Kufa Journal of Arts

Linguists and scholars of origins were interested in the meaning of words and what they were established for, and their fluctuation between the reality of the language, custom and law, and their transfer from one place to another. Some of them were linguistic realities, such as names and titles, and perhaps this is what was called the situational meaning. Some of them were specific to custom and not others, so they were a customary reality, such as: animal and excrement. Some of them were legal realities, such as: prayer and zakat, and this is what is called the meaning of usage.

Population studies are of great importance at the present time, and this importance has doubled when the world felt that some of its contemporary problems are related to population and their growth, directly or indirectly, and that knowing the population numbers is necessary to know their basic needs and the efficiency of the services provided to them, and then diagnose the state of deprivation, as the study revealed an important aspect, which is urban growth through the different stages in the study area after the population increase witnessed by the city centers in Najaf Governorate. The migration of a number of residents of other governorates to Najaf Governorate had a clear impact on increasing the population over what it was in previous years during the period from 1977-2016, which led to the emergence of new residential neighborhoods, some of which represent the establishment and growth of random neighborhoods as a result of encroachments on some areas of the city within and outside the boundaries of the basic design, whose lands were now within the basic design.

The research (Ayyarin attacks on public and private properties in Iraq (247-447 AH) and the official and societal position on them) aims to shed light on the organization of the Ayyarin and the reasons for naming them that and the groups that joined this organization and were known by other names, in addition to presenting their most important characteristics and the society’s view of them and the advantages that distinguished them. But the important thing in the research and its main focus is the attacks carried out by the gunmen during the study period on public and private property, which left negative effects on various security, political, economic and social levels, and clarifying the official and societal reactions towards those attacks. The official ones were represented by the authorities’ treatments that revolved around adopting the approach of force sometimes and adopting other methods that relied on negotiation and fabrication at other times, while the societal positions took two axes. The first was represented by the positions of the Ashrafs’ leaders and jurists, who often tended towards peace and mediation to stop the gunmen’s attacks, while the public took positions that were characterized by appeasement at times and adopting the option of force to put an end to their attacks at other times.

The study summarized the relationship between the prevailing human activity in Al-Qassim city, by focusing on the most important activities that are the main source of air pollution in the region and the percentages of air pollutants that were monitored, using the statistical method (Pearson), and the pollutants are separated into gases and heavy elements. The gases are (CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, NO2, SO2, C2H6O, CH3)2C), C2H5)2O), C6H6, C3H9N, PH3, HCN, HF), while the heavy elements are (Fe, pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni). As for human activities, they varied in Al-Qassim city, which is a source of air pollution in it, most notably transportation, the number of private generators (small and large), bakeries, the number of green spaces spread within the city sectors and other human factors that have a direct impact on the city's air pollution. The study concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations that would provide appropriate solutions to eliminate or reduce the size of this problem.

Iraq lived during the Ottoman rule since the sixteenth century AD, which lasted for about four centuries, in a deteriorating situation, and did not witness much development in its cities and regions except in the last quarter of the nineteenth century AD, when Ottoman reforms were implemented through the establishment of government schools and modern factories, in addition to carrying out many economic projects and social activities as the beginnings of modernization in Iraq.

The research aims to build a computerized model to estimate some financial indicators and their reflection on strategic decision-making, to identify the extent of the impact of financial indicators on strategic decisions to invest in common shares of companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, as it is an important factor that the investor relies on to obtain information represented by important indicators in his decision (return and market value of the share) at the lowest cost and in the fastest time. A selected sample of Iraqi companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, amounting to (14) companies for the period from 2008 to 2017, for which the necessary data for the research is available, was adopted. The importance of the study stems from addressing a topic of importance to investors in terms of continuing to deal and invest and guiding them to manage their investment portfolios of securities. The researcher concluded that the use of the computerized model affects the accuracy of information to address problems immediately without resorting to traditional methods that require a long time.

