Adab AL Rafidayn

Al-Tabaq is considered one of the most prominent studies in the aesththetic improvements , as it is clearly represented in the speeches of the rightly guided caliphs by describing the class. It provides eloquence in the speech . fine meaning , and I have described descriptions of them related to the death of the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace) , and the pledge of allegiance to the caliphs, as well as the concepts of jihad and the sharpening of the fighters \'weight. We have found that eloquent eloquence addressed by the Rightly Guided Caliphs in their sermons as the art of counterpoint added to rhetorical arts, including environmental ones from analogy , metaphor and metaphor as well as an exquisite image that framed the concept of counterparts in its forms .
A topic drawn from the original thes is of the encyclopedia (the Rhetoric of the Counterpoint in the Speeches and their Commandments)

Abstract
This research sheds light on the religious reference in modern Arabic poetry. It is concerned with titles of some poems by the Egyptian poet (Amal Danqal)، studying their religious references that are associated with the texts. Such references would reveal، in a way or another، some interesting religious symbols and concepts which Danqal used to embody his own thoughts on the humanistic and patriotic issues of that time. So he employed texts، symbols، and figures that carry religious references in order to express his deep conceptions as far as social and political dilemmas are concerned، taking into consideration the fact that religion and religious beliefs are important and sacred for the readers so that s/he will pay much attention to such texts. Hence، using religious texts and figures، through masking، would have a deep and long-term impact on the reader.
Danqal indeed took \"the title\" as a point of departure for his employment of the religious references، as it constitutes one of the most significant paratexts that connects the readers with the text، and the text with the reference، including all the related religious introductory paratexts.

the fleshy HalabiThe issue of meaning and expression and their differences of argument remain the basis of grammatical application and the structure of its thought, and there is hardly any grammatical lesson. Or, rather, can not communicate between speakers without taking into account, has confirmed the studies of modern language and this idea supported by many theories, was one and its premise is consistent and does not depart from the idea referred to above,
Thus, each linguistic structure has a meaning to be performed. Hence, each grammatical body has its own structure, which is an independent grammatical function, which is shared with others in some aspects. However, this does not mean that it is not independent. The basis of acceptance or equivalence, paved the way for this study by directing the fatuous Halabi to give him the opinions of scholars before him from the commentators and interpreters, then to reach the value of this combination and what it achieves Maan.

There is no doubt that the one who examines the noble Prophetic hadiths, with a careful look, finds it a fertile field for many types of studies. Because of its eloquence of expression, and the splendor of the statement in style and compositions, hence our choice to study some of those hadiths that contain the types of derivatives and the effect of those derivatives and their shades on the contexts of those hadiths, and each derivative has its significance and types that change with the change of the context and its diversity.
The research examined a group of hadiths in Sahih al-Bukhari that witnessed the emergence of derivatives, and these derivatives had an effect on the different context of narrating hadiths, and the research contained three demands: The first requirement included the subject's name from the abstract triple with the subject's name from more, and the second requirement included the subject's name with the object's name, while the third requirement included the subject's name with the likeable adjective at times and with the preference name at other times, and the research showed the effect of derivatives in contrasting the context of the narratives received In which is consistent with the connotation of those derivatives.

The human, especially a poet did not have the choice to live on the same pattern or a single pace throughout his life in this world. There must be some changes that occur in his daily life, whether from the emotional side or from the social side. Then our poet “Dik al-Jinn” lived a life full of contradictions, among which pleasure and pain. This is what made us stand on this side in his poetry in order to reach what are the pleasure and pain and their motives in his poetry. In order to do this, the nature of the topic required to stand on one side of the life of the poet “Dik al-Jinn” and through which we can stand on the most important emitters of pleasure and pain in the poetry of Dik al-Jinn Homsi.
Hence, the duality of pleasure and pain is considered one of the primary psychological and social situations that affect human life, especially the poet, through his influence of what is going on around him in society. This duality soon appears evident in his poetry because this phenomenon or duality is a psychological phenomenon that emerges from the social and emotional state experienced by the poet throughout his life until his death.

