Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research

The foot infection is the most consequence of diabetes mellitus, which greatly increases the risk of lower limb amputation. Effective antibiotic therapy is crucial in the treatment of these illnesses. The gram-negative bacterial samples from individuals with diabetic foot infections are evaluated in this study for their pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Eighty-foot ulcer patients in total were collected, and 115-gram negative bacteria were taken, identified, and confirmed for antibiotic sensitivity using several drugs from various families. Finally, the phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase, AMPC, and metallo-beta-lactamase MBL was performed. The results found different types of gram-negative bacteria isolated which are E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. Also, the results show the different percentages of resistance of these bacterial isolates to different types of antibiotics and also their different percentage in their sensitivity to different antibiotics. This research revealed that 50% of diabetic foot infections were caused by several microbes. The most often found gram-negative-bacteria were E coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. These bacteria were recovered from the taken cases. on the other hand, our study found a noted percentage of different isolated gram-negative bacteria for producing three types of beta-lactamase enzymes.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease of poultry and other bird species like pigeon (Columbi livia), it characterizes as devastating and contagious and it has been distributed worldwide. ND in pigeons is caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1(PPMV-1) which is an antigenic and host variant of the avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), the disease in pigeons is termed paramyxovirosis and cause nervous signs with high mortality usually in the bird with kidneys infected with viscerotropic strains, and neural signs appeared individually. PPMV-1 was initially detected by hemagglutination activity (HA) and confirmed with hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI), and molecular-based techniques. Serological diagnosis of paramyxovirosis is necessary because of the similarity of the PPMV-1 infection with sodium chloride poisoning, pigeon herpes virus infection (PHV), and ornidazole overdose that cause same neurological signs. PPMV-1 infection can be controlled effectively by vaccination by specific vaccines associated with good biosecurity aspect

The current study aimed to observe the morphological, and histological features of the small intestine (duodenum) in adult male and female swan geese. The study was carried out on 10 adult geese, with ages ranging from(one-two) years. These birds were used for morphological and histological study. The birds were weighed, then euthanized by injection of Ketamine and xylazine intramuscularly in the pectoral muscle. The coelomic cavity was dissected and photographed to identify the intestinal morphology and the location of organs. Duodenum were grossly described and measured (weight, relative weight, length, relative length, and diameter, relative diameter, and volume, relative volume). Histologically, the specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological study. The sections were stained using a (Hematoxylin-Eosin) and PAS stain. The morphological study showed that the small intestine is composed of three segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). The duodenum formed from a U-shaped tube occupies the pancreas, and the ileum appeared shorter part of the small intestine, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape. Conclusion: The duodenum formed a U-shaped tube occupying the pancreas, the mucous membrane of the small intestine showed a clear velvet-like appearance by long finger-like shaped villi, different in size and shape to increase the surface area of absorption. The mucosal glands different in size and shape occupied most of the lamina propria. The goblet cells showed high density toward the end of the intestine. The duodenum showed the largest surface area of villi than other organs of the digestive tract.

Penicillium is a genus of the one the most common fungi have located in distinctive and suitable surroundings (temperature, humidity, Ph), Penicillium species produced extracellular enzymes that play a necessary position in the microbial decomposition of natural substances. The study is aimed to detect chemicals made by two species of Penicillium using a synthetic media that contained a powder made from the leaves of the Conocarups tree. In this study, two species of Penicillium had used in a fermentation process using synthetic medium contained a powder of the Conocarpus tree leaves. That isolated from water of the Hammar marsh areas in south Iraq particularly in Thi-Qar province.The isolated Penicillium observed on beginning of cultural, microscopic and morphological characteristics. Molecular identification of Penicillium results proved that all strains were belonging to Penicillium genera. According to the β-tubulin sequence, the isolated were divided into 2 species, as Penicillium brevicompactum and Penicillium expansum. GC-MS analysis appeared different compounds with various retention times (RTs) were produced by the crude extracts of P. brevicompactum and P. expansum. Similar compounds are (benzyl alcohol, benzyldimethylsilyl ether ), (cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl), (trolamine), (cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-), (methyl stearate), (hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester), (n-hexadecanoic acid ), (9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester,(E-), (9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester), (heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl-, methyl ester), (methyl stearate), (9-octadecenoic acid, (E)-), (oleic acid), (methyl 10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoate), (9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,methyl ester), (dl-.alpha.-tocopherol), (vitamin E), (gamma.-sitosterol), and (beta.-sitosterol).

