kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Background & Methodology: Nursing College in the University of Babylon. The sample consisted of (30) students of both gender and in the 2nd and 4th year. The instruments used included a questionnaire to identify the way of evaluation and the purposes of the study.
Results: The main results shows the sample mean for the evaluation of the clinical education was (89.1), standard deviation (4.8) while the hypothetical average was (68) with t-test of (7.9) which indicates strong significant results that means students benefit of the clinical learning was very good and the clinical part of the learning process is very interested.
Objective: The primary objective of measuring clinical performance in nursing education is to ensure students can provide safe care.
Recommendations: The main recommendations included more studies should be conducted to include bigger sample of all the colleges of Nursing in lraq.

Objective: study aims to detect anemia among preschool children and find out the relationship between some variables like (child gender, number of children in the family, ordinal position of the child in the family, parent's education level, mother's occupation, type of the family, child's weight and height, regular diet intake, hookworm, pica, father's job and family monthly income) with anemia.
Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at the primary health care centers in Al-Sadder city for the period of 1st July 2011 to the 1st November 2011. Non probability (purposive) sample of (140) children who aged preschool and who attended to primary health care centers of Al-Sadder city. The data were collected through using special constructed questionnaire designed, which comprises two parts. Part one consists of child's demographic characteristics filled by using interview technique and part of two consist hemoglobin level. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of experts. The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistic frequency, percentage, and the application of inferential statistical procedures, which include Pearson correlation coefficient and chi-square.
Results: The results of the study indicated that (66%) of children have anemia and (64%) of them have mild to moderate anemia. Moreover, there is no significant association between anemia in preschool children and their (child's gender, number of children in family, ordinal position of children, parent's education level, mother's occupation , type of the family, child's weight and height, regular diet intake, and pica and drug intake. However, significant relationship is found between anemic child and their father's job, hookworm infection and family monthly income.
Recommendations: application of screening program for anemia, especially children at pre-school age and increase community awareness about the dangers of anemia in children

Background: This study carried out in primary health care center of Muslim Ibn Akeel, in al-Kufa town / Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province in 2/1/2010 to 1/1/2011.
Objectives: The study aims to determine the causes of abdominal pain and repeated diarrhea in adult males only who were eating outdoor, 33 persons of them were diagnosed as an
Methodology: irritable bowel syndrome. The total number of cases was 150 patients. This study had done in a large area with low-income, poor water, food hygiene, swallowing water (such as from a swimming pool, lake, river, pond, or stream) contaminated with sewage or stool from Giardia-infected people or animals and sanitation are common in communities with repeated diarrhea. These factors combine to facilitate the spread of enteropathogens including, preceded questionnaires with demographic details, clinical history, and physical signs were completed. In this study; 150 samples of stools were collected for routinely general stool examination.
Results: The results were showing high rates of G. lamblia 84.7% , followed by motile monilia, motile bacteria, Ent. Histolytica, Enterobious vermicular is, E. coli, , H. nana & others.
The study showed that the highest percentage of infected persons occurs in age group of 25-29 years and lowest in 40-44 years, also highest percentage occurs in the persons who were eating three times daily and in summer more than in other seasons. Only 30 patients (20 %) were with negative stool examination.
Recommendations: This study recommended by practice good hygiene in day care centers, retirement homes, and at home to prevent the spread of infection, wash hands frequently with soap and water for at least 15 seconds, avoid contact with the feces of an infected person, when traveling in areas where giardiasis is common, infection with Giardiasis can be prevented by using only bottled water and avoiding consumption of raw fruits , vegetables and do not use untreated water in areas where the parasite might be present, such as lakes, rivers and streams. Boil the water for at least one minute before using it.