Eloquence is an essential component of narration, and Eloquence of narration has become a strongly present statement in the field of narratives through many images, shapes and patterns referring to it, which results in developing eloquence and expanding its scope instead of confining it to ancient and modern jurisprudence, and therefore this research aims to embody the role of Narration eloquence in the narrative collection (Silence of the Sea) by Ali Al Qasimi; It was able to play an important role in the practical influence of the reader and communicate with him implicitly in order to receive information and facts.
The study plan was based on two topics:
The first topic tended to clarify the rhetoric of the narrative, its concept, a brief biography of Al-Qasimi, as well as the style of writing in Al-Qasimi's stories.
The second topic, entitled (Narration Eloquence ), came in two parts: First: Description. Second: the interrogation. We have chosen to focus the analysis on highlighting the writer's ability and how he is proficient in developing events and examining their intentions.

Scholars have found different methods of collecting the language from the mouths of the virgins, which did not mix their tongues with the metropolitans.
(Yunus bin Habib) drew his linguistic material from the Bedouins who came to the urbanites, in addition to hearing from his sheikhs who heard the Bedouins in their villages, although he did not explicitly mention this in the texts of his linguistic narratives, but it is not without their hearing, as other scholars of his time took.
The value of the research lies in the fact that we collected the narratives of a linguist who lost most of his scientific books with what was lost from the products of our scholars in the second and third centuries AH, in addition to the large number of narratives that (Ahmad ibn Faris) elected in (Standards of Language) on Yunus.
As for (Ahmad ibn Faris) (d. 321 AH), he compiled the narrations of (Yunus bin Habib) (d.182 AH) in the book (Standards of Language), either from the books of (Yunus bin Habib), which we did not reach, or from other sources that he did not often mention ; Because they are in two different eras; Therefore, the novel or reading in the sources was the only way to collect these narrations that supported his dictionary in the interpretation and explanation of the words.

The study of the role of Alija Izetbegovic, the intellectual politician of 1925-2000, was of great importance who is one of the most prominent political and cultural figures in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the second half of the Twentieth Century. He became famous after 1983 when they were taken to a mosque with a group of Bosnian Muslim intellectuals and imprisoned by the Yugoslav government for calling for Islamic fundamentalism and planning for the establishment of an Islamic state in Europe . His political role has been prominent in the political arena since 1989, and he witnessed the life and death of the Republic of Yugoslavia. He led the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in its most difficult historical stages during the war of 1992-1995.

Founded in Mosul in the year Islamic Medical Association in Iraq headquarter Mosul and may open branches in the provinces of Iraq. Its aim is to link medical science with Islamic behavior, rules and regulations, and is considered a non-profit and non-political humanitarian and charitable association. Its main purpose is to provide preventive and therapeutic medical services to the needy, to develop the expertise of workers in all fields of medicine, as well as to open charitable or cooperative clinics equipped with the necessary staff and modern medical equipment. Which was held inside and outside Iraq, especially after the Association was accepted as a permanent member of the Islamic Medical Associations (Fima), In addition, the Society has worked to provide relief services to the wounded and sick in Iraqi cities as a result of the American aggression on Iraq in 2003, in addition to providing relief services outside Iraq. But this association did not last long. After the assassination of its president, Adib Chalabi, by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), the association was closed and its work stopped.

The current study aims at shedding the light on the The attitudes of Egypt and North Africa toward the Mu'tazilah. The research tackled with the emergence of AlMu'tazilah and its start in the Islamic east, its ideological fundamentals, the names its was known with the attitude of Abbasid caliphs towards it, the way in which the Mu'tazili doctrine moved to Egypt and North Africa, the actions taken by the caliphs AlMa'moon, AlMu;tasim and AlWathiq against the individuals who protested against this state doctrine in addition to the attitude of the jurists and judges and the public. Furthermore, the study dealt with the attitude of North Africa towards AlMu'tazila and therefore, the area of North Africa had to be divided into three spots which are: The near, middle and far Morocco and the variation in the attitude for each of these areas separately.

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of employing threetribal strategies in the optics lab to accommodate second grade students visual concepts,his sample consisted of (116) second grad students for the department physics /college of education for pur scienes/university of mousl the first semester of the academic year (2018_2019) .The researcher distributed of the sample to four groups three of them experimental and fourth officer.To achieve the research goal the researcher prepared aconceptal essay specific answer test includes three concept elements (Definition, Examples, Application) thus the number of paragraphs of the test(30) paragraphs evenly distributed has investigated the vatidity and reliability of the tool as well as psychometric properties.The researcher carried out of the experiment on the research sample on Sunday (4/11/2018) until Monday (7/1/2019) and lasted for (8) weeks and after the end of the experiment the conceptual test after collecting the dute and analyzing them statistically,the results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the mean in understanding the visual concepts .The researcher came up with a number of conclusions recommendations and proposals.

