Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Terbulues terrestris fruit extraction on mitotic index and tumor HepG2 cell line (Hepatic cell line) inhibition in mice in different doses of alcoholic and alkaloids extraction (10, 20, 40, 80, 160) mg kg1- compared with colchicines methods by used injection methods. The results showed that alcohol and alkaloids relatively that a significant inhibition in mitotic index was recorded at dose (160 mg ml-1) which was the best in alkaloids extraction and in alcoholic extraction, increased 70% with colchicines and acute toxic effect in mice in respect to Lethal dose LD50 in mice (102 mg kg-1 and 98 mg kg-1), respectively in alcoholic and alkaloids extraction. The results of dose in alcoholic extraction (0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg ml-1) which was injection intra peritoneum in 30 day, one dose every 48 hours in mice reduced the tumor 57.20 m3 in 1 mg ml-1 dose, but the alkaloids reduced the tumor 35.12 m3 in 0.8 mg ml1- compared with control 3508.16 m3 and 3855.80 m3, respectively. However the chronic toxicity of water extract at three different concentration and alkaloids reduced the tumor depend the time and concentration.

These experiments were conducted to study effect of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide or urea on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of different roughages such as barley straw and yellow corn cobs. The chemical coefficients were used on the first lap periods of 30 days and 45 days. For determining of the effect of roughages type, the authors observed a high moral superiority (p <0.01) for barley processing in dry matter digesters, organic matter digestion, raw fiber ratio and nitrogen-free extract on feedstocks (P <0.01) for the treatment of sodium hydroxide in the dry digestion factor , organic matter digestion factor, raw fiber ratio, and nitrogen-free extract. When determining the effect of the length factor of the incubation period, the second period (45 days) was significantly higher (p <0.01) in the dry matter digestion coefficient, organic matter digestion factor, raw fiber ratio, crude protein ratio, and nitrogen-free extract compared with the first period. For explaining the effect of the overlap between the type of feed material and the type of chemical treatment, there was significant differences (P <0.01) for barley processing in dry matter digestion, organic matter digestion, crude fiber ratio, and nitrogen-free extract. For determining the effect of overlap between feed type and incubation period type, noted a digest organic matter and nitrogen-free extract and protein on all other transactions.

These experiments were conducted to study the effect of the use of various chemical parameters of some poor quality coarse feed. The chemical treatments were done for two incubation times, (30 days and 45 day). The results showed that the chemical treatments were superior at (p < 0.01) with non-treatment in nutritional value and transactions digestion in general, and when a statement of the impact factor of type article forage noted high moral outweight (p< 0.01) for barley straw in the digestion of dry matter coefficient (45.737%), the coefficient digestion of organic matter (47.490%), the ration of fibre crude (32.183%) and demodulator free of nitrogen (55.393%) on the other feed materials. When statement of the effect of chemical treatment observed high significant differences (p <0.01) for the treatment of sodium hydroxide in the digestion of dry matter coefficient (44.188%), the coefficient digest organic matter (50.334%), the proportion of crude fibre (30.977%) and demodulator-free nitrogen (57.080) while there was significant deference at for coefficient of urea in crude protein content (11.518%) and extract ether (2.239%) as compared with control treatment results. Which showed the effect of overlap between chemical treatment significant of barley straw in the digestion of dry matter coefficient (52.550%), coefficient of digestion organic matter (54.040%), the proportion of crude fiber (30.125%) and demodulator-free nitrogen (60.989%) compared to untreated, There was noted superior effect of treatment of wild reeds of urea in protein (15.18%) and ether extract (3.84%) compared to other treatment that used in the experiment.

