Kufa Journal of Arts

The opinions of the commentators differed regarding the meaning of the word "today" in the verse of completion. Some commentators believed that it refers to a specific day, while others said that it does not refer to a specific day, but rather came in the general meaning of the day. The question that arises here is: Does the Qur’an mean by the word "today" in this context a specific day, or did the word come in its general meaning? And if it means a specific day, when is that day? Most Shiite commentators have believed that the "today" in this verse refers to a specific day, and they say that it is the day on which the Messenger of God (may God bless him and grant him peace) was inspired to appoint Ali (peace be upon him) as his successor and to appoint him over the Muslim nation, which is the day known as the Day of Ghadir Khumm. As for the Sunni commentators, they believe that the meaning of the "today" in this verse is the Day of Arafah, which is the Friday on which God completed the obligations and rulings for the Muslim nation. This study attempts, through the Sunnis’ view and by relying on the descriptive analytical methodology and also relying on the transmitted and rational narrations, that the meaning of “day” in this verse must be a specific day, which is the day of Ghadir Khumm.

The Palestinian cause has shaken the feelings of Muslims violently, causing their tears to flow like blood and sparking embers of sadness and regret in their burning hearts. Poets, like all Arabs, were affected by this cause and immortalized this tragedy in all parts of their homeland. Among these poets who were affected by the Palestinian cause and recited beautiful poems in defense of the independence of the Holy Land and the freedom of the Palestinian people are the Iraqi poets Ahmed Al-Waili and Mohammed Mahdi Al-Jawahiri. Despite the differences in their poetic content, we see the two Iraqi poets adopting a single approach towards the Zionist usurpation and defending their own people. In this regard, Al-Waili addressed the issue in an Arab and Islamic manner and tried to portray the tragedy to Arabs and Muslims as a problem that can only be solved by standing together alongside the wounded Palestinian people. As for Al-Jawahiri, he believed that the only way for his nation was to fight, and he criticized the falsehood of the Arabs’ claims of commitment to peace and self-control, and he also criticized Islam for its tolerance and leniency towards enemies.

There is no doubt that one of the lofty and basic goals of Islam is to apply justice and equity in society; on this basis, an Islamic system called Islamic judiciary was established, in the arena in which the Islamic government plays a role. The evidence for this is that one of the characteristics through which the judicial system is considered just is that it includes controls and laws that enable it to become capable of applying justice in Islamic judiciary and trials; and for the fundamental role that the method of trials plays in ensuring justice, Islamic law has emphasized the judiciary and how to issue its rulings in a fair manner, and that the judiciary is considered one of the affairs of the infallible Imam and the just ruler who assumes Islamic rule; therefore, one of the important topics in Islamic judiciary is how to apply justice in the pace of trials. In this article, in order to define the judicial system in Islamic trials and focus on its justice and fairness and by benefiting from the four sources (the Qur’an, Sunnah, reason, and consensus), we will study the basic principles of Islamic judiciary by relying on the method of description and analysis. These principles are: justice and impartiality in the pace of trials, the independence of the judge, the principle of not prolonging trials, the non-consideration of confession, testimony and oaths by anyone other than the judge, direct referral and attendance before the judge and issuance of the ruling in accordance with Islamic standards.

The contemporary Iraqi poet paid great attention to the holy city of Najaf; he gave it a sanctity that he did not give to any other holy city. His interest resulted in a wide poetic output. It is rare to find a parallel to it in the poetry of other holy cities. However, despite its abundance, it did not receive its due due to research, and it was not studied independently. The literary environment of Najaf was not studied in a complete manner, and everything that was studied from it is in a narrow circle that does not fulfill the required purpose and is only for a specific census of some of what was said in this city (the city of Najaf) of literature and poetry and by all Arab poets without the necessary and sufficient attention to contemporary Iraqi literature and poetry in this city; so that the benefit is widespread and knowledge is increased about a golden period of literature and poetry in this city and among the great contemporary poets of Iraq. Therefore, we monitored many literary collections and poetry collections and produced examples of contemporary Iraqi poetry about the sanctity of Najaf al-Ashraf; We studied it in a descriptive and analytical way to understand the complete picture of this type of poetry with its artistic structures and beautiful descriptions. The research concluded that contemporary Iraqi poets have greatly emphasized the sanctity of Najaf in their poetry; they have been creative in describing it and highlighting its status, giving it beautiful poetic images that we have not found an example of in the poetry of other holy cities.

