Adab AL Rafidayn

What Abd al-Rahman bin Khaldun (732 AH / 1332 CE - 808 AH / 1406 CE) presented in the introduction to his book (The Literary and Divan of the Beginner and the News in the Days of the Arabs, Persians, Berbers and their Contemporaries of the Most Powerful) is the culmination of what Islamic social and political thought has reached. In this book, Ibn Khaldun dealt with presentation and analysis of some of the most important problems that occupied Islamic thought throughout the past ages, and it is still preoccupying it until the present time. Among the most important of these problems is the problem of governance and the related ownership and caliphate, and the ideological, intellectual and political differences that have arisen around it that have profound effects on the course of Islamic society and its civilization.

The contemporary history of Lebanon is bound up with a lot of political personalities who played a very active role in achieving the political independence from France in the mid of the twentieth century. Abdullah Al-Yafy was one of these patriotic personalities who declared their rejection to the French mandate on Lebanon and resisting the sectarian attitudes played by the mandate autjority. He insisted on achieving the collaboration between the Muslim and Christian Lebanese in an independent Lebanese state.
Throughout this paper I have tried to shed light on the political role that Abdullah al-yafy played in the most important, critical and complicated era in the political history of Lebanon especially the period between (1943-1958). This paper tackles Al-Yafi birth, his education and the beginning of his political activity in Lebanon between the two great wars 1928-1939, then the paper focuses on his participation and winning in the Lebanese parliamentary elections that happened through the years (1943, 1947, 1951, 1953). It also studies his role in achieving the political independence from France in 1943 and his opposition against the rule of president (Bishara Khory) who was thrown out of power in an uprising in 1952. After that Al-Yafy was elected as the prime minister of the Lebanese government (1953-1954). The paper concludes with Al-Yafy’s participation in establishing the national front in 1957 which played the opposition role against the Lebanese president (Kameel shamoun) which led to an uprising in 1958 resulted in throwing the president Shamoun out of power and bringing Fouad Shihab as the Lebanese president in September of 1958.

This paper sheds light on one of the most important intellectual and ideological foundations of the clash of civilizations theory, presented by Harvard University political scientist Samuel Huntington. Huntington (1927 - 2008), an issue of the relationship between religion and civilization, and the impact of religion on a civil clash. He is one of the leading strategic political analysts in the United States. This theory emerged in the nineties of the last century, and provoked different reactions between supporter and opponent and between the supporter and reprehensible to push one to explore its hollow and know its dimensions.

The western civilization has had great achievements in various fields of science and knowledge, especially applied and technological sciences, which affected these peoples and nations to make a huge leap.
And this civilization was inherited from Greek and Roman civilization and followed its materialistic tendencies. Westerners -eastern and western side- have followed many theories and ideologies of capitalism, Marxism, Freudianism, existentialism, Darwinism, and racist nationalism, as well as the sanctification of material science and making it as idolatry, as some thinkers have followed, followed by a reverence for wealth and money. This materialistic trend towards the development of Western civilization and humanism materially and at the expense of the spiritual and moral, and therefore Western civilization failed in the spiritual and moral side and transformed human society into a brutal society, and the result was wars, destruction, fighting, crime, madness, anxiety and the spread of drugs and prostitution throughout the world. This civilization has been criticized by many scholars and intellectuals for its theories and intellectual and material propositions. The man became a stranger in his world anxiety distorted thought and spirit weak faith, but seeks his happiness from the power of science more than worship God, and this naturally led to the relapse of humanity and the decline of civilization, which some intellectuals described the ominous and brutal civilization. There have been many calls for the necessity of ridding mankind of the badness of this civilization, its deviations and its delusions, and the return of man to his natural and spiritual and material balance after he was hit by this civilization and drifted by horrendous material delinquency and its miserable and changed its original nature.

The Ottoman state was named in its late days as the sick man, as European countries came together to share their properties, especially after the Berlin Conference in 1878, in which the share (Libya) or Tripoli west for Italy, as well as the signing of the Italian agreements with France, Germany, Austria, Britain and others who recognized To them (Libya) as a future colony, Italy used various ways and means to occupy it has succeeded in that. As a result of the Italian attack on (Libya) the Ottoman Empire took a position to do so as it insisted on resisting it through some of its officers and soldiers, and this resistance ceased in 1912, after the parties agreed to cease fire.
The research consists of an introduction, two paragraphs and conclusions. The first paragraph covered the causes and paving of the invasion, in which we talked about the geographical location of Libya, which is close to Italy, for suffering from internal crises and investment of its capital in Libya. While the second paragraph included the position of the Ottoman Empire on the Italian invasion of Libya, which came to the chaos experienced by Tripoli in the west, as a result of the weakness of the Ottomans.

