Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study was aimed to analyze the annual rainfall and study the changes in the borders of rainfed regions in Iraq. Monthly rainfall data for 39 meteorological stations affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Transportation /Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology have been used. These data represent a Long-term Climate Records from January 1980 to December 2020 have been used to calculate the mean annual rainfall in Iraq over the 41 years. The results showed significant spatial and temporal variability in the annual mean rainfall, with higher values in the northern areas of Iraq and lower values in the southern regions. It was examined the succession of the rainfed line at 250mm. The results indicated that there have been clear changes in the rained line of 250 mm during the four different decades (1980–1990, 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020). Iraq was located between the 100 mm rain line at the south and the 1277 mm rain line at the far northeast. Iraq became located between the 100-1000 mm rain line. During the four time periods, the area of the rainfed agriculture region, which depends on a 250 mm rainfall line, amounted to 20.38%, 20.17%, 14.91%, and 17.01%. In general, the area of the region decreased in the southeast and north during the first, second, and third time periods and then expanded slightly during the fourth time period.

This study was aimed to determine some genetic parameters of summer squash (cucurbita pepo L.), half diallel cross among eight inbred lines carried out in summer season 2021 at field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok. The experiment lay out using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that the mean square for all genotypes was highly significant effect in all studied traits. The inbred lines LBL2 and CNS2881 was superior in yield plant-1 obtained 9.67 kg and 10.94 kg, the crosses (CNS2881 x PEP1670) and (PEP1670 x N33133) recorded the highest value 13.83 and 13.53 respectively. The crosses (PEP512 x, CNS2881), (CNS2881 x PEP1670) and (PEP1670 x N33133) revealed significant heterosis for most traits. The heritability in broad sense was higher than narrow sense heritability in all traits ranged between 0.949 and 0.827 for fruit diameter and fruit weight. The average degree of dominance was higher than one in all traits except fruit length and fruit diameter.

A field experiment was carried out during the spring and fall seasons of 2021 at Al-Hamidiya Research Station of the College of Agriculture, With the aim of studying the effect of soaking seeds with Atonik growth regulator and seeding dates on growth characteristics and plant nutrients content for three varieties of sorghum. A randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement was used with three replications. The main plot included seeding dates for both spring and fall seasons, while the sub-plot included the concentrations of the growth regulator (Atonk) which are 0-, 2.5- and 5-ml L-1, while the three varieties (Inqath, Lelu and Giza 113) were allocated to the sub-sub plots. The results showed the superiority of the cultivar Inqath in most of the studied traits such as leaf area, plant content of chlorophyll and plant content of potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen (4406, 3888 cm2 and 58.36 59.17 spad) for both seasons, respectively. Whereas, Giza 113 cultivar outperformed in terms of plant height for both seasons. The plants which seeds soaked at a concentration of 5 ml L-1 also outperformed in all studied traits seeding date had a significant effects for both seasons. The interaction between the studied factors had a significant effect for most of the traits.

Field experiments were conducted at two locations, Grdarasha Research Field Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University – Erbil and Aquban special farm using randomized complete block design (RCBD) during two seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 to study the effect of different plant densities and compost fertilizer of solid waste management and sorting of Akre district-Duhok province and NPK (20:20:20) fertilizer on growth and edible portion characteristics of Gundelia rosea. The results indicated that the plants of the two years age in the both locations produce the highest value of length, dimeter, fresh and dry weight of edible portion with space increasing between plants and rows. While, total fresh and dry weight increased with decreasing the distance between plants and rows. Compost and compost + NPK fertilizer significantly increasing all edible portion parameters in both locations. The interaction between density and fertilizer resulted that D5 and compost and compost +NPK treatment produce the maximum rate of length, dimeter, fresh and dry weight of edible portion, while D1 and compost and compost + NPK record the highest total fresh and dry weight production.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bio stimulators )chitosan and Appetizer( in reducing the heat stress on maize during spring season. Field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, Coll. of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadiriya, Iraq, during the seasons of 2020 and 2021. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Blocks Design within split plot arrangement, with three replicates. Where the main plots included two cultivars of maize )Baghdad3 and cultivar 5018(, while the sub plots included five levels of chitosan and Appetizer:(soaking seeds with Chitosan at a concentration of 100 and 500 mg L-1, and spraying with Chitosan 100 mg L-1, and spraying Appetizer in two and three stages in addition to the two control treatments, which are soaking seeds with distilled water and dry seeds. The results showed that the cultivar 5018 was superiored in grain yield 11.82 and 11.08 Mg ha-1 in both seasons. The treatment of spraying Chitosan gave the highest grain yield 13.26 and 12.94 Mg ha-1, spraying the Appetizer in two stages gave 13.32 and 12.54 Mg ha-1 , and spraying Appetizer in three stages gave 13.70 and 12.97 Mg ha-1 for both seasons. The interaction was significant in most of the studied traits. So we recommend the use of Chitosan spray at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 and Appetizer spray at a concentration of 1.25 ml L-1 in two or three stages to reduce the effect of heat stress on maize planted in the spring season to increase grain yield.