Background: Intussusception occurs when a portion of the alimentary tract is telescoped into an adjacent segment. It is a one cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 months and 6years of age. The majority of cases in children are idiopathic.
Objectives: To study the nature of neurological signs and symptoms and to describe the characteristics of the patients presenting in this a typical way.
Methodology: Patients aged 3mo-5yr with signs and symptoms consistent with intussusception admitted to Al-Zahra's teaching hospital in the 1st Feb. 2009 to the 31st of July 2010.History was taken including; name, sex, age, duration of illness, clinical manifestation, examination, erect plain abdominal X-ray and abdominal
ultrasound. Data were collected to evaluate clinical manifestation (Abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stool), neurological symptoms(lethargy, convulsion, fluctuating consciousness). abdominal X-ray and ultrasound as guidance for diagnosis of intussusceptions in children.. Barium enema was not done because of lack facilities.
Results: (68) patients were studied, their mean age was (9) months. Males were more than females with a male: female ratio of 1.4:1. Most of patients presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, blood in stool. While lethargy (66%), convulsion (10%), and fluctuating consciousness (24%). During examination a red currant jelly stool (89.7%) and abdominal mass was found in (52.9%) of cases. We found that most common sign detected by abdominal ultrasound was the presence of abdominal mass (63%), further more ultrasound can be used to detect peritonitis. X-ray was done in all patients (100%), but it was inconclusive in most cases 71%.
Conclusions: Intussusception is more common in boys than in girls. Trait of Abdominal pain, vomiting, blood in stool are commonest presentation. Intussusception should be considered in the differential diagnosis in young children presenting with lethargy, convulsion and/or sudden alteration of consciousness(main complain) even in the absence of one or more classical symptom of intussusception., ultrasound of abdomen are useful methods in the diagnosis.

Background: Hygiene is an old concept related to medicine awareness to personal and professional care practices related to most aspects of living. Inadequate sanitary conditions and poor hygiene practices play major roles in the increased burden of communicable disease within the developing countries.
Objectives: Previous hand hygiene studies have indicated that children with proper hand washing practices are less likely to report gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms. Schools should provide for hygiene education to kindergarten and early grade school children to supplement the training provided by parents and guardians, to ensure that all children learn at an appropriate age how to protect themselves and others of preventable exposure to illness and other hygienic hazards.
Methodology: Hand washing with soap has been reported to reduce diarrhea morbidity by 44% and respiratory infection by 23 %. A study reported that 17% of participants washed their hands with soap after toilet, while 45% used only water. In addition to having proper resources and facilities hygiene practices are heavily influenced by pupil's knowledge and attitudes towards hygiene. Hygiene in school, home, and everyday life settings plays an important part in preventing spread of infectious diseases. Beginning in the early nineteenth century the repeated onslaught of diseases such as cholera begins to alter people's understanding of personal hygiene.
Hygiene practices are preventive measures to reduce the incidence and spreading of disease and are parts of good personal grooming. Hygiene as a system included not only personal hygiene related to food, clothing and exercise but also sciences such as engineering, bacteriology, public sanitation and waterworks. School teachers are considered the major source of information for their students and would appear to be suitable as health educators. School teachers are expected to be role models so that students can emulate and adopt their behavior and attitudes.