A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in spring season 2016 to study the effect of three types of soil coverings (without coverage, black polyethylene coverage, and white cover), spraying with plant extracts, and consisted of five levels control (without spraying), spray with Blady grass, Nut grass, onion extract and Johnson grass extracts on the vegetative growth of the tomato plant, plant length, stem diameter, number of leaves, leave area and dry weight of the plant. Experiment was applied according to split-plot in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results were as follows: Soil coverage had a positive effect on all studied vegetative growth properties and the coverage of the soil with the black cover was significantly higher than the second type of cover and the comparison treatment which was not covered. The spraying of the plant extracts separately resulted a significant reduction in all studied vegetative growth properties as compared with control treatment (sprayed with distilled water). The spray treatment with Nut grass extract was characterized by increasing the reduction rate in the measured vegetative growth measurements from other extracts, followed by spraying with the extract of the Johnson grass, then spraying with the extract of the Blady grass and then spraying with the onion extract

An experiment was carried out at the vegetable Field Test of the Horticulture Department - College of Agriculture - Diyala University to study the impact of the use of organic fertilizers in the growth and yield of three hybrids of broccoli (Balimo, Green majic and Zone) in successive season 2015-2016, While organic fertilizers included the three types of animal decomposing organic waste (cows, sheep, and poultry) were added 5% of the volume of soil in addition to the treatment control (without fertilizer). The comparison between the averages of transactions using polynomial Duncan test at 5% probability was used. There were significant differences among hybrids for some of the traits as the superiority of hybrid Green majic hybrid significantly superior in Branches number per plant, while hybrids Green and majic Balimo had significant effect on plant dry weight of the soft edge on the hybrid Zone. Zone hybrid significantly superior in total curd yield, hybrid Balimo recipe in the percentage of potassium in the curds. The results showed superiority types of organic fertilizers of animal compared with control treatment of the most studied traits, and noted outweigh poultry manure, which gave the highest values ​​in the qualities of plant height, wet weight of plant, number of branches, total main heads yield, and the percentage of the element nitrogen, superiority the sheep manure in the percentage of phosphorus in heads, cattle manure gave the highest values ​​in content curds of potassium, gave a control treatment (without fertilizer), and lower values ​​of all the qualities that.

This experiment was conducted at the vegetable field of Horticulture department, College of Agriculture, Baghdad University "Abu Ghraib" for two successive seasons 2013 and 2014 in order to study the effect of poultry manure of mitigating the impact of salt stress and its reflect on growth and yield of sweet pepper "California Wonder". A nested design with three replicates was adapted. The experiment included 12 treatments which is watering plants with three levels of irrigation wells water 1.9, 2.0 dS m-1 (for two seasons respectively), 3 and 5 dS m-1 of NaCl, with four fertilization treatments included control, recommended chemical fertilizers, poultry manure at 3% and 5% of soil volume. Least significant difference (LSD) at 1.15 probability was used to compare the means. The results of experiment showed that salinity caused decreasing in all studied parameters, while chemical fertilization with low level of irrigation water salinity of wells water was superior on all other treatments, it caused increasing in nutrient content K and P in leaves also increased chlorophyll content in leaves and leaves area, while poultry manure at 5% of soil size with wells water treatment caused increasing plant height, branches number, and dry weight of vegetative growth. Poultry manure was active by mitigating the impact of salt stress on plant it was superior by increasing all parameters on other treatments under the same salinity level.

This experiment was conducted at the vegetable field of Horticulture department, College of Agriculture, Baghdad University, Abu Ghraib for two successive seasons 2013 and 2014 to study the effect of 24-epibrassinolide to mitigate the impact of salt stress and its reflect on growth and yield of sweet pepper " California Wonder ". Nested design with three replicates was adapted. The experiment included 12 treatments which is watering plants with three levels of irrigation wells water (1.9, 2.0) ds m-1 (for two seasons respectively), 3 and 5 ds m-1 of NaCl, with four brassinolide treatments (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6) mg L-1. Least significant difference (LSD) at 5% probability was used to compare the means.The results of experiment showed that salinity caused decreasing in all studied traits, while application of brassinolide caused alleviating of plant growth under salt stress. The study showed superior of brassinolide treatment 0.6 mg L-1 with low level of irrigation water salinity (wells water) on all other treatments in all parameters, it caused increasing in nutrient content K, P and ratio in leaves, also increased chlorophyll content in leaves. Brassinolide with wells water treatment caused increasing plant height, branches number, leaves area and dry weight of vegetative growth. Brassinolide was active of mitigating the impact of salt stress on plant it was superior by increasing all parameters on other treatments under the same salinity level.