The artistic image has the utmost importance in literary criticism, which made poets pay attention to it in their poetic introductions. It has references on which it is based and formed, and patterns are generated from it. The image has a reading and vision among ancient and modern critics. In this research, I have looked at its content in the poetic introductions in the book “Adab al-Taf” for different eras.

The research includes the study, analysis and description of the periodic changes in Iraq's rainfall due to the changes in the frequency of the duration of the low-pressure systems and their duration within Iraq's atmosphere, during the climate cycles within the period (1964-2018), at a rate of (11 years) for each cycle. The research includes three sections - the first section includes the characteristics of the low-pressure systems affecting Iraq's climate. While the second section came to analyze the periodic changes in the rainfall falling on Iraq. As for the third section, it was to analyze the statistical relationships between the low-pressure systems and the rainfall falling on Iraq.

Modern descriptive linguistic studies have focused on the concept of morpheme; to be an alternative to the word, and the morpheme represents the smallest abstract linguistic unit with meaning, and the most famous division of this concept is based on three sections: the free morpheme, the bound morpheme, the zero morpheme, and its relationship to the context; as it forms a system in which each one acquires its value according to its positional relationship with respect to the other morphemes, and it is nothing but outside the context except buildings that carry two meanings: a morphological meaning that will not be achieved except in a context, and a lexical meaning with multiple possibilities, whether at the level of the morphological meaning or the lexical level, while the meaning provided by the context, especially the linguistic context, is a specific meaning with clear boundaries and specific characteristics that are not subject to multiplicity, sharing, or generalization.

The research revolves around studying, explaining and clarifying the US invasion of the Republic of Panama in 1989-1990, within the framework of what is known historically and militarily as Operation "Just Cause". This operation was authorized by US President George W. Bush in order to overthrow the rule of President Manuel Antonio Noriega in the Republic of Panama. The operation was carried out after the United States of America had several reasons and justifications, through which CIA agents proved that its former secret agent, President Noriega, had become a threat to US interests in Panama and the Canal Zone, and beyond that, its national security. Therefore, it had to submit a report on this threat to the Bush administration, who did not hesitate to use his powers to authorize his forces to overthrow Noriega and his regime. He did not care about the repercussions of this operation and its effects on the United States of America regionally and internationally, because his administration had previously prepared through the State Department to avoid those repercussions.

This study aims to investigate the nature of the relationship between cognitive disorder treatments and digital citizenship at the University of Kufa. Design/Methodology: Based on the stratified random sample, (347) questionnaires were distributed to the University of Kufa faculty, specifically in ((21 colleges and (3) research centers and the central library. The number of returned questionnaires was (344), while the valid for statistical analysis was (332) questionnaires with a response rate of (96.5%). They were analyzed using the advanced statistical program SmartPlus, in addition to the statistical program SPSS v.22.

Theoretical results: There is a knowledge gap to explain the nature of the relationship between cognitive disorder treatments and digital citizenship in organizations in general and at the University of Kufa in particular.

Practical results: There is a direct impact of cognitive disorder treatments on digital citizenship.

Importance of the study: Given the scarcity of studies that have attempted to identify and know the nature of the relationship between (cognitive disorder treatments, digital citizenship), this study was an address to a real problem that directly affects the educational sector in Iraq.

The concept of the soul according to Hassan Zadeh Amoli has been subjected to changes that have been mixed with the description of ideologies that were originally the result of philosophical ideas that have led within them the assumptions of development in this concept through the attractions and conflicts of viewpoints about the concept and dimension of the soul itself to the extent that made the concept not confined to one aspect, whether in terms of essence or in terms of influence and being influenced, so its multiple concepts came as a natural secretion of those attractions and conflicts, the philosophical dialectic on the one hand and the temporal and spatial dimensions in reading the soul on the other hand.

Hassan Zadeh Amoli believes that the soul floats in the historical and philosophical framework, and in light of that, Hassan Zadeh Amoli studied the soul in the entity of relativity, to generate from the womb of the difference and distinction of the definitions of the soul an implicit suggestion of the concept expressed by the study in its presentation of the dialectic of the soul.

