Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences

The mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are still far from ideal to fulfill the perfect mechanical requirements for dental applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of silanized silicon dioxide Nano filler (SiO2) and carbon nanotube on some properties of heat cured acrylic resin denture base material.
Materials and methods: One hundred sixty (160) prepared specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the tests, each group consisted of 40 specimens and these were subdivided into 4 groups (unreinforced heat cured acrylic resin as control group),reinforced acrylic resin with (1%wt carbon nanotube and 3%wt silanized silicon dioxide) group and reinforced acrylic with(1.5%wt carbon nanotube and 5%wt silanized silicon dioxide)and reinforced acrylic with (1.5%wt carbon nanotube and 7%wt silanized silicon dioxide) .The tensile strength, transverse strength, indentation hardness(shore D), water sorption and solubility were investigated . The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA test with LSD multiple comparisons.
Results: The result of this study shows a highly significant increase in tensile strength, surface hardness, transverse strength and significant decrease water sorption and water solubility with studied groups (the addition of carbon nanotube and silanized silicon dioxide) to PMMA than control group, also the best results were obtained with acrylic resin reinforced with(1.5%wt carbon nanotube and 5%wt silanized silicon dioxide).
Conclusion: The addition of a mixture of carbon nanotube (1.5%wt) and silanized nano silicon dioxide (5%wt) to PMMA acrylic resins improves its mechanical and physical properties.

Resorption of permanent maxillary incisors is a common complication of ectopically positioned maxillary canines and when they occur they may drastically increasing both the cost and complexity of the orthodontic treatment, thus early diagnosis and corrective measures are imperative. This study aimed to investigate the association between the maxillary impacted canines labio-palatal and mesio-distal positions and the associated root resorption of adjacent maxillary incisors.
Materials and Methods: The sample included 46 patients with an age ranged between 12 and 30 years referred to the CT scan image to detect unilaterally or bilaterally impacted maxillary canines. The mesio-distal position of the canine cusp tip, the labio-palatal position of the impacted canines, contact and root resorption of permanent incisors were evaluated with CT scan image. The association between the impacted canines position and root resorption of permanent incisors were analyzed using Chi square test.
Results: Labially and mid-alveolus impacted canines were more common in sectors I and IV, while palatally impacted canines were most frequent in Sector IV. Lateral incisors were more often affected than central incisors by root resorption. Root resorption of permanent incisors showed a high significant association with sector location [p ≤ 0.001] and was observed in sectors III and IV.
Conclusions: When canine impactions are suspected in sectors III or IV, CT scan must be considered to disclose suspected incisor resorption.

Computed tomography is a medical technique that measures bone mineral density. Both hypertension and Beta-Blocker antihypertensive drug are associated with abnormality in calcium metabolism .The aim of this study was to study the effect of hypertension and Beta Blocker antihypertensive drug on bone mineral density in Hounsfield unite using computed tomography.
Material and Method: This prospective study was conducted on computed tomographic image of 150 men aged between (35- 85) years. Data were grouped into three categories according to their blood pressure: normotensive group (n=50), Hypertensive treated for > 8 months group (n=50) and Untreated hypertensive/recently diagnosed group (n=50).. Bone mineral densities were measured in each sample in both mental and gonial areas in Hounsfield unite.
Results: There were a statically significant difference in bone mineral density in both mental and gonial area among the three study groups. Bone mineral density was highest in group 2 and lowest in group 3. P value was < 0.001 among the three study groups. There was a positive linear correlation between bone mineral density and the duration of antihypertensive drug used and there was a negative linear correlation between bone mineral density and duration of hypertension disease
Conclusion: Computed tomography is a good diagnostic method to measure the value of bone mineral density in hypertensive patients. Bone mineral density is highly affected by increasing blood pressure and by antihypertensive treatment and affected by duration of the disease and the treatment.