This research aims to try to clarify the effective role and unlimited contribution made by a number of Iraqi judges in the history of the Arab Islamic state through the development and modernization of some judicial systems that remained the same until the arrival of competent (Iraqi) judges, especially in the Abbasid era, to which the first roots of the emergence of the position of Chief Justice go back, and that the true maturity of the judicial system that witnessed diversity in the application of rulings based on the known Islamic doctrines dates back to the same period, and from here came our choice of the end of the Abbasid era, and the idea of ​​the study crystallized in my desire to learn about the history of Iraqis in the judicial institution and the role of its Iraqi men and highlight the Iraqi cities that drew the first legal building blocks in Iraqi history, especially Basra, Kufa, Wasit, Baghdad, Mosul, the capital of the Islamic Caliphate and the role of the Ahl al-Bayt (may Allah be pleased with them) in it and Baghdad, Mosul and other cities, and the impact of the political, social and economic situation on the Iraqi judicial institution

Piaget believed that children play an active role in the learning process, acting like little scientists as they experiment, make observations, and learn about the world. As children interact with the world around them, they are constantly adding new knowledge, building on existing knowledge, and adapting previously existing ideas to accommodate new information. He argued that intelligence is something that grows and develops through a series of stages. He also argued that older children do not think faster than younger children. There are qualitative and quantitative differences between the thinking of young children and older children. Based on his observations, he concluded that children are not less intelligent than adults, they just think differently. Albert Einstein described Piaget’s discovery as being so simple, only a genius could think of it.

Imam Hussein had several narrations in the biography of the Prophet that found their way into the heritage books. This study is to shed light on these narrations, their nature and importance. The study was divided into three sections. In the first section, we discussed Imam Hussein’s narrations about the general conditions of the Messenger Muhammad, including his birth, lineage, characteristics, evidence of his prophethood, his status and his superiority. We devoted the second section to Imam Hussein’s narrations in the news of the Islamic call. As for the third section, it was a study of Imam Hussein’s method in presenting the narrations of the biography of the Prophet and explaining their importance.

“Moderation and balance” are among the principles upon which the world was founded. It means that a person should be kind to all people, forgive the sins of others, accept their apologies, and not blame them for their mistakes. All of these characteristics were manifested in their most perfect and sublime forms in one person, Muhammad (PBUH), whom humanity has not known anyone like him throughout the ages, as his greatness, genius, mercy, and unparalleled wisdom are manifested. This brief article seeks to highlight to the honorable reader the moderation and balance in the life of the Messenger and to present his life to the reader so that he may have insight into his future and know his justice, mercy and moderation - which he (PBUH) was at the peak of - the researcher first mentioned the torture he faced from his enemies, then mentioned his (PBUH) directives to his princes and the decree of his judiciary and finally compared his justice to the justice of other people of religions and other nations. He saw the urgent need to shed light on the justice of the Prophet and his dealings and mercy with his enemies and opponents in his fragrant biography - which may be often evident in his conquests - to show a realistic biography of the life of the Prophet to the whole world.

Additional pairing is the additional structures that consist of two words from two different semantic fields, in the form of the complement and the complement to it, and it gives poetry semantic and aesthetic values, and affects the listener deeply; therefore, it increases the semantic effect in conveying meanings. Love poetry is considered a model of this effect in conveying ideas and feelings, which crystallize through simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor. Love is one of the noblest and purest human relationships ever, and its synonyms have a prominent place in the poetry of pre-Islamic poets. This research was built on the basis of the descriptive analytical approach, using some applied models from the poetry of pre-Islamic poets, trying to clarify the role played by the word (love) in their poetry, explaining its many connotations. Since the additional pairings play a fundamental role in constructing the text and its suggestive and aesthetic connotations, this research sought to answer the following question: What is the role played by the additional pairings in highlighting the beauty and expanding the meaning in the pairing structures that revolve around love? Through this research, we reached the most important results, which are that it became clear to us that the added is tangible and the added to is abstract in most cases, and in these pairings the rational is transformed into the tangible to deepen the meaning and bring it closer to the mind. The pairing of love is more present in the poetry of Antarah ibn Shaddad. The pre-Islamic poets employed many semantic pairings to mean love, including: “The horses of youth and its mounts” denote the motives and desires of the souls. “The heat of infatuation, the fire of passion, the fire of desire and the fire of passion” denote his lover’s indifference to him. The pairing “the shackles of passion and the captivity of passion” denote the intensity of the attachment of passion. The pairing “the rope of affection” denotes the connection and relationship between the two parties. The pairing “the army of longing” denotes the poet’s dominance of longing and the pairing “the fire of longing” denotes the intensity and heat of longing. These additional pairings are expressions that convey their meanings through their words, as they are more direct and clear in indicating the meaning, and the degree of metaphor in them is less than its mental image.