Hassan Zadeh Amoli had wide repercussions on the human soul through the intentional action of the soul, and its readiness in terms of influence, especially when he dealt with the human soul in different philosophies and among the people of mysticism and Sufism as two influences, the first external and the second internal. Hassan Zadeh Amoli’s thesis on the human soul discussed the intellectual and philosophical wave that accompanied the transformations and which represented itself in the theses of philosophers, Sufis and mystics, as it was emanating from the core of ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary ideas.

Speech acts are a branch of pragmatic theories, and in turn, the researcher studied a special type of these acts, which is (informative speech acts) in the Qur’anic discourse, especially in the verses of will and desire; as these verses are distinguished by the multiplicity of hidden purposes, so it was necessary for the researcher to stand on the purposes of the discourse in light of the difference in the personality of the performer or its unity and the difference in the contexts of the accomplishment and its topics from one verse to another.

Security alliances are one of the most important forms of international cooperation and are often established to support defensive and offensive purposes in the face of the threat of any common enemy, whether internal or external. Countries often enter into such alliances when they face security challenges that cannot be neutralized by any other means. Therefore, the Arab Gulf states have agreed among themselves that the concept of security focuses on protecting their societies and systems, preserving their wealth and the safety of their people, working on the necessity of having joint military and security coordination based on securing and protecting the waterways in the Gulf waters and calling for the necessity of rehabilitating and developing their military institutions of all kinds.

When we go back to Arab history, we find that most Arab sayings are full of rhetorical arts, especially rhetorical styles, which help to show the meaning in the most beautiful way, and in more than one form, in a spontaneous and aesthetic way that poets always seek to achieve and highlight in their poetry, so that some poets adopted rhetorical styles - as in the rhetorical styles - as a written method in later times. The advantage of rhetorical styles over literature was not limited to the aesthetic side only - as in the early ages - but rather in the modern era it has contributed to the plot of the text, and increased the associative relationship between the poem's symbols, and with its contribution to showing the meaning in more than one form and its solution, with its great ability to hide the purpose or clarify it and strengthen and weaken it, while benefiting from the qualities of letters, and employing them in a rhetorical way that supports the external and semantic form of a poem, and thus rhetorical styles have become aesthetically, semantically and musically influential on the literary text. As for Al-Sayegh, he is one of the poets of the modern era, who emerged in the eighties of the century, in defending the right, freedom and homeland, which went into the hands of the tyrant and his like, and therefore he was exposed to many harassments, as a result of which he emigrated outside Iraq. His poetic style was characterized by ease, clarity and innovation in language and literary imagery, with the presence of realism and daily life in most of his collections, with his approach to most of the arts of Arabic poetry, especially longing and yearning for the homeland. The article aims to show the effect of rhetorical methods in Adnan Al-Sayegh's poetry, relying on the descriptive approach.

Today, research in the field of pragmatics has become of interest to many scholars in various disciplines of knowledge. Pragmatics, as is well known, is an open space for most human knowledge. It includes sociology, psychology, communication science, literary criticism, rhetoric, semiotics, discourse analysis, linguistics, and others. It is clear that pragmatics has swept the field of linguistic research, especially in the field of linguistic communication. Where it gave great importance to the recipient at the expense of the contextual circumstances and the researcher himself, and the emergence of this theory coincided with the semiotic research of Peirce, who classified this science within the branches of semiotics. The researcher notes that the independence of this theory in the literary field of poetry and prose remained far from being addressed, and the strange thing is that this theory is concerned with the symbolic, imaginative, and metaphorical aspects of speech, in addition to its interest in some phonetic aspects such as rhythm and intonation.

Identity is the result of a difficult dialectic of the solidarity of the social and political actor and of the ongoing conflicts in individual and collective practices. Freedom means the right of the individual to be subject to a law that has been codified democratically. Freedom has different dimensions that lie in improving the human condition. Education and law are successful in developing humanity, provided that they are based on the principle of freedom. Free education and law that guarantee freedom for the individual are all that a person needs to reach the highest levels of humanity.