Contagious ecthyma virus Large, oval, double-stranded DNA viruses from the family Poxviridae they are distinct from other poxviruses due to their unusual spiral coat. Orf virus encoded highly conserved F1L gene, B2L gene, which codes for highly immunogenic envelope protein. Orf lesions were observed on the upper and lower lips, upper and/or lower eyelids, and around the mouth and nose of sheep. This study evaluated the histology and genetics of Orf virus in AL-Qadisyah sheep infected with infectious ecthyma. Positive histology is defined by the presence of subcorneal pustules, hydropic degeneration of necrotic keratinocytes, and epidermal hyperplasia with pronounced rete ridges. Samples were fixed in paraffin and sectioned into 5m slices. PCR on DNA-extracted samples was positive for both the B2L and F1L genes. Four positive samples were sequenced and recorded in GeneBank, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Histopathology and clinical symptoms can aid in the diagnosis of infectious ecthyma rapidly and affordably, whereas PCR distinguishes between identical diseases in endemic regions. Analyzing the divergence between the inferred amino acid sequences of the incomplete B2L gene in different strains from Iraq OK336711.1, OK336710.1, and other Indians, we found that two locations contain different amino acid changes, resulting in a nucleotide and amino acid identity of 97.8% and 97.6%, respectively. The F1L envelope protein of the Iraqi strain OK330734.1 was comparable to those of China and India, while the envelope protein of the Italian strain OK330733.1 was identical to that of Italy.

In Iraq, due to the government’s lack of control over antibiotic use by the aquaculture farmers, random use of antibiotic is prominent, especially Oxytetracycline (OTC). Oxytetracycline is a potent antibiotic used in aquaculture industries because it is easily obtained, inexpensive, and effective against bacterial diseases. The present study aimed at quantifying and comparing the amount of OTC residue in the two most consumed muscles, dorsal and caudal skeletal muscles, of farmed common carp fish ‘Cyprinus carpio’ by the Sulaymaniyah population. Samples of caudal and dorsal skeletal muscles of 54 (for each muscle type 27) carp fish were taken randomly from 9 large aquaculture ponds, which were composed of one or more earthen ponds, in Qaladze and Taqtaq areas near Sulaymaniyah Province/Iraq. The OTC residue was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two-tailed, unpaired t test analysis of the results was performed by GraphPad Prism software to compare between the residue levels in the two regions of the skeletal muscles. Twenty-eight samples had OTC residue detected in them, while residues in twenty-six samples were not detectable, only two of the caudal skeletal muscle samples had residues that exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL), while all the dorsal muscles with OTC residues revealed lower levels than the set MRL. The present study revealed that there was OTC residues in common carp, and different muscles have OTC residues regardless of their location in the common carp’s body. In addition, a specific MRL level and a legal regulation by the Iraqi government must be set to keep OTC use for the farms and residue levels in the fish meat under control.

The present study\'s objective was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the Probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium (obtained from the Agriculture Research Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq) and a suspension of a mixture between the two mentioned probiotics with two types of Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp) and one type of Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus spp) in vitro. The required tests were completed to verify the probiotics\' purity, and the bacterial isolates used in the current investigation were assessed using biochemical assays and selected culture medium (culture and microscopic features). In addition, the inhibitory efficacy of the investigated Probiotics in different Gram positive and negative bacteria was evaluated by drug susceptibility testing (disc diffusion test as well as agar well diffusion test). Our data of the current study confirmed an excellent inhibitory activity of each Bifidobacterium (B) and the mixture of the two probiotics (MLB) via measuring the inhibition area, they had 25, 22mm, 28,-30 mm inhibition zone for Pseudomonas spp, 23, 25 mm, 26-27mm inhibition zone for Proteus species spp, and 22,20 mm, 33,29 mm inhibition quarter for Streptococcus species, by way of the usage of disc and agar well diffusion methods respectively. Where it was once weak inhibition activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L)on Pseudomonas spp, 0-3 mm and Streptococcus species 1-7 mm by the usage ofthe disc and agar well diffusion respectively. On the other, hand, Probiotic(Lactobacillus acidophilus) had available zone of inhibition on the Proteus spp bacteria, which were 24, 24 mm through the disc and agar well diffusion respectively. In conclusion: the Probiotics were found to have good and active inhibitory action on Gram-positive microorganism (Streptococcus) and gram-negative microorganism (Pseudomonas and Proteus) in vitro by way of using disc and agar well diffusion test, and the combination of the two probiotics MBL of present study, had more potent inhibitory action than each one of the studied separate probiotics.