Worldwide, Prosopis Genus is widely spread and well known to be of high tolerance to harsh conditions. The P. juliflora and P. cineraria species were introduced to the Mediterranean, while P. farcta is a native one. The genomic structure of the chloroplast of P. juliflora, P. cineraria and P. farcta were targeted in this study. The chloroplast DNA samples were sequenced by genetic analyzer sequencer “Ion S5™ System. The results indicated the size of the genome to be ranged between 162900 bp in P. farcta and 163667 bp in P. cineraria. The full chloroplast of P. juliflora and P. cineraria genome were reported for the first time nationally in Jordan, while globally P. farcta was the first to be analyzed genetically. The present study offers an important portfolio of Prosopis species chloroplast genome analyses, this could help with identification of species and speed up biological and genetic diversity researches.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of light and some factors on some vegetative growth and flowering of two cultivars of carnation plant (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). The results showed the maximum leaves number, leaf area per plant, internodes number and intermodal length were recorded under 14h incandescent (41.09 leaves/plant, 363.91 cm2, 18.70 node/plant, and 7.675 cm) respectively, and the increase was significant. While the effect of triple interaction, which showed a significant effect in all characteristics, the largest leaf area per plant (578.66 cm2) was obtained from the moonlight cultivar when cultured on the media containing 60% local compost and exposed to the 14h incandescent, Also, the maximum vase life was found in the Ormea cultivar (17.47 days) when the cultivar was exposed to the 14h incandescent and was cultured on medium that included 60% local compost. The best grade flower was obtained when the Ormea cultivar was cultured on a medium containing 30% and 60% local compost under 14 hours of incandescent light, reaching 3.89.

Fadak farm project was selected to conduct this study and to evaluate the state of quality and health indices in term of soil physical and biological properties, where this farm is located in Holly Najaf Governorate. Some physical properties (soil texture, mean weight diameter, bulk density, porosity, infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and available water) were selected to assess the quality then health indices, and the biological characteristics (vegetation coverage, soil respiration, bacterial and fungal counts) were also selected to assess the quality and health indices in term of these properties. Results showed that classes of moderate and poor soil health were dominated in lands of this farm for each physical and biological properties. It was noted that the class good of soil health was collaterally appeared in small areas according to biological characteristics.

Study was carried out during two successive summer seasons of 2021 and 2022 at private filed in El-Salhyia El-Gadida District, Sharkia Governorate, to study response of some potato cultivars to potassium sources as foliar application under sandy soil conditions using pivot irrigation system. This experiment included 25 treatments, which were the combinations between five potato cultivars (Spunta , Santana , Cara , Lady Rosetta and Hermes) and four potassium sources treatments , i.e. spraying with potassium silicate (KSil , (potassium citrate (KCit), potassium folvate (KF) and potassium thiosulpahte (KTS) as well as control (without spraying). These treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replicates. Potato cultivars were randomly arranged in the main plots and potassium sources were randomly distributed in the sub plots. Spraying Cara cultivar with KCit increased number of tubers/ plant and total yield /hectare, whereas spraying Spunta cultivar with KCit increased average tuber weight in both seasons. While, spraying Hermes cultivar with KSil as foliar spray increased DM, starch and total carbohydrates in tubers. Spunta cultivar with water only increased total sugars in tubers. In addition, the fertilization of Cara cultivar with KCit as a foliar application recorded a relative increase in the total yield of tubers amounting to about 72.50% as an average of the two seasons compared to the same cultivar without.