This study dealt with the criminal procedures in pursuing the crime of inciting sectarian strife, this crime that has occupied society and continues to this day, and as a result of which thousands of innocent Iraqis have been killed. Therefore, in this research, we dealt with the procedural aspects of this crime in two sections. In the first section, we dealt with the nature of the crime of inciting sectarian strife, including what this nature included in terms of definition and motivation for committing this crime, as well as its forms and the valid interest of criminalizing it. In the second section, we explained the procedural aspects of the crime of inciting sectarian strife, which we limited to the criminal procedures established for the crime of inciting sectarian strife, as well as the criminal penalties, which were represented by the original and supplementary penalties. We concluded our research with the most important conclusions we reached and the suggestions we mentioned.

Al-Baydawi’s interpretation, or Anwar al-Tanzil wa Asrar al-Ta’wil, is one of the brief, useful and famous interpretations of the eighth century AH. Brevity, avoidance of verbosity, and elegance in explaining the topics are the characteristics of this interpretation. This interpretation was written in five volumes, in the style of Al-Zamakhshari’s interpretation “Al-Kashshaf”. The interpreter benefited from “Al-Tafsir al-Kabir or Mafatih al-Ghaib” by Fakhr al-Razi, as well as from Raghib al-Isfahani’s interpretation and some sayings and opinions of the Companions and Followers. This interpretation, by consensus of scholars, is considered a true interpretation despite its light size. Al-Baydawi’s interpretation, in terms of type and style, is a literary, ijtihad and classical interpretation. This article aims to study the style and position of Al-Baydawi’s interpretation among other interpretations of the Holy Quran.

The law has allowed the contracting parties to agree to amend the provisions of contractual liability when it removes the provisions of this liability from the public order, and on the basis of the principle that the contract is the law of the contracting parties, the contracting parties may agree to mitigate, aggravate or even exempt from this liability. Accordingly, this agreement is the duty to be followed by the contracting parties, as long as it is valid and does not violate the provisions of the law and public order. However, there are cases in which this amendment to contractual liability is considered void and has no effect, and some of these cases are directly stipulated by the legislator and are specified by legal texts, such as in the case where the debtor stipulates exemption from his fraud or gross error. However, there are cases that the legislator did not regulate with direct texts and did not address, such as in the case where the debtor stipulates mitigation or exemption from liability arising from damages to the human body.

This research dealt with the positions of some Kufi women who supported the truth and stood firm against the pressures of falsehood. The research was divided into two main sections. The first was entitled “Supporting the Truth and Revealing the Facts.” In it, we explained the positions of some women in supporting the bearer of the banner of truth, the Commander of the Faithful, Ali bin Abi Talib (may God be pleased with him) in the Battle of the Camel in the year 36 AH and the Battle of Siffin in the year 37 AH, by encouraging the fighters and urging them to fight and reminding them of the injustice of the oppressors. This support was material and moral. As for the second section, it was entitled “Images of Steadfastness Despite the Types of Suffering.” In it, we explained the pressures that those women and their families were exposed to, and the images of heroism that they embodied in confronting those pressures and not submitting to the will of the enemies.

The scientific reference in the Islamic community, especially after the departure of the Great Messenger (PBUH), enjoys a lofty and extremely important position among the Muslim community, which made it the focus of interest, discussion and research from all aspects. As it is known to all Muslims that Abu Bakr bin Abi Quhafa, Omar bin Al-Khattab and Othman bin Affan were the successors of the Prophet (PBUH) after him in order, the question that strongly poses itself, especially in this specific period of time; is the scientific status of Imam Ali among the three caliphs from the perspective of the scholars of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah and the extent of its importance. The research reached, in what it discussed through the descriptive analytical approach and through cross-referencing and reviewing the most important sources and libraries, that: The caliphs and many of the companions consulted Imam Ali (PBUH) in many jurisprudential, interpretive, educational and administrative issues of the country that were arising in society at that time, and they acknowledged his jurisprudential and scientific superiority over everyone.