When talking about the final summary of the methodology followed by Sayyid Ali Tabatabai in the book entitled Riyad al-Masa'il, we find that he employed all four proofs (the Qur'an, the Sunnah, consensus, and reason) in the process of deriving Islamic rulings, as he used the principles of jurisprudence, jurisprudence, and men of knowledge in deriving Islamic rulings. We also see in his methodological characteristic that he was known for among jurists, which is that he was very cautious in what he presented of a legal position, or what he adopted of a jurisprudential opinion. In addition to the above, we find that Sayyid Tabatabai employed some sciences in deriving Islamic rulings, such as in determining the direction of the Qiblah using the laws of the astronomy, which is the old name for astronomy. Perhaps among the most important features of his jurisprudential method that stands out to us is his reliance on some jurisprudential and interpretative sources that are a subject of disagreement among Shiite scholars. The author of Riyad relied on the book Fiqh al-Ridha attributed to Imam al-Ridha (peace be upon him), and he relied in the sources of interpreting verses on the interpretation of Imam al-Askari attributed to Imam al-Hasan al-Askari (peace be upon him). Based on these foundations in the methodology of the book Al-Riyadh, the book seemed to be distinguished in that it was of a single style in terms of the breadth of the presentation and the depth of the evidence in worship and transactions alike. With the abundance of jurisprudential sources that it relied on. As a result, it was clear that the book is based on evidence and not merely the transmission of jurisprudential sayings.

One of the things that Imam Ali's (AS) moral and spiritual viewpoint addresses is attention to death, which often appears in his speech. The important point is how to interpret, analyze and explain the principle of death in the direction of moral education for everyone. Since this moral concept and its examples are mental concepts, the way humans understand them is thought-provoking, and the human mind uses different ways to understand and talk about it. The contemporary theory of metaphor is one of the important theories that can explain this issue well. Since the approach of this article is cognitive, and language is the only key to unlocking cognitive codes, we also rely on linguistic data in this research and pass through the lens of linguistic meanings to decode Imam Ali's (AS) mental concepts. This research aims to examine all maps related to the conceptual fields of death in Imam Ali's (AS) messages based on conceptual metaphor with a descriptive-analytical approach.

The research seeks to study the importance of the House of the Haram, its social and political impact in the Abbasid court, and to show the impact of women inside it (free women and slave girls), the strength of their influence, and the favor they enjoy with the Caliph, who works to raise their status and influence, so we find them enjoying a major role within the court. The research was divided into several topics, including the House of the Haram and its relationship with the court (132-334 | 749-861 AD), which dealt with the influence of women during this period, as the Caliph’s authority was great and controlled the state until the era of Al-Mutawakkil, but despite that, the influence of women was clear through the appointment of crown princes or spending large sums of money on endowments. The most important women of Al-Khayzuran are Sayyida Zubaydah, Qabiha, Shaghab, and others.

Abdul Amir Jaras, a poet whose great talent was written, but his life did not allow him to bear all of its fruits (1965-2003), death plucked him while he was in his prime and prime, and academic studies and criticism neglected him alive and dead, just as he was harsh on this talent, so he forced it into free verse, despite his great ability in classical and free verse poetry, and if he had left it to its nature, it would have brought him an important poet in all types of poetry. Abdul Amir Jaras worked hard to eradicate his published classical poetry during his life, just as those who collected his complete poetic works worked hard for him, as his poet worked hard for him, except that he mentioned (19) verses of his Fa’i poem, from which the poet mentioned two scattered verses in his first poetry collection, Poems Against the Wind.

The importance of the research lies in clarifying Ahmed Mukhtar Omar\'s position on the issue of liberation and stagnation in his linguistic criticism. It has become clear through the research that Ahmed Mukhtar Omar rejected adherence to the classical language because it leads to wasting much of the Arabs\' speech, and accepted every word or formula produced by analogy, and allowed speakers to include in the language what was not mentioned in dictionaries and language books. He does not object to derivation and is pleased that we benefit from the flexibility and malleability of the language, thus enriching its text and increasing its richness in vocabulary and structures, and expressing new meanings or innovative ideas and feelings, while distinguishing between what is wrong and what is development, as both are new events in the language, and he accepted the generated words and styles because rejecting them means stagnation of the language and tightening the freedom of expression in it.