The early period of Islam is Considered an important ages in Arab – Islamic history , be Cause of its military and civilizational that have been reflected on the reality of the nation , so it got it in to political differences where it reached it peak in the Caliphate Othman ( God may please him ) , and extended to include the Caliphate Ali bin Abi Talib ( Cod may please him ) , where AL – Zubair had a clear role in the re vents he indulged in . The re search Came to give glimpse of AL-Zubair's role in these events , That the nation has gone through and we started at giving a profile of his character and the he drifted in to troubles faced by the Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib ( God may please him ) , The most prominent of which is the Famous battle of AL – Jamal ( Camel ) , which claimed the life of AL – Zubair bin – AL – Awam .

The relations between the Muslim Arab State and the Byzantine State passed through different stages. After the Muslim Arab State had liberated the lands occupied by the Byzantine ate the onset of the first of Hijra century, the struggle between the two states transmitted to the sea. Immediately after the Arabs had settled in the coasts of Syria and Eygpt, the Byzantine forces began attacking these coasts to weaken the Muslim Arab forces, a matter which made the Arabs go to sea in order to confront the attacks, and to pursue the Byzantine forces.
Afterwards, the tension between the tow states was moved to the Mediterranean sea, especially to the eastern islands, because both these states knew the strategic, military and commercial importance of these islands. Whichever party could control these islands, it would be able to have the naval commercial routes under sway, in addition to have control over the security of these islands in Syria, Eygpt and Asia Minor

That science and art of translation an ancient return to thousands of years, the human had translated his brother human's sciences and arts, Akadian translated what they found on the Sumerians and people of Nile Valley treated with the neighboring peoples by the translators, there is no doubt that the embassy between Nile Valley civilization with the neighboring peoples by the translators, and there is no doubt between the that the embassy among the old world civilizations where the translator was the active axis in communicated the will between the two side.
The traditional meaning of the translation is the interpreter of the tongue , this meaning had mentioned in number of verses of the Holy Qura'n, see (Al-Naml chapter/ 103 , Al-Shuarra chapter/ 195 , Al-Ahkaf chapter/2).
In Hercules talk when he asked about Islam , said to a translator and he was who translate the speech, and the plural is interpretings and maybe come in meaning of someone biography, or in the science as Ibn Abbas had described that he is the Qura;n interpreter.
There are many types of translation in the single language from old text to explaining it in the modern language, and from words to drawing and art, what is benefit for us is translation fro language to another, our Islam encourage us to learning other languages as what mentioned in Al-Hadith Al-Shareef ((who learned language of folk …. their deception).

The child by the biological age and stage of composition, depends on the other (family, society) to provide all needs, so that any deficiency in this stage will result in adverse effects, in personality and social composition and business by working children at an early age because in his behavior.
Since the Iraqi community faced several variables and social conditions and social, economic and political crises and wars affected the ability of society and the State in providing for the needs of individuals and their basic services and thus lower monthly income among some segments of society led to the emergence of certain social problems Including the problem of child labour and research along with my last field side which highlight some cases (10 male and female) working children without notable 18th results are :-
1- Influence of child labour to continue studying
2- Child labour affects the desire to attend school
3- Child labour is due to indigence and to improve the physical level
4- Respondents often said of that charge in as concentrated equitable income distribution among others and not giving the rich the poor .

The study focuses on the phenomenon of child labor as it is considered one of the most blatant violations that affect the basic elements that every child should enjoy and deprives the child of his most basic rights. He is being lost in the maze of ignorance. The presence of children working outside the educational process as a result of joining the labor market Which leads to the weakening of the state property of human capital and the negative effects on society, the work of children from global problems, but vary from one country to another in size, causes and effects. The purpose of the research is to identify the causes of child labor and social effects left by the work of children ,
The research was based on the social survey, which consisted of (50) families. The researcher used the method of the objective sample, distributed questionnaire forms for this purpose, and used the percentage and the mean and the standard deviation to describe and analyze the information.
1. Displaced families suffered from ill-treatment, which arose as a result of lack of material resources and limited home.
2. Displaced families have established new friendships.
3. Research shows that co-existence contributes to the strengthening of social relations.