A factorial experiment was conducted in clay loam soil at a farm belonging to Salam city, 25 km northeast of Baquba during autumn season 2015, to study the effect of applying humic acid and foliar fertilization with potassium and their interaction on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.), synthetic variety 5018 was used. Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications was used. Four levels of humic acid (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g m-2), and four levels of potassium (0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg K l-1 as potassium sulfate 41.5 % K) were used. The results showed that humic acid 2 g m-2 had a significant effect on plant height which gave 204.866 cm, leaf area 588.120 cm2, chlorophyll index 55.213 SPAD, the weight of 500 grain 154.096 g, and plant yield 256.356 g plant-1. While spraying with potassium at a concentration of 3000 mg K l-1 gave the highest plant height 205.000 cm, leaf area 585.933 cm2, chlorophyll index 54.904 SPAD, the weight of 500 grain 153.645 g, and plant yield 253.072 g plant-1.

The experiment was carried out in the field of Horticulture and landscape Dept., College of Agriculture, University of Diyala during the summer season 2015, to study the effect of the shading and potassium spraying agents on some vegetative growth parameters and yield of cucumber cultivar Mohannad. Shading levels were (% 0, % 35 and % 65) (L0, L1, L2) respectively. Four potassium levels were used (0, 4000, 4500 and 5000) mg k l-1 which were applied spraying at vegetative growth of plant which were symboled (K0, K1, K2 and K3) respectively. Results showed that shading at level 35% (L1) significantly exceeded on the dry weight of vegetative shoot, yield of the plant and the efficiency of water, while level 65% (L2) gave the highest increase in leaves area compared to 0% shading. The concentration of proline and potassium in plant leaves was higher in the control treatment without shade (L0). The results showed that fourth level of potassium (5000 mg k g-1) was superior compared to 0 level in leaves area, dry weight of vegetative shoot, yield of the plant, proline and potassium concentration in leaves and the water use efficiency increased in values (%19.79, %14.46, %72.59, %20.00, %37.63, and %72.75) respectively. The effect of the overlap between the levels of shading and potassium concentrations was significant in the dry weight of vegetative shoot, yield of the plant and the water use efficiency at the level of interference L1K3 (shading ratio of 35%, and the potassium concentration of 5000 mg k g-1) which recorded an average (79.67 g plant-1, 11.68 ton h-1, 17.27 kg mm h-1) respectively. The leaves area of the plant exceeded the level of interference L2*K3 with average (309.78cm2 ), while the level of interference L0K3 exceeded the rest of the levels of concentration of proline and Potassium concentration in leaves with average (2.37 mg g-1, and 44.99 mg k g-1).

The study was carried out to study the effect of rootstocks difference and spraying with arginine in some vegetative growth characteristics of two citrus species. A Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) in a factorial experiment was used with three factors, namely: Arginine levels (0 and 250 mgL-1), Citrus rootstocks (Sour orange, Volkameriana lemon and Troyer citrange) and Citrus species (Navel orange, local orange, common mandarin and Clementine mandarin) in three replications. Results analyzed according to SAS and differences between the means compared using Duncan's test at 0.05 probability level. Results showed navel orange was superior in stem diameter and carbohydrate, Clementine mandarin superior in plant length, Troyer strange superior in plant length, arginine superior in plant length, stem diameter, leaf area, carbohydrate and N. Interaction between Clementine mandarin and volkameriana superior plant length and interaction with troyer citrange superior in leaf area, and interaction with sour superior in leaves content of N, navel orange interaction with troyer citrange in stem diameter and carbohydrate. Interaction clementine mandarin with Arginine superior in plant length, interaction arginine with common mandarin in N content, interaction arginine with orange navel superior in stem diameter and carbohydrate, and interaction troyer citrange rootstock with arginine superior plant length and leaf area,Triple interaction between clementine mandarin with volkameriana rootstock and arginine superior in plant length, interaction common mandarin with sour and arginine superior in N content, and superior navel orange with troyer citrange rootstock and arginine in stem diameter and carbohydrate content, and local orange with sour rootstock and arginine superior in leaf area.