This study was aimed to investigate delayed germination and immature embryos of carrot seeds; This research was implemented at vegetable field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during two sequent seasons (fall and spring). The experiment was conducted using factorial within Randomized Complete Block Design arrangement with three factors and replicates (3X3X2). The aqueous barley sprouts extract (B0, B1) (0, 100 g.L-1) represented the first factor. Trehalose (T0, T1, T2) (0, 50, 75 mmole.L-1) represented the second factor. Calcium (C0, C1, C2) (0, 1, 2 ml.L-1) represented the third factor. Results showed the effectiveness of third order interaction treatment B1T2C1 in increasing germination speed and percent for the seeds of royal umbel (92, 97%); secondary umbel (90.67, 94.67%); and tertiary umbel (75.68, 86.33%). The mentioned treatment increased embryo length for the seeds of primary (royal) umbel (1628.3 µm), secondary umbel (1620.3 µm); and tertiary umbel (874.7 µm ). in compare with the lowest percents that found in B0T0C2 treatment.

This study was aimed to investigate effect of cinnamon zeylnicum oil extract in inhibition of bacteria in laboratory biscuit.revealed chemical research on cinnamon oil extract has the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, coumarins, terpenes, flavonoids, and stimulants. Using GC-MS and FT-IR analysis, it was found that the hot water extract contains terpenes, glycosides, resins, saponins, and phenols, indicating the effectiveness of these beneficial components in cinnamon oil extract. Biscuits were manufactured in the laboratory and fortified with different concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) of C. Zeylanicum oil extract and stored for 10 days at room temperature. The results showed that 0.125% and 0.25% showed no inhibitory activity against bacterial counts, while those of 0.50% and 0.75% inhibited bacterial counts until the eighth day of storage. Regarding the sensory evaluation of the laboratory-manufactured biscuits fortified with cinnamon oil extract, treatment A5 (control) received the highest score of 6 for the texture property. In contrast, treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.80. In the same property, for the smoothness attribute, treatment A2 (0.25%) received the highest score of 5.70, while treatment A4 (0.75%) received the lowest score of 4.10.

This study was aimed to establish an efficient micropropagation protocol for three popular kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) cultivars (V36, HF992 and KB6) using different types of plant growth regulators (PGR’s) on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). The shoot tip, cotyledon and hypocotyl isolated from 2 weeks old seedlings were used as explants. MS medium fortified with different types and concentrations of cytokinins and auxin were evaluated for establishment callus formation, shoot multiplication and rooting. Among different PGR’s used, 5.0 mg/l 2iP + 0.1 mg/l NAA was the best concentration for direct shoot regeneration from cotyledon with shooting percentage of 55% in HF992 cultivar. In multiple shoot induction experiment, 1.0 mg/l TDZ + 0.1 mg/l NAA mg/l concentration has induced the highest (10.4) shoots/explant. Moreover, indirect shoot regeneration was established from callus which was induced from cotyledon, maximum callus induction percentage (88.75%) was recorded on 0.5 mg/l TDZ and 1.0 mg/l NAA in V36 variety. While, for shoot elongation and rooting, MS media half strength supplemented with 1.0 mg/l kinetin + 1.0 mg/l IBA was found to be an optimum concentration.

A new imine-Schiff base adsorbent is prepared from extracted chitosan to make taking away exoskeletons of crustacean shrimp shells low-cost and environmentally friendly with the fast and high ability to remove Cr (III) from aqueous solution. The resulting composites were verified by different techniques FTIR, H-NMR, FESEM, EDX, XRD. On applying the adsorption kinetic model, the pseudo 2nd order model was best characterised, using adsorption equilibrium data; the Langmuir model provided a superior description. Further, the negative value of ∆G shows a spontaneous process in nature. Finally, the prepared adsorbent has been applied to a real sample of bodybuilder supplements.