The study tackled the conditions of displaced children and touched base upon the changes in the lives of returned ones. This is to diagnose the cases of delinquency as a result of the conditions of displacement and afterwards.
The study concluded that there is a noticeable increase in the numbers of working children and the ones who left the study in retuned families as compared to the displaced ones, high rates of violence in the behavior of children in the two samples, and the presence of disorders and psychological symptoms in half of the sample of children.
Eventually, the study found that the returned children adapt to their communities more than the children of camps who face difficulties due to those factors. All of these issues might double increase the delinquency among these children.

Cataloging and catalogues are considered as one of the fields that are most affected by the big revolution that occurred on the information technology that represented by internet revolution and the absolute supremacy that the net environment imposed on the resources of the informations and the procedures to process and access them. And the last ten years in particular have got a great massiveness in the path of electronic publication that is represented by the big size of the vessels of the electronic informations with the both of their material form and their visual form that is on the millions of websites on the internet. This big development in the electronic publication has been accompanied with similar development that is represented by the methods of the electronic control on informations flow and what they contain from standards, soft wares, languages and samples, etc. All these methods have appeared in new forms and patterns that mostly differ from their previous versions that are now considered traditional, for example, Anglo_ American Cataloging Rules AACR were replaced by Resource Description and Access RDA, even if it was originally a complement to Anglo_ American rules , as well the readable cataloging was came with differences and big updates in 20th century through what it depends on from new coding languages like Hyper Text Markup Languages and Extensible Markup Language and others, so it fits with the special nature of the electronic informations resources , also the sample of the functional requirement bibliographic record has appeared as a sample that describes collecting the different entities in the bibliographic medium and clears up the bibliographic relationships between them.

The study aims to identify the reality of the private schools libraries in terms of budget , technical operations and the activities they provide as well as buildings and furniture .
The study followed the survey method through a survey of the private schools in which there are libraries . the number of the libraries was 40 , and a random sample of 15 schools libraries was chosen and the staffs of these libraries as well as school principals were interviewed .
The study's findings includes:
1- Lack of specialized staff's in the field of information and libraries
2-Necessity to provide technical tools in these libraries and benefid the librarian from them as classification tables and subject headings lists .
The study came out with a number of recommendations ,
1- most importantly the need to establish training courses by the competent authorizes and invite the staffs in these libraries to participate in these courses .
2- The school management and the have fall conviction that they need the necessity of training programs to development this employees .
But its only theory conviction , despite its existence . but it doesn't applied in the reality . the education ministry or any other organization that responsible about training programs doesn’t send any invitation to the librarians to participate in these programs .

This study aims to investigate the level of the life quality and the hope of the preparatory stage students for the two specializations (scientific, literary) for both male and female students. The study identifies the relationship between the life quality and the hope according to the variable (male, female) and to the specialization variable (scientific, literary). The subjects for this study were (250) male and female students of both specialization. The two researchers prepare and instrument for measuring life quality, truth, stability and superiority. The final from of instrument contains (52) paragraphs, and the two researchers depended the hope measurement given by (Mayada Abdulmohsin Al-Salihi,2005), which contains (28) paragraphs.

Animal and vegetable oils, occupied a prominent in the Iraqi society; it is important materials in human life, directly or indirectly, from ancient times in Mesopotamia until know, as it is often mentioned at the beginning of list of the necessary materials need by the people of Mesopotamia, because, it is listed after the most important element in human life, the water, it was mentioned in the cuneiform texts found at Mesopotamia, one of the letters, dated to the first millennium BC., mentioned: the translation, "the dominance of the king took hold, my lord, like water and oil all over the people and countries.
The process of sesame plant, comes from its contain for more than 50 % of the oil, it's also, contains a high content of Protein and Carbohydrates, sesame plant, its oil, and its seeds have an important situation in the Mesopotamian society, because of it's multi uses, and diversity, and the increasing demand for it, whether, as a food, as well as commercial and industrial uses, moreover, religious purposes, also, seeds waste was used after the squeezing the oil.
People of Mesopotamia knew extracting of both oil kinds, including vegetable olives and aromatic plant oils, within sesame oil. This research will focus on the origin of sesame plant, its cultivation, as well as, how to extract its oil, moreover, their uses in the daily life of the Ancient Iraqis, according to what the cuneiform texts from Mesopotamian were, provide us, and from several periods of its history.

