Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

Spot markets allow investors to purchase and sell tools for immediate delivery and payment. In some cases, however, an investor may be concerned with the future price at which he can transact. One way to eliminate the price risk on a transaction that will not be completed until some future date is to enter into a deterred delivery contract. There are two types of markets for deferred delivery transactions: forward contracts market and future contracts market. A forward contract is a bilateral contract between a purchaser and a seller. The asset to be exchanged and the settlement price and date of delivery are whatever is mutually agreeable to the two transactors. When the settlement date arrives, the buyer tenders cash equal to the previously agreed-upon settlement price to the seller, and the seller delivers the once-decided-upon asset to the buyer. For some assets, the organization of formal exchange markets facilitates buying and selling for deferred delivery. One of the principal characteristics of exchange trading is the establishment of standardized settlement dates, at which time buyers and sellers tender payment and delivery, respectively, against their open obligations. Standardized settlement dates make for more homogeneous contracts, improving the market's liquidity.
Contracts for deferred delivery entered into organized exchanges are called futures. Thus, this paper discusses the fundamentals underlying the commodity's energy and crude oil futures contracts. This paper reached to many conclusions. The most important of them is the commodity futures contract, which is an organized deferred delivery contract in contrast to the forward contract, which is a counter contract, and the physical commodity represents its underlying assets, not the financial tool like in the financial futures. The commodity futures contract is not successful until the number of requirements are met. First, the commodity must be homogeneous and fungible. There must be a substantial hedger interested in the market, and there must be price volatility in the spot market for the underlying commodity. The contract should offer two liquidity characteristics: low transaction costs and highly elastic excess demand. The contract needed to be traded in small enough lots to generate the speculators' interest from non-industry concerns. It also needed to be closely linked to the spot market so that sufficient price convergence between the two markets would render it a viable hedging tool for industry participants. This paper approached many recommendations. Most important of them is the necessity to benefit from the obvious advantages of commodity futures contracts by establishing a market for these contracts in Iraq for trading, on one side, in crude oil and distillates futures contracts to hedge the price risk of exported Iraqi crude oil and of imported distillates and, on other side, in wheat, sugar, rice and other consuming commodities that imported to Iraq in huge quantities.

Cement factories and their companies constitute the main and vital part of the industrial and economic activity in the country because they work to meet the basic needs of the individual, which leads to reducing the high rates of unemployment in that country and then increasing incomes by improving the living and social conditions of its individuals in a way that ensures an increase in their stability. In addition, these factories contribute To diversifying the economy and saving foreign currencies.
The previous years of the new Kufa Cement Factory, since its establishment on June 20, 1995, witnessed support for the national economy in a way that led to it gaining a foothold in the market among Arab and international competing companies because of the product it provides with specifications that fall within the framework of comprehensive quality that carries within it a philosophy and tools. An administrative focus on continuous improvement in various aspects of activities and relationships inside and outside the factory to achieve customer satisfaction and ensure the factory’s continuity in front of its competitors in the business environment.

It is known that economic planning at the regional or governorate level seeks to achieve a certain level of economic growth at the administrative level for which planning aims. Therefore, it was not independent of comprehensive planning, regardless of its levels. Still, it is part of that planning, except that it considers economic, natural, and social resources. ...etc. for the region to rely on in building the foundations of economic growth in that region.
The main goal of this study is to develop general indicators about the possibility of planning for Karbala Governorate based on the reality that distinguishes it from other governorates in the country, noting that this goal was based on an economic problem facing this governorate, which is a significant disruption of the financial resources available in this governorate. And the lack of interest and care to activate these resources so far. Therefore, to develop logical solutions to this problem, the research came up with the hypothesis that: ((The Karbala Governorate possesses the qualifications to advance the economic and social reality, and it is possible to develop this governorate within five years if the available resources are exploited, whether agricultural, industrial, or tourism)).

This research deals with the study and analysis of the concept of market orientation and the analysis of the most important variables that can reflect their effects on the performance of business organizations. Interest in the idea of market orientation is due to the economic transformations from planned economies to free economies, or market economies and the privatization processes that have taken place and may take place in different countries.
As business organizations change their needs by changing environmental conditions and being affected by international changes, and for the organizations to maintain their survival and continuity, they try to keep up with these changes. For this reason, they seek to pay attention to the products in quality and quantity, and even in terms of cost and prices, and then distribute according to the best channels in providing the service from Where speed and lower cost, the research was conducted in one of the business organizations whose activity focuses on producing a commodity that consumers need at an early age. The research came with conclusions and recommendations that may be useful to the organization’s management.