This study was aimed to evaluate atotal phenolic content, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity of M. communis callus extracts were evaluated. Callus induction in general Murashige and Skoog (MS) media is completed by the Benzil adenine's unique knowledge of callus formation. A well diffusion experiment was used to examine antibacterial interest in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The DPPH radical scavenging activity test was used to measure antioxidant activity. FTIR and HPLC have been used to pinpoint the presence of polyphenol compounds in calluses. The total phenol content of plant leaves extract (0.1, 0.5, and 1) mg/ml was 42.12, 94.08, and 189 mg of Gallic acid equivalents GAE/g, respectively. Bacterial growth was greatly inhibited by the polyphenol extract from the callus. In comparison to ascorbic acid, the polyphenol extract from the sample has a very high level of 90.17 percent with substantial at P ≤0.05 antioxidant capabilities. There was evidence of phenolic–OH stretching, C-H stretching, aromatic C=C, and C–O stretching in the polyphenol fraction of the M. communis callus that was analyzed using FTIR. According to past research, this is a good fit HPLC revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in the callus. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the callus polyphenol may be extrapolated from this study.

This study was performed for production, purification, characterization and evaluation the antibacterial activity of biosurfactant BS which were produced from local isolate Lactobacillus plantarum Z9 with bacteriocin and studying the synergistic effect .A total 100 different samples 85(%) isolates of Lactobacillus sp. were isolated from different sources and identified by biochemical tests then subjected to the primary and secondary screening processes to select the active isolate for bacteriocin and biosurfactant production. Among the vagina isolates screened, the results found that Lactobacillus sp. Z9 isolated from the clinical samples of Iraqi healthy women had the highest productivity of the bacteriocin and biosurfactant. Partial purification of biosurfactant that produced from L. plantarum Z9 was conducted using solvent system (chloroform: methanol, 2:1). A 1:1 ratio of n-butanol was used to extract of partially purified bacteriocin, where the bacteriocin activity up to 320 AU/ml against both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively compared to 20 AU/ml before purification.. Antibacterial activity of Bacteriocin displayed a significant activity with inhibition zones diameter ranged from (11 to 26 mm) and (10 to 25 mm) against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus at concentration ranged from 50 to 200 mg/ml. Maximum antibacterial activity of bacteriocin against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus showed at concentration 200 mg/ml of bacteriocin. Partial purified lipopeptide of L. plantarum Z9 was examined against pathogenic bacteria using well diffusion method. The lipopeptide had inhibition zones diameter ranged from (14 to 28 mm) and (13 to 29 mm) against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively at concentration ranged from 25 to 200 mg/ml. The combination of lipopeptide with bacteriocin increased the range of inhibition zones and made the pathogens sensitive.

Ten soil sites were chosen in Iraqi Kurdistan region, included the governorates of (Sulaimani, Arbil, and Duhok). These soils were characterized by their similarity in texture, parent material, topography, climatic conditions, and equal rainfall, in order to study the use of the center of gravity equation and mineralogical properties in evaluating the state of potassium in soils of different plant coverage (Forest, crops, and uncultivated soils). Results showed there was a variation in the values of calculated center of gravity for studied soil samples, which ranged between (0.83 – 1.63). The variation in these values was attributed to the variation between the studied soils in their ability for potassium supplying, depending on the nature of plant coverage, soil texture, mineralogical properties, and the intensity of weathering. The X-ray analyses of clay fraction revealed, that the forest soils were content a high amount of 2:1 expandable clay minerals, mica, and interstratified minerals, while the crop and uncultivated soils were contained a low amount of interstratified minerals. The distribution of minerals in studied soils, suggested the transformation of mica into 2:1 expandable clay minerals in forest soils, and no or minimal transformation of mica into 2:1 expandable clay minerals in crop and uncultivated soils.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding three levels of concentrate 2%, 3%, and 4% with or without additives of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on the digestibility, feed efficiency, and daily gain of Shami goats. Twenty-four male goats were used aged 8-10 months with an initial weight 32.687 ± 1.52kg divided into six treatments in a 2×3 factorial experiment/ Completely Randomized Design. Individual feeding was used for 70 days preceded by 14 days as an adaptation period. The results of increasing concentrate showed a non-significant increase in nutrients intake with superiority of NCG treatments and a significant increase (P<0.01) of ether extract intake. Non-significant increase in digestibility with increasing feed intake. Significant increases (P<0.01) in total and daily gain of 3% concentrate with or without NCG and non-significant increases for final weight. The better feed efficiency with 3% concentrate then 2% and 4% respectively. In conclusion: A level of feeding 3% had a positive effect on animal performance and the best for fattening.