This split-arch clinical study was performed to compare the effects of using 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent for one hour twice a day with its use for 8 hours/night on tooth color change, color stability and sensitivity.
Method: Bleaching trays, with reservoirs for the six maxillary anterior teeth, were fabricated for 12 volunteers. The trays were cut into two halves between the left and right central incisors (day-side vs. night-side) to be used with 10% carbamide peroxide for two weeks. The day-side tray was applied for one hour twice a day, while the night-side was applied for 8 hours overnight. Objective color measurements, using a colorimeter, were adopted to measure the color of the teeth of the two sides at the baseline appointment and at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 weeks. Total color difference (ΔE*) between two color measurements was calculated for all periods. Teeth and soft-tissue sensitivity were self-recorded for both sides during the bleaching weeks and the following week. Both Student\\'s t-test and Tukey\\'s test were used to compare ΔE* between the two sides and with time at p<0.05.
Results: Both sides showed significant differences in ΔE* over time (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were recorded between the two sides at each measuring period (p>0.05).
Conclusion: At-home bleaching treatment using 10% carbamide peroxide for one hour twice daily produced similar tooth color change, stability and sensitivity with its use for 8 hours/night.

The development of the new restorative materials was overwhelming during the last years. However the focus was on the bonding of these materials to the tooth structure that effected its successfulness. In this study two types of restorative materials are used (Ips e-max.zircad (ivoclar, vivadent) and Vita enamic (vita,sirona), and two type of cement using for bonding ( breeze self-adhesive and metacem adhesive resin cement).
Materials and method: Forty freshly maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose divided into four groups, Group A: vita enamic cylinders were cemented with breeze self-adhesive resin cement. Group B: vita enamic cylinders were cemented with metacem adhesive resin cement, Group C: Ips.e-max zircad cylinders were cemented with breeze self-adhesive resin cement. Group D: Ips.e-max zircad cylinders were cemented with metacem adhesive resin cement. Statistical analysis was performed by using two-way ANOVA test to see if there were any significant difference among the means of experimental groups for shear bond strength, and independent sample. T-test was used to detect the difference between two resin cement within each type of material or between the two types of material within each type of resin cement.
Result: Showed that Group D has the highest mean shear bond strength, and groupC has the lowest mean shear bond strength as compared with other groups. The two ways ANOVA test show that the p value between restorative materials is a high significant difference, also we can see that there is a high significant difference between the cement type materials.
Conclusion: The surface treatment for the restorative material with sandblast enhance the shear bond strength, the use of total adhesive cement get higher shear bond strength than self-adhesive cement, The mean shear bond strength of Vitaenamic restorative material is higher than Ips.e-maxzircad

The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal health status and oral hygiene practices among 4-12 year old children.
Materials and Methods: A total of 300 children aged from 4-12 years old, 144 males & 156 females constituted the study population. The study was conducted at dental clinic of Pedodontic & preventive department at al Rafidain College of dentistry, Baghdad/Iraq. Periodontal health status of the sample was examined using plaque and gingival indices and oral hygiene practice-related information was gathered by direct interviews.
Results: both PI & GI means value showed fluctuation within the three age groups. With the highest value reported in the 7-9 years old children of both genders. Both periodontal parameters were of higher values in the females children. The frequency of tooth brushing showed a positive correlation with age and a negative correlation with both PI&GI. The gingival inflammation assessment showed that mild gingivitis is the most prevalent type of gingivitis within the three age groups with the highest prevalence in the 7-9 years old group of both genders. Regarding oral hygiene performance. Majority of the children 171 (57%) practice daily oral hygiene, with the females showing higher percentage of tooth brushing performance. among whom 35% brushed twice/day and 65% brushed once/day. Out of the children who brushed their teeth 42% brushed at night,23% early in the morning and 35% at both timing, 62% used the horizontal tooth brushing method and the rest 38% used the vertical method. None of the screened children practiced dental flossing.
Conclusion: Despite the daily oral hygiene practiced by the majority of children in the sample , mild gingivitis was prevalent therefore parents ,caregivers& teachers should be targeted during oral health education campaigns to encourage them to teach the correct tooth brushing habits to the children. We suggest that school based oral health promotion and education programmes should be instituted to give positive reinforcement of the oral hygiene practices the child may have learnt at home and to educate those who had never brushed their teeth before starting primary school.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength The association between systemic osteoporosis and periodontal health remains controversial many studies found a relationship between clinical measures of periodontal disease and salivary levels of osteonectin asit is essential for normal bone mass. This study was conducted to measure salivary osteonectin in relation to periodontal pocket depth among osteoporotic women and compared to control group.
Materials and Methods: 60 females aged 60-65 years attending Al-Yarmook Teaching Hospital were included in the present study , The 30 patients diagnosed with osteoporosis by measuring bone density at the spine and femur with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at T-score of >2.5, and 30 women without osteoporosis with T-score of<-1 (control group). The periodontal health condition was assessed using periodontal pocket depth . Stimulated salivary samples were collected under standardized condition, according to the criteria of Tenovuo and Lagerlöf, (1994). The saliva was analyzed for estimation of glycoprotein (osteonectin) by using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: The data of the present study illustrates that the mean rank value of probing pocket depth (PPD) was found to be higher among control group than osteoporotic women but the difference was not significant in addition the mean rank value of both ≥4 and ≥5 thresholds of PPD was found to be higher among osteoporotic women than control groups, while opposite figure was found concerning PPD ≥3, however all these differences were statistically not significant. Analysis among osteoporotic group revealed that the salivary osteonectin correlate very weakly not significantly in positive direction with all threshold
Conclusions: The Osteoporosis associated with decreased bone mineral density had an effect on oral health status, leading to an increase in periodontal disease. This was slightly affected by changes in salivary osteonectin. Therefore old adult women may need special oral health preventive and educational programs.