This study introduces the postcolonial African theatre to the reader. It depicts a close investigation that shows the untraditional image of Africa, which is based on identity politics of the colonizers and the cultural consciousness of the colonized. It presents Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman (1975), showing a tragic hero, Elesin who falls from grace to shame as a result of internal and external elements. The playwright sets his play in the colonial period and based on a true story. The colonizers interfere in Elesin’s fate, preventing him to commit a ritual suicide, and evoking him to question his identity. The study analyses the play from a postcolonial perspective, presenting various images of the colonizers and the colonized. It tries to apply some postcolonial concepts such as mimicry, hybridity, double consciousness, binary oppositions, cultural colonization, double oppression, stereotypes, resistance, and silence. These terms are used and developed by some Postcolonial critics, including Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak. The study takes into consideration the psychological side of the characters as well. It ends with a conclusion that sums up the findings of the study.

SNSs provide a medium for millions of users and inhabitants of the virtual world to communicate, play different roles and negotiate identities. Inhabitants of the virtual world tend to gather around common goal or interest, by doing so they are forming online communities that are boundless by time and space. To join these communities, members need to establish an identity in accordance with the requirements of the target community. Manchester United Football club fans community is an example of a community of practice that is formed on Twitter where fans from all over the globe cheer for and support one club. Within this community, there are certain linguistic norms and behaviours that are followed in order for a user on Twitter to be recognized, and acknowledged as a fan of Manchester United Football club. The first step is identification through self-presentation (Schwämmlein and Wodzicki, 2013). A user is required to reflect their interest in belonging to the group by tweeting about it or choosing a group-related username. The group the fan belongs to is the in-group and the fan categorizes themself as part of the “us” (Tajfel and Turner, 1979). After being accepted in the group, the fan starts acting in a way similar to how other real fans act. This can be reflected clearly in the way the fans converge towards the “us” and diverge away from the “them”. A corpus of (648125) words, representing (25757) tweets of Manchester United Football Club fans, was built and analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Lancsbox (Brezina and McEnery, 2018) was used to examine the frequencies, concordances and collocations of the selected lexical items, logically guiding the researcher to a qualitative discussion of examples. It is through following these linguistic norms of indexing self and other, and linguistically accommodating, that a fan identity is constructed and reflected at the same time.

This paper tackles a critical issue nearly most Arabs who, are forced to live outside their own countries as exiles, are concerned with. It is the issue of identity which also represents a problem for ethnic and minority groups. Being an Arab-American exile poet, Hammad experiences the suffering of living as a minority member in a discriminating society with different norms and culture. Since Hammad has many things in common with minority groups, like the African-American group, she likes rap poetry as a means of resisting discrimination showed by American society. The study aims at presenting the problem of identity, namely ethnic, which fluctuates between 'self' and 'other' and how can this be highlighted in translation. The study hypothesizes that for the purpose of reflecting identity problem in the target text, a translator must be fully aware of the context of situation in which these poems are written. Furthermore, content-focused translations are supposed to highlight identity references more than form-focused translations do. One of the conclusions the study comes out with is that the search for identity, namely ethnic identity, is well manifested in Hammad's Born Palestinian, Born Black at three levels: lexical, syntactical and rhetorical.

In this paper, we tries to illustrate an exceptional literary criticism to ( Le Grand Meaulnes), a novel by Henri-Alban Fournier, also known as Alain Fournier. This research deals with the quest for the writers’ identity that marked the main three characters throughout his work. The study examines three points: a brief account of self-writing in all its forms, the figures of autobiography in Fournier’s work, marked by the existence of certain autobiographical traits and the multiplication of I in which the author seeks to realize his identity. This identity is imagined by the writer aiming to be reborn under multiple faces, personified by three characters created by Fournier in order to change his past according to his psychological needs.