This research comes within a series of research aimed at studying administrative and organizational thought from an Islamic approach that we call for. It dealt with an intellectual framework to demonstrate scientific contributions in the field of empowerment following modern corporate thought and per Islamic thought by exploring the contents of the Qur’anic verses that discussed empowerment in its various meanings and in a way that is consistent with The behaviours of individuals and organizations working in our society and providing a distinct understanding of the foreign cultures that dealt with the subject and integrated with it.
In the conclusion of the research and its recommendations, some points were reached, including:
• The two approaches meet with many common meanings for the concept of empowerment, and the Islamic jurisprudence approach has added another dimension: God’s empowerment.
• The aspiration for empowerment is a legitimate ambition, and he must aim for a leadership and administrative position if he sees himself qualified.
• Empowerment under organizational thought contributes to supporting organizations and making them flexible and able to learn and adapt to face competition, meet customer demands, and maintain their competitive advantage.
• Establishing bridges of intellectual dialogue between colleges, institutes, research centres and magazines specialized in administrative and organizational literature with scientific and religious research centres to shed light on the Qur’anic concept in studying organizational and managerial thought.

The Production index is described as a sufficient but inefficient measure in estimating productivity because it does not give an idea of the quantity and value of the inputs that contributed to the formation of this production, which include (labour, materials, machines, equipment, services, and capital). The production quantity may be large, and the inputs are also large; therefore, the production index is inefficient in explaining the facility's or organisation's productivity. Meanwhile, the productivity index (whether total or partial) links outputs (x) and inputs (y) (outputs & inputs).
Total productivity (P) = outputs/inputs, while partial productivity (Pi) = outputs/one of the inputs.
Total productivity (P) is not equal to the sum of partial productivity of the resources involved in the production process. In other words, total productivity is not equal to the sum of all (labour productivity, materials productivity, machinery, equipment, services productivity, and capital productivity). The researcher may sometimes face difficulties obtaining information regarding inputs or outputs. Or both, either because of its confidentiality or because the establishment does not want to give such information, but rather it suffices with giving the partial productivity of the contributing elements (inputs) in creating production.
The research aims to address this situation by finding a new method through which total productivity can be reached through partial productivity of factors contributing to production without using outputs or inputs, using the inverse of productivity, as follows:

In this paper, a new approach was developed to reach the optimal solution of the assignment problem in linear programming problem depending upon Kuhn-Tuker and Langrangian multipliers

The accountant is distinguish between fixed costs and variable costs through checking of ledger accounts and its classification into three groups : fixed costs , variable costs , and mixed costs. Then separate of diverse costs and determine the ratio of variable costs and ratio of fixed costs in the total of mixed expenses in order to be taken into account in estimation of future expenses. This process is perform on the basis of experience and personal diligence , then loss of large amount of objectivity and that is trace wrong decisions .
This research aims to preparation of cost equation to research sample company with regression analysis style and knowledge of its effect on decisions marking .
This research depends on the following hypothesis :-
(( taking the regression analysis model in preparation of cost equation will ensure correct separation between fixed costs and variable costs and estimation of future costs , and then providing relevant information to the users in order to true decisions making )) .
This research is divided into paragraphs deals with the research methodology , theoretical presentation to this model , hypothesises, and tests , then an applicative part which included determine the depended variable and independed variable , then implementing the model and its evaluation process , also include model effect on decisions making , then showing the important conclusions that revealed by the study and giving the suggested recommendations .

Training is a subject which takes little care from organization managers and Leaders because of their traditional point of view toward it and the absence of the social and psychological aspects concerning the management fields in general and training in particular for this reason the importance of research emerges about the relationship between training and emotional intelligence learning so as to enable persons and organizations to benefit from training. Training resembles one of the main and important stages of learning the emotional intelligence.
The research paper intends to link between training and learning the emotional intelligence and resembles an attempt to improvement and development of information and skills and capacities of the affecting forces in organization, and to manifest the training role and influences upon persons in particular and organizations in general as well as clarifying the matters of intelligence and emotion and emotional intelligence and be familiar with stages and processes of learning the emotional intelligence in general and training in particular.
The research paper concluded to a main conclusion namely: that the emotional intelligence is important factor in the success of persons in personal level and the work field inside the organization as well as the social life and this depends upon the presence of good and drastic training to achieve that.

The current study examined one of the most important financial ratios within the financial function in the establishment, which is the debt ratio or financial leverage and its impact on the cost of financing and the rate of return on equity. This study focused on a problem represented by (the way in which the establishment’s investments are financed and its impact on the profits accruing to the owners and the continuation of profitability in the future). Seeking to achieve a primary goal, which is (knowing the extent of the impact of financial leverage on the cost of financing and the rate of return on equity, and thus guiding business companies to choose the optimal financing structure that reduces the cost of capital to a minimum and achieves a balance between return and risk). Starting from two hypotheses:
The rate of return on equity increases with the degree of financial leverage.
The weighted average cost of financing decreases with an increase in the degree of financial leverage.
To prove its hypotheses, the study relied on the data available in the balance sheets and profit and loss statements of the companies studied. The data was analyzed using a set of financial methods.