The research included studying housing policies that represent the general guidelines and rules drawn up by the state to follow the work procedures to achieve the housing goals represented in meeting the housing need and providing housing according to the standards of sustainable development and affordable housing, on which the amount of achieving affordable and sustainable housing units depends to reach the study goal,

The field study (practical) included describing the study area, according to information related to building density and in a sustainable housing policy and affordable housing, which practically shows the impact of the housing policy evaluation of housing units to prove the research hypothesis through it.

Research problem: The formulation of the research problem was done according to the research question, which is:

Is the horizontal housing pattern suitable for the city of Kufa according to a sustainable housing policy that meets the community's requirements for housing needs?

Does following the sustainable housing policy in the city of Kufa meet the community's need for affordable housing and solve the housing crisis in it?

Research Hypothesis: The research assumes that sustainable housing policy aims to achieve affordable and sustainable housing that eliminates the phenomenon of informal housing by addressing the problems that cause this phenomenon.

Research Objective: The research aims to achieve suitable housing for segments of society and those with limited income through affordable and sustainable housing programs within a sustainable housing policy, by evaluating one of the social housing projects in Iraq for those with limited income (Al-Mukhtar Residential Investment Complex in the Holy City of Kufa in the Republic of Iraq) according to sustainable and affordable housing policies.

Modern descriptive linguistic studies have focused on the concept of sound (phoneme), which is the smallest sound unit. The life of the poet Zuhair Zahid is full of the significance of sounds, as he is from the first generation and has many books written and verified. Sound develops with the passage of time, and the movement of the metrical foot is the unit of rhythm in the poetic verse. The sum of these metrical feet is the meter. The poet has used many pure, free and vertical meters, musical diversity and non-adherence to the unity of rhyme. The syllable is a word or part of a word, the least of which is a consonant followed by a movement, and it provides the poem with a sound rhythm that suits the poet’s condition.

The Al-Rahimi Basin occupies an area of ​​(1256) km2, within the western plateau of Najaf Governorate, as the basin is located within the stable, non-twisted platform, while physiographically it is mostly located within the lower valleys area and the remaining part within the stones area. The research aims to reveal the geomorphological processes of the Al-Rahimi Basin and the resulting landforms and the extent of the influence of natural geographical factors represented by the geological situation, surface characteristics, climate, water resources, soil and natural vegetation on those processes. The research included an analysis of weathering processes of both physical and chemical types, water and wind erosion, in addition to water and wind sedimentation and what resulted from those processes of landforms such as valleys, folds, rocky cliffs, slopes, tables, houses, rocky monuments, salt flats, springs, desert pavements, wind faces, wind holes, sand shadows, sand dunes and desert neem signs.

The research was interested in studying one of the forms of the Earth's surface, represented by the Dhalam Waterfall, in terms of the causes and factors of its emergence and development. The study showed that the waterfall is originally an internal river, draining groundwater in the Afroman limestone formations, through a karst cave opening located in the Qamjuqa limestone formations, which is the result of the availability of conditions and factors encouraging the emergence and development of the karst phenomenon in Mount Hawraman, located within the Hawraman mountain range in northeastern Iraq, on the Iraqi-Iranian border.

The current research aims to reveal the relationship of association and influence between environmental turbulence through its dimensions (customers, competitors, technology) and market orientation through its dimensions (collecting and using marketing information, developing market orientation strategy, implementing market orientation strategy).