This experiment was carried out during season of 2020 and 2021 at Erbil governorate to study the forage and grain yield performance of three maize hybrids Zea mays L. as influenced by irrigation skipping at different times. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The irrigation treatments were located at the main plots, and the hybrids were distributed at the subplots. Highly significant effects of irrigation treatments were recorded for forage, grain yield and most of its components at both seasons and their average. The differences among hybrids were not significant for forage yield at both seasons. It was significant for grain yield as the average of both seasons only. The fresh and dry forage yield was affected more by the skipping irrigation during the last two periods of skipping, and the same for the grain yield. That there are no significant differences between the control and skipping during the first period, as the significantly outperformed the grain yield in the last two periods of skipping.

This study was aimed to investigate and evaluates the degree of environmental sensitivity of desertification and to provide solutions, treatments by identifying the elements and indicators that are directly linked to desertification in southern Iraq. GIS technique was used, and mapping of environmentally sensitive areas for desertification. Five important indices including (soil quality index SQI, climate quality index CQI, vegetation quality index VQI, management quality index MQI, and groundwater quality index GWQI) were used. Results showed that the SQI index was varied between high, moderate, and low quality, the VQI index was varied between moderate to low quality, as for the indices of (CQI, MQI, and GWQI), all classifications were within the lower class. This was reflected negatively on the values of environmental sensitivity to desertification (ESAI) and it became in the critical category within the study area. Consequently, the environmental sensitivity to desertification was calculated by excluding the indices of MQI, and GWQI. Four classes were detected (None affected, Potential, Fragile, and Critical) divided into sub-classes (N, P, F3, C1, C3).

This experiment was conducted in a private orchard at Aldaraman, Kirkuk Governorate on "Khalobaziani" local fig trees. This study aimed to investigate the effect of spraying with Moringa leaf extract (MLE) at (0, 2, and 4 ml.l-1) and Garlic cloves extract (GCE) at (0, 10, and 20 ml.l-1) on growth and productivity of fig trees. Results showed that trees sprayed with MLE 4 ml.l-1 led to a significant increase in the leaf area, total chlorophyll content, average leaf dry weight, minerals (NPK) content in leaves, average fruit weight and size, and average yield per tree, while significantly decreased fruit cracking percentage compared to control. Furthermore, significant increase in the leaf area, total chlorophyll content, average leaf dry weight, minerals (NPK) content in leaves, and average fruit weight and size in the trees sprayed with GCE 20 ml.l-1 compared to control. The interaction between MLE 4 ml.l-1 and GCE 20 ml.l-1 showed a significant increase in the leaf area, total chlorophyll content, average leaf dry weight, and minerals (NPK) content in leaves, also significantly decreased fruit cracking percentage compared to most of the other treatments.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of various filter materials in RAS such as synthetic materials and organic materials and there an impact on plasma cortisol, osmotic performance rate, growth rate and survival rate of Channa marulioides. The cultivation process in the RAS system is carried out for 100 days with 50 individuals in each different treatment, namely T1: Synthetic filter; T2: Organic filter; T3: Mixture of synthetic and organic filter; Control: No Filter and RAS. Measurements of plasma cortisol and osmotic performance levels were carried out at the beginning and end of cultivation which had an impact on growth and survival rates. The results of the study showed a decrease in cortisol levels (ng/ml), namely: T1: 9.24, T2: 9.66, T3: 10.37 which showed that there was no significant difference in each treatment (P> 0.05) but in T1, T2, and T3 were significantly different with control treatment: 1.32 (P<0.05). The same trend occurred when observing the level of osmotic performance with the highest decrease in T3 on 6 scales; T2 on a scale of 5.5; T1 has 5 scales, and Control has 3 scales. Reducing the level of cortisol and osmotic performance hormones with the RAS system can increase energy efficiency by reducing stress levels, and osmotic performance so that it can be optimized for growth and survival in adaptation.

