiographic findings are not always bilateral in TMJs of patients withrheumatoid arthritis.

The role of smoking in periodontal disease has been extensively studied for many years. Many studies build up an increasing amount of scientific data which support the concept that tobacco use is an important risk factor for increasing of periodontal diseases.
Intraoral radiographs are important for diagnosis of periodontal problems. The aim of this study is to estimate bone loss by using direct digital and conventional radiographs in smokers. One hundred eighty sites (for molar region except third molar) in cigarette smoking patients were examined by digital and conventional periapical radiograph for detection of alveolar bone loss according to sextants and severity of bone loss. All images were examined by measuring mesial and distal bone loss of molars. The study shows that the differences between the conventional and the digital images in estimation of alveolar bone loss were not the same in all mouth sextants, so more bone loss was indicated by digital image in the mandibular right and left sextants than conventional image while there was little differences in maxillary right and left sextants in both images. Also this study shows those highly significant differences in digital image than the conventional image in early bone loss but no significant differences in both moderate and severs bone loss.

The complain of burning sensation in the mouth can be said to be a symptom of other disease or a syndrome in its own right of unknown etiology. In patients where no underlying dental or medical causes are identified and no oral signs are found, the term burning mouth syndrome should be used.
To obtain base line information on the prevalence of the oral problems and clinical features co-existing with burning mouth syndrome patients.
The study group consisted of 38 (11 males and 27 females) burning mouth patients, they were examined to evaluate the oral health status.
Of 38 patients, who verbalized their complaints, 63.1% complained of subjective oral dryness, 26.3% had taste disturbances; the most prevalent site with burning sensations was the tongue 65.7%.
Burning mouth syndrome patients in our environment are principally women, other symptoms include dryness and altered taste is common in those patients

Amoxicillin have been widely described by dentists in Iraq, especially in treatment of periodontal and other oral bacterial infections. Amoxicillin is the 4-hydroxy analogue of ampicillin and is used in a similar variety of susceptible infections. Clinical pharmacology of amoxicillin in saliva was not sufficiently studied on normal subjects or patients required amoxicillin treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the amoxicillin concentration in saliva by using an efficient, low cost and reproducible method. The obtained results from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method revealed that salivary concentration of amoxicillin ranged from 0.22 to 0.44 μg. / ml. The HPLC method was proved to be a successful method for monitoring the amoxicillin in saliva with a detection limit reached to 0.08 μg/ml. It is important to suggest further study to know the therapeutic effect of amoxicillin through saliva against certain oral lesions.