The study was carried out to study the effect of arginine spraying and rootstocks difference on some shoot growth for four citrus cultivars. A Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) in a factorial experiment was used with three factors, namely: Arginine levels (0 and 250 mg L-1), Citrus rootstocks (Sour orange, Volkameriana lemon and Troyer citrange), and Citrus species (Navel orange, local orange, common mandarin and Clementine mandarin) in three replications. Results were analyzed according to SAS and differences between the means compared using Duncan's test at 0.05 probability level. Results showed that navel orange was superior in total leaves chlorophyll content and arginine. Navel orange grafted on Volkameriana lemon rootstock was superior in leaves content of P, K and arginine. Spraying with arginine was superior in leaves content of arginine, while triple interference was superior in leaves content of P, arginine and K, while Volkameriana lemon rootstock was superior in leaves content of p and total chlorophyll. Spraying with arginine increased leaves content of P, k and total chlorophyll. Common orange grafted on Troyer Citrange was the superior in leaves content of total chlorophyll after spraying with arginine and at triple interaction. Common mandarin grafted on Volkameriana lemon rootstock gave the highest content of P. Volkameriana lemon rootstock treated with arginine was superior in leaves content of P and Arginine.

Field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural field/ College of Agric., University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriyah in 2017 in sandy loam soil to evaluate the effect of tillage sytems on some machinary unit performance indicatars and oil corn yield. New Holland TD80 was used in this study.Three depths included 010 , 10-20 and 20-30 cm represented main plot and three types of plows included moldboard, chisel and sweep plow with disk harrows for pulrieation represented sub plot were used in this study. Slippage percentage, practical productivity, fuel consumption, bulk density, Plant height and corn yield were study. Split plot design in Randomized Complete block design with three replication was used in this study under Least singnification differences at 0.05 probability (LSD 0.05) was used to compare the mean of treatments. The results can be summarized as fallow: The 0-10 cm depth gave the lowest slippage percentage (11.02 %), higher practical productivity (1.10 ha hr-1), lowest fuel consumption (3.03 L hr-1), lowest bulk density (1.21 gm cm-3). While depth 20-30 cm gave the highest Plant height (101.21 cm), the highest corn yield (3.11 ton ha-1). On the other hand sweep plow gave the lowest slippage percentage (11.31%), the lowest fuel consumption (3.02 L hr-1), lowest bulk density (1.21 g cm-3), the highest plant height (102.33 cm), the highest corn yield (3.10 ton ha-1). Chisel plow gave the highest practical productivity (1.13 ha hr-1). As for the significant of overlap between the depth 0-10 cm and sweep plow it has impacted significantly in all studied traits.

A field experiment was conducted at the research field -College of Agriculture - University of Diyala, during autumn season 2014, at silty clay soil to study the effect of irrigation periods, potassium levels, anti-transpiration Vapor Gard and their interaction on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was designed according to a split-split plots design in arrangement of a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experiment included three irrigation periods (6, 12 and 18 days) (W1, W2 and W3) respectively, potassium levels (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 ) (K0, K1 and K2), respectively, and two levels of anti-transpiration (A0 and A1) which represented spraying with water only and spraying with anti-transpiration in concentration (1%). Results showed a significant differences among irrigation periods, irrigation period of W2 was significantly increased leaf area, dry matter and biological yield compared to other periods. Potassium level of K2 significantly effected on all attributes of growth and yield compared to the levels K0 and K1, and spraying with antitranspiration (A1) significantly increased grain yield and growth indicators of corn compared to spraying with water only (A0). The interaction treatment (W2*K2*A1) was significantly the best in most of the studied characters.

This work was conducted to clarify fungi species in the soils of date palm. Study period revealed the existence of isolates belonging to 16 species of fungi trace to 8 different genus each underserved and unserved soil samples. The study showed the difference of the presence of fungi species in samples of soils as it was the highest percentage for the emergence of fungi A.terreus and A.niger in underserved and unserved soils recorded 44.99% and 43.33% respectively, while the lowest percentage recorded for the emergence of fungi were 1.25% and 1.66% for Alternaria citri and A.tamarii respectively. The study also showed that the presence of significant differences between the averages and that depending on the season, it was the highest percentage for the emergence of fungi recorded for A.niger and A.terreus 45.83% and 39.16% for the end and begining of the season. The lowest was recorded percentages for the emergence of fungi were 0.42 and 0.83% for A.tamarii and Alternaria citri respectively.