This study was conducted on the in coating of beef burger using electrospun iron oxide nanofibers at two concentrations6, 8 % , to improve the chemical and physical properties of the beef burger during a 3-month frozen storage period. The results of the study showed that the addition of electrospun nanofibers contributed to reducing the total bacterial count, as well as the count of psychrophilic bacteria and coliform bacteria, to 4.88* 103, 4.62* 103, and 3.15* 101, 3.64 *101, respectively, and 2.15* 103, 2.49* 103 colony-forming units (CFU/g) respectively, during the final storage period. The moisture, protein, fat, and ash percentages in the frozen beef burger were found to be 60.12%, 19.09%, 19.31%, and 1.28%, respectively. The addition of iron oxide nanofibers also improved the water holding capacity of the frozen beef burger, with values of 49.16% and 39.69%, respectively. Furthermore, the pH values remained constant at 5.68 and 5.63, respectively, during the final storage period. The addition of nanofibers also reduced the peroxide value to 6.77 and 6.62 milliequivalents per kilogram, respectively, during the final storage period.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adding electrospun nanofibers to biopolymers used in beef burger on their qualitative properties.

Factorial experiment within randomized complete block design using three replication for field comparison performance slatted and general-purpose moldboard plow. Using least significant design (LSD) 1 % and 5 % was used to compare the mean of treatments. Three factors were used, the first one was depths of tillage 15 and 25 cm, the second was speed of tractor 4.146 and 7.224 km/hr, and the third factor was types of moldboard, slatted and general-purpose moldboard. Slatted moldboard recorded the least slippage of 9.697 %, the fuel consumption of 23.580 L/ha and higher effective field capacity of 0.4239 ha/hr, and field efficiency of 72.543 %. Depth of tillage 15 cm got the least slippage of 6.364 %, fuel consumption of 20.182 L/ha and higher and higher effective field capacity of 0.4402 ha/hr, and field efficiency of 74.187 %. Speed 7.224 km/hr got least fuel consumption 22.939 L/ha and a higher adequate field capacity of 0.5246 ha/hr. Interaction between treatments had a significant effect.

This study was aimed to investigate an air-flow distributer of a solar dryer. This study was contained two factors: First, the air outlet throttle (three angles, 30°, 60°, and 90°). Second, the design of the air inlet with three levels (new design (I2), without (I1), and half-opening air inlet gate of the new design (I3)). The results show significant effects on these parameters, where the highest efficiency (51.7%) was obtained at (I1) and (30°) angles. While the temperature changes between the inlet and outlet had a significant effect on the pressure difference, the pressure difference increased, reaching (1.65 Pa). Also, the drying rate was affected by the temperature and the amount of air entering the dryer. The highest drying rate gave (0.165 kg/h) when used the air discharge angle (30°) with the (I3), where this increased the temperatures of the air in the dryer reduced the air entering.

The aim of this study was to find out how neem leaf extract affected the immune systems of Tilapia (O. niloticus) that had A. hydrophila in their bodies. This included looking at its phytochemistry, antibacterial properties, bioactive compounds, and ability to make the immune system stronger. The extraction uses methanol. The phytochemical test of neem leaf extract includes flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. We obtained the isolate A. hydrophila from the Jepara Brackish Water Aquaculture. Before use, we store these bacteria in Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) media at 4 oC and Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) subcultures. re use. Test antibacterial using published We confirmed flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids through phytochemical tests. firmed. The test against A. hydrophila bacteria found that 100% of the extract was the most effective concentration at stopping the growth of A. hydrophila bacteria. After feeding A. hydrophilla bacteria to Tilapia (O. niloticus), the extract of neem leaf (A. indica) significantly boosted the immune system. bserved.

This research was aimed to study the most important factors affecting the food security coefficient in Iraq for the period 2003-2020. Where the food security coefficient was calculated for the rice crop, the results showed that the rice food security coefficient amounted to about 0.55, which is nearly enough for six months, which requires maintaining the level of food security of rice and then study the factors affecting food security, considering the food security factor as a dependent variable, and each of the population, local production, available for consumption and imported quantities of rice as independent variables. Statistical and standard methods were used to find out the most important aspects of this subject in the agricultural sector, and Johansen's co-integration method was employed for this purpose, and unit root tests such as Phillips - Perron used, for the purpose of determining the stability of the data and then testing the optimal analysis method and formulating the standard model. The most important finding of the analysis is that there is an equilibrium relationship and a joint integration between the food security factor of rice and each of (population, local production, available for consumption, quantity of imports) despite the presence of short-term unequilibrium, and the value of the error correction parameter was (-1.48) which It means that 148% of the errors or unequilibrium that occur in the short term can be automatically corrected in less than a year to reach equilibrium in the long term.