Background: This is the first study done in Oman in assessing the perception of Directorate General Education & Training DGET's institutes teachers towards Student centered learning (SCL). This can be used to encourage the student to part-take in his/her own learning.
Objectives: this study is to assess teachers' perception of students centered learning in teaching nursing students at Ministry of health's institutes.
Results: 56% of teachers agreed that SCI will improve the ability of the students to learn the material. 51% agree that that the students have to prepare differently for the class.
Conclusion: the teacher are willing to practice SCI in teaching nursing and allied courses. The teachers should be given continuing education program to the benefits of SCI, and student must be guided through an orientation program that can be conducted in the beginning of their enrollment in the DGET's institute.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of violence against women(VAW) and some associated factors in a sample of employed women in Kufa university.
Methodology: A cross sectional study of VAW covering 110 employed married women in 6 colleges in Kufa university was carried out during the period of 1st of March to the 1st of May 2011, data collection was done by using questionnaire forms containing demographic and violence related questions as well as questions related to husbands of participants.
Results: Results showed that about 37.3 % of the sample were ever exposed to violence by their husbands both physical and sexual violence. Thirty six women (32.7 %) exposed to physical violence and 15 women (13.6%) exposed to sexual violence. No significant statistical association ( p=0.37) was found between violence and if the husband is relative or not as well as no significant statistical association ( p=1) was found between violence and husband's work. This study showed a significant statistical association found between husband's satisfaction with women’s work and the violence (p=0.03). The study also showed that 14 (12.7 %) women subjected to violence reported that they cannot complete their lives with violent husbands compared with 27 (24.5 % ) who reported that they will complete their lives with violence with significant statistical association (p= 0.005). No significant association between women’s level of education and exposure to violence ( p= 0.39), also there was no significant association between the number of children and exposure to violence ( p=0.383) as well as there was no significant statistical association between the age of women and the exposure to violence ( p= 0.07).
Conclusion: These results indicate the need for more attention to be given in order to prevent this problem by the governments, ministries (especially ministries of women, human right and justice) , international organizations, religious leaders and NGOs through education about this problem and reactivation of laws in the constitution regarding women’s rights.

Background: Children with leukemia may experience physical, psychological, cognitive and neuropsychological effects. The caregiver is the main provider of physical and emotional support for the patient.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess caregivers' home care management regarding their adolescent leukemic patient and association with their socio-demographic characteristic.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out in Nanakali Hospital for Blood Disease in Erbil city in 1st /Nov. 2010 to 1st /Feb. /2011. Eighty caregivers face to face interviewed for assessing their knowledge and practices regarding their adolescent leukemic patients were selected.
Results: The study shows the majority of caregiver had deficit knowledge regarding cause of leukemia and nutrition to reduce fatigue for adolescent leukemic, and shows the majority of caregivers had poor practices regarding preparing meals and snakes, with poor practice regarding oral hygiene. And the study shows there were a significant association between caregivers' knowledge and: level of education, residency areas, and highly significant association between caregivers' knowledge and practice with their socio-economic status.
Conclusion: This study shows that the caregivers who are having adolescent leukemia patients had deficit in knowledge and low practices regarding home care management.
Recommendations: The study recommended providing information and guidance to caregivers through health educational intervention regarding home care management for leukemia.

Objectives: The present study was intended to reveal the validity of Toxocell (Biokit, Spain) latex agglutination test as screening test. The rate of toxoplasma antibodies distribution in randomly selected subjects was estimated. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were conducted in comparison to the "gold standard" reference test Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA, BioCheck, Inc).
Methodology: Fifty two adult persons (31 females and 21 males) were enrolled in this study. Twenty (38.4%) serum samples out of 52 subjects were positive for toxoplasma antibodies by direct latex agglutination test (DLA). The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in females and males were 54.8% and 14.28%, respectively. Among twenty DLA sera positive, only 5(25%) serum samples were positive with toxoplasma IgG ELISA test, three females and two males. However, the results of IgM ELISA assay were positive for only two (10%) female serum samples. None of negative DLA serum samples gave positive results with neither IgG nor IgM ELISA assay.
Results: The sensitivity and specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of DLA test ( in comparison to IgM ELISA assay) were 100%, 64% and 10%, respectively. We concluded that in spite of low specificity of latex agglutination test, it was probably more suitable for laboratories in remote area as screening test where ELISA facility was unavailable.

Descriptive design study was conducted at maternal and child hospital Babylon city in order to assess the asthmatic children and its relationship with weight.
A purposive sample of (50) of children selected that including the toddler age group study questioner distributed.
The result concluded that (42%) of asthmatic children with normal weight and (48%) with abnormal weight (decrease weight ( 34%) and increase weight (24%).