Cystic lesion of the neck is one of the lesions that fall under the umbrella of congenital and acquired neck masses. Ultrasonography plays an important role in the diagnosis of these lesions. The aim of this study is to highlight the efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cystic lesions of the neck area.
Materials and methods: 43 patients presented with palpable neck mass were examined clinically and scanned by ultrasonography, these patients were divided into three groups according to the histopathological examination of the cystic lesions, group 1 was 32 patients with thyroglossal duct cyst, group 2 was 8 patients with cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis and group 3 was 3 patients with branchial cleft cyst. FNAC was done and the aspirate sent for cytological, bacteriological and biochemical assessments were done for more confirmation. Plain X ray for the chest, Computed tomography (CT) if the lesion is deep seated or to detect the primary neoplastic lesion if great suspicion is present.
Results: The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of thyroglossal duct cyst was 94.4%, cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis and branchial cleft cyst were 80%.
Conclusion: Despite the need for further radiological investigation like CT scan in some patients, ultrasonography remains the first line investigative tool with high sensitivity and specificity.

Pain control management after root canal treatment is a very important in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of occlusal reduction on postoperative pain following root canal instrumentation in teeth with irreversible pulpitis and mild tenderness to percussion.
Methods: Forty premolar vital teeth with sensitivity to percussion requiring endodontic treatment were included in this study. After administration of local anesthesia, the root canals were instrumented using WaveOne single file technique. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 20 each. In group I (OR group) the occlusal surface was reduced, whereas in the other group II (NOR group), the occlusal surface was not modified (no occlusal reduction) and all teeth were instrumented with WaveOne single file technique. Each patient was asked to record their postoperative pain on a verbal rating scale with 4 categories at 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whtney tests.
Results: Forty patients returned the verbal rating scale forms. There was no significant difference in postoperative pain between the 2 groups (P > .05) after root canal preparation.
Conclusions: Occlusal surface reduction did not provide any further reduction in postoperative pain for teeth with irreversible pulpitis and mild tenderness to percussion compared with no occlusal

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the dimensional accuracy of stone models made by addition silicone impression material using three putty- wash impression techniques: one step putty wash (dual viscosity), two step and modified two step putty wash technique.
Material and Methods: A stainless steel master model was constructed simulating a three-unit fixed prosthesis. Fifteen impressions were make of this master model with each impression technique. The first technique, one step dual viscosity was made with putty in the tray and light body on brass dies and impression was make. The second technique, two step putty/wash, the first step using putty on the tray with acrylic spacer on the dies and impression was make then followed by loading wash material on the dies and reseating the first impression in the second step. The third technique, modified two step made using putty/light body as in the first technique then a hole was made at the edge of two abutments in the polymerized impression, then light body was loaded into the tray and over the model and the tray is reseated. Total of forty five impressions were obtained and casts poured using type IV stone. The accuracy of these casts measured using a travelling microscope. Three dimensions diameter, height, and interabutment distances measurements were obtained and statistical analysis was done using paired T-test, One way ANOVA, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests.
Result: Showed that a significantly larger dimensions of the resultant stone casts of all techniques in comparison to the master model (P<.01). The sequence for highest to lowest deviation from the master model was: one step putty wash, two step putty wash, and modified two step putty wash technique.
Conclusion: Modified two step and two step putty wash techniques produced most accurate stone casts dimensions, with the privilege of dimensional accuracy shifted to the modified two step impression technique.