The study aims to expand the analysis using quantitative methods in the methodology of scientific geographical analysis, as it took one of the tools of the scientific statistical method (calculating and analyzing index numbers) in analyzing a demographic-economic geographic phenomenon (average total household spending on goods and services in Iraq according to market prices) spatially between the governorates of Iraq, and over successive time periods, as a follow-up and interpretation of the spatial and temporal relationships of the phenomenon and determining its trends, which represents the problem of the study based on the data of the surveys conducted by the Ministry of Planning during the mentioned period for households in Iraq. It was carried out according to the steps and literature of scientific research, as the theoretical framework of the study was clarified, and the steps of scientific analysis were shown from defining the problem and simulating it with realistic hypotheses, taking the results and discussing them statistically, and interpreting their differences according to their geographical facts, in an effort to determine the economic status of the population. The study showed that there is a spatial and temporal variation in the size of household spending among the governorates of Iraq during the calculated period, according to the applications of the variable basis in the indices, as the change in the indices (increase and decrease) included all the governorates of Iraq for reasons that can be summarized as the state of economic, political and social instability as a result of the accumulations of the American occupation of Iraq and then the two crises that Iraq went through, namely the decline in oil prices and the ISIS occupation, which were reflected in the dynamics of change in the level of household spending on goods and services, as well as the lack of a clear future vision for the government's economic policies.

Many linguistic studies, especially textual ones, do not differentiate between referential range and referential space. The term range may be used to mean space, or vice versa. Referral in the complete Arabic sentence, according to the ancients and moderns, is of two types in terms of function: partial referral and total referral. First: Partial referral: is the referral that takes place within the sentence from the referring element to its interpreter - a short-range referral - whether the referral is directed inside or outside the text. The sum of the partial referrals is what constitutes the total referral of the sentence. This means that the partial referral carries part of the meaning and is a means of creating meaning. Second: Total referral: is the referral that consists of referential groups within a single sentence or text - a short-range referral - to produce its total meaning. This process is what produces the total meaning of the sentence. Therefore, the research came into this problem to clarify the difference between the two terms in an applied manner on the poem "I Will Lend Your Eyes to Wait for Me" by the Iraqi poet Sabah Abbas Anoz.

In light of the turbulent conditions witnessed by the Arab and Islamic geography in particular and the world map in general from the manifestations of protests - peaceful and violent - which reveal a defect in the mechanism of reaching the ruling systems that resulted in the confiscation of rights and freedoms, the need arises to shed light on the definition of political and intellectual opposition, and to follow its historical path, and to identify the position of Islamic law and positive law on it. This research is an attempt to identify the nature of political opposition and to reveal the opinion of the sacred Islamic law and positive law, and to attempt to make a comparison between them. It came in an introduction and four chapters. The first of them dealt with defining the nature of political opposition in language dictionaries and among specialized scholars, and also identifying its concept from the Qur’anic and jurisprudential perspective. While the second specialized in following up on political opposition in previous human societies by shedding light on how rulers dealt with it in previous historical eras. As for the third chapter, it studied the general dimensions of political opposition, while the fourth chapter dealt with The legal and legitimate basis for political opposition. Then we presented the most important results that the research produced and extracted, then a presentation of the most important sources that the researcher benefited from, and they were distributed between the sciences of the Holy Qur’an, politics, jurisprudence, language dictionaries, and history.

The topic of knowledge among Sufis is one of the important topics that Sufis and philosophers have emphasized. We reach this goal in studying knowledge among Sufis by identifying the different points of view of the different Sufi trends and schools. In order to reach this goal, which is to clarify knowledge in Sufi and philosophical thought, we must preserve Sufi thought and its relationship to philosophical thought. Sufi contemplation and imagination in the reality of the Islamic environment were an important factor in studying Sufi thought of knowledge in its various types (rational, sensory, intuitive, tasteful, emotional, and exploratory, etc.). The knowledge brought by Sufi thought is one of the most important factors that appeared in Islamic thought. Therefore, Sufi thought was able to spread the cognitive culture in the Islamic world, and this happened, as we mentioned, through the nature of the relationship and friction between Sufi thought and philosophical thought, as this relationship called for reading knowledge and its development according to the intellectual, philosophical, social and other factors in Islamic society. In addition, knowledge among Sufis had great merit in the critical development of ideas among Islamic sects regarding the subject of Islamic theology.