The month of Ramadan, as the month of servitude and worship, is considered one of the most virtuous Islamic months, as this month has great respect and importance for Muslims due to its high virtues. This virtue is due to eight components, which are the month of Ramadan itself, fasting, the Night of Power, the revelation of the Qur’an, the descent of angels, the confirmation of destiny, guardianship, and health. This research was conducted using content analysis method based on direct review of library sources and Islamic science software such as the Hadith Collection and the Interpretation Collection. What this research has achieved is to present a harmonious and standardized structure and classify the virtue components and deduce health as an achievement of the holy month of Ramadan from these components and analyze them. After explaining each of these components, the author concludes that human sustenance and benefit from these components are ultimately the same as “health” and health - which is one of the components - is the real benefit of the fasting person from these components. Considering health as an achievement for the blessed month of Ramadan in eight aspects, which are: 1- Health of the body 2- Health of the heart 3- Health from sin 4- Health from divine punishment 5- Health of the limbs and organs 6- Social health 7- Health resulting from prayer 8- Health resulting from sleep.

The artistic image is an imitation of something, created by the creator (poet) to imitate an image that has affected him, and he transfers it to the recipient using what the artistic image produces of imitation and imagination, and what distinguishes a good artistic image is its ability to highlight the inner state of the creator by transferring the idea and feelings to the recipient.

The research was preceded by an introduction and then two sections, the introduction included a definition of the artistic image and a statement of its importance, and the first section dealt with (image means) from simile, metaphor and metonymy.

As for the other section, it dealt with (image types), which are the visual image, the auditory image, the olfactory image and the taste image

The myth is a natural and primary introduction to the emergence of philosophical ideas in human thought and in ancient Eastern thought in particular. This means that many philosophical ideas emerge from mythological ideas, and that rational thinking began with the beginning of the appearance of man on earth, as man thought about the issues of existence and theology and the natural world. Although rational thinking about these issues in its beginnings was intertwined with other methods of mythological and illusory ideas, the human mind gradually got rid of mythological and illusory ideas to gradually make way for abstract rational thinking. Philosophical thinking is not limited to the Greeks and European peoples and that they alone are the owners of philosophical thinking, but rather philosophical thinking appeared and became widespread in several places and in different parts, and Arab thought is part of the development of the history of human thought.

For decades, the religious authority has maintained its own character, which was set for it by the Imams of the Household of the Prophet, peace be upon them, which is to explore the depths of sciences and knowledge and to provide the mind of the nation with all new issues that arise as a result of the developments of the era by opening the door of ijtihad, but at the same time it monitors all political developments that afflict the Islamic nation. Iraq was subjected to the British invasion in (1914 AD), so the first fatwa of jihad was issued, and because the occupiers did not respond to the demands of the people, the second fatwa came, and in light of this fatwa, the authority led the revolution against the British for five months and provided it with all the requirements for victory.

Abu Ubaidah presented a remarkable production in the news of the Prophet’s biography, as he employed his news in the classification of it, in addition to his contribution to the narration of its news. Since his material in the Prophet’s biography was abundant, it should be relied upon, so it was considered one of the important pillars that later works relied upon when presenting the biography, and thus paved the way for the emergence of the great historians. He was considered one of those who established the construction of the historical method and who were gradually familiar with the basic rules of what their heritage contained of methodological indications that can be considered the first attempts to separate history from literature.

The current study aims to test the relationship between the determinants of the financing structure as an independent variable and the asset turnover rate as a dependent variable for joint-stock industrial companies. A set of financing structure determinants was relied upon, which are tangible assets, profitability, company size, growth opportunities, effective tax rate, tax-reduced items excluding interest, while the asset turnover rate was measured by dividing net sales by total assets. Several hypotheses were imposed and a set of questions specific to the study were developed. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the hypotheses were tested for a sample of joint-stock industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, based on data from the official website of the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2010-2019). The sample included (8) joint-stock industrial companies. Some financial and statistical indicators were relied upon to analyze and discuss the results by adopting the multiple regression analysis method between the indicators according to the statistical program (Eviews v.9) and the statistical program (SPSS v23). The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the difference in the determinants of the financing structure from one company to another as a result of the difference in its age and size and the different orientation of the departments, in addition to the fact that the optimal financial structure reflects positively on financial efficiency if it is invested in the optimal way. Accordingly, the study recommended several recommendations that companies can adopt and benefit from.