This Study was conducted out at the Ministry of Agriculture's Poultry Research Station/Animal Resources Department/Agricultural Research Center. To see how body weight (BW) and leptin hormone (LEP) levels in breeder blood affect fertility and hatchability. 140 Iraqi local laying chickens (120 females + 20 males) aged 28 weeks were used in the study. Following the numbering of females, the birds were grown in individual cages and dispersed sequentially on cages. The experiment was divided into three periods, each lasting 28 days, during which the breeder's live body weight was recorded and divided into two categories (greater than 1.5 kg and less than 1.5 kg), and blood samples were collected at the end of each period to determine the concentration of leptin hormone in the breeders' blood. For comparison between mothers' performance, hormone concentration is separated into three groups: high, medium, and low. The percentage of fertile eggs (FE), the percentage of hatched chicks from total eggs (HAT), the percentage of hatched chicks from fertile eggs (HAF), and the percentage of mortality (MO) all showed a significant increase (p<0.05), and a linear relationship was discovered between the studied traits and hormone concentration levels. Leptin arrived at the best predictive values that reflect reality by computing regression and correlation coefficients and using a hypothetical technique in estimating prediction results. This study concludes that body weight and leptin levels have unknown impacts on hatching fertility rates.

The lack of a sensitive diagnostic test for trypanosomasis in animals may hamper epidemiological data and control program implementation. This study aimed to detection of Trypanosoma evansi in rabbits that experimentally infected by this parasite which identified from camels of iraq by polymerase chain reaction. A study was conducted on 24 males rabbit divided into two groups (12 rabbits for each group). The first group was injected intra peritoneal (i/p) with 0.5 ml containing 1x105 trypanosome. The second group injected with distilled water and considered as control. At 7 and 10 days post infection, blood sample were collected from these rabbits. White blood cells count was conducted after 14 and 28 days post infection. The results showed that the 18S RNA and RoTat 1.2 genes related to T. evansi were identified .Furthermore ,there was significant elevation of Neutrophils ,Monocytes ,Lymphocytes ,Eosinophil and Basophils in infected rabbits compared with the control group. From this study we can conclude that PCR is a sensitive and effective technique for diagnosis of T.evansi through using 18S RNA and RoTat 1.2 genes. In addition ,WBC count was significantly elevated in an infected rabbits compared to the control. Whereas

This study was aimed to determine the influence of performing primary tillage by moldboard plow and planting operation by four rows Gaspardo planter on some performance and economic indicators of Armatrac tractor 854e 84 hp (62kw). The system calculates and measures slippage percentage, draft force, energy requirements, and total costs for planting and tillage operation at three practical velocities and two depths. Planting operation performed at 5 and 7 cm depth under 2.90, 4.27, and 5.28 km.h-1. while ploughing operation performed at 15 and 20 cm tillage depth under 3.89, 5.28, and 6.67 km.h-1. Two factorial experiments were carried out using randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The results of analysis of variance showed that increases of practical velocity results in increase of slippage percentage and draft force but results in decrease of energy requirements and total costs. Furthermore, this study revealed that increases the depth of operation results in increase of slippage percentage, draft force, energy requirements, and total costs.

This study was aimed to investigate the genetic variations of Oat cultivars under in sufficient of irrigation. A field experiment was carried out at the fields of with College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences ;University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya during 2020-2021 seasons. The experiment was carried out using a Completely Block designwithin split-plot arrangement using three replicates under two treatments (verities and irrigation intervals). The main plots were irrigation intervals with moisture(50%, 25%, and 10%), while sub-plots were the varieties (Genzania, Anatolia, Plmula, Algoda, and Al-Shifa).The results showed that the third irrigation level had 75% flowering at highest averages93.67 days , and the V4 variety had the lowest average to weight of 250 grains about (7.67 g ).While there was a significant differencesamong irrigation interval 75% flowering compared with other traits ( 22.8) ,(24.6 )and ( 7.75) respectively. While the Alogodaproduced the highest yield (7.49 ton .h-1) compared with the lowest Plmula gave (5.83 ton h-1)There are differences among of varieties under irrigation intervals.Thehighest genotypic coefficient toyield (94.7%) and the highest value of heritability was (98.75%).to the flowering.