Cognitive sciences are a new field that combines many specializations, including: computer science, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and other specializations that study the mechanism of the human mind. The emergence of cognitive linguistics has led to a remarkable development in modern linguistic studies, as linguistic studies have moved from immanence to context in its various forms. Recent research efforts have gathered that see language as capable of reflecting patterns of thinking, and its methods have diversified, including: cognitive planning, metonymy, metaphor, and others. Given the increasing interest in cognitive linguistics in the Arab world, which is embodied in the translation of special works in the field of cognitive science and the holding of seminars and conferences on its topics, in addition to the importance that this topic acquires due to its connection to the mind and language.

Studying the linguistic dimension in the speech of the infallible Imams takes us to a series of details in the choice of vocabulary and construction of the structure, and the effect of these choices on the apparent and profound meaning, then the educational and moral effect intended by their speech (). This dimension can be traced in the supplications of Lady Zahra (), as we glimpse the education that Zahra () directed to the believing human being through the choice of special vocabulary and structures, so we find her language rising to the speech of God in spiritual, intellectual, social and religious values, as it reflects the Muhammadan education that she derived from her father, the Noble Prophet (), or we find reflections of her educational and social behaviors in what she demands of virtues and what she desires. To study the educational biography of Lady Zahra (peace be upon her) and what her language includes of clear images in the field of religious and educational moral sublimity, the research had to delve into her linguistic choices and their reflection on her educational goal that she inherited from the Master of Messengers (peace be upon him) who said, “I was sent to perfect good morals.”() The supplications of Zahra (peace be upon her) are a treasure trove of meanings and eloquent in investigating the movement of actions and their effect on communication and connection. Thus, the vocabulary was rich, the structures precise, and the speech pure, emanating from a soul that seeks perfection without blemish and a spirit that was sincere to its Lord in its secrets and the outward appearance of its actions and deeds.

Divine attributes and their relation to essence is one of the most fundamental theological issues in the Islamic world that the Qur'anic verses in this regard have led to its emergence among Muslim thinkers. Meanwhile, the Ash'arites believe that the divine positiveattributes are different fromessence and uncreated in time, and they have various arguments due to comparing the present with the absent, to carry attributeson each other and on divine essence, and on the uncreated essence of God. These arguments seem to be fallacious. Because the problem of the reasons for the first part is the lack of a comprehensive commonality between the two sides of the comparison, namely the uncreated and created being. The reference of attributes to one another and to the essence also implies the extensionalobjectivity and their conceptual difference, not the uncreatedness and the differences. The uncreatedness of God also requires the revoke of Mu’tazilite theory on the createdness of attributes, and it hasnothing to do with theiruncreatedness and differences

The present study is an attempt to examine Chomsky’s theory of movement and see if it is applicable in Arabic language. and also verbless sentences distribution by exploring their syntactic comportment and presenting two minimalist proposals to justify the motivating wh-movement in such verbless sentences as well as checking their agreement features. Although, the verbless sentence does not contain any overtly lexical copular verb in the context of present tense in modern standard Arabic, but there still an authorization of case and agreement features. Arabian verbless investigations involve a vacancy in addition to discard copula Norm hypothesis. This suggests depending on the minimalist syntax model by (Chomsky, N., 1992a, 1995b); Arabic verbless statements should have no verb as well as verb phrase, because of the two possibilities that inflected through tense for representing the present tense explanation: one without a verb another through a verb (copula).

Buy-back Contract in Iran, is legally a type of contractor agreement under which foreign party undertakes operation or recycling of an oil or gas field with his own capital. In return, the national oil company agrees to pay back the whole expenses of the foreign party with specific interests, in equal installments and necessarily by the oil and gas produced from that operational filed. Since the time of first contract concluded in 1995, oil and gas industry of Islamic Republic of Iran, in up-stream projects have had the third generation of these contracts on the agenda. The aim of the present research is to review and study these contracts, which highlighting the importance of this case, by a descriptive-analytical method analyze the condition of up-stream contracts in the oil industry of Iran

This research aims to identify the most prominent features used in identifying the lexical item as a discourse marker from the perspective of pragmatics. In this study, 14 Iraqi English teachers from different secondary schools were interviewed individually and asked about their knowledge of discourse markers and whether they train their students to recognize them as a skill or not. Conversation samples were randomly selected from the Iraqi English curriculum, especially the third intermediate book. It was found that English teachers in secondary schools were unable to recognize discourse markers or know their functions in conversation. All 14 informants showed their understanding of discourse markers. Therefore, the study came up with some recommendations that are supposed to solve this lack of knowledge in teaching English as a foreign language in Iraq