Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

Perhaps the most pressing question that continues to haunt the imagination and thinking of those interested in financial management and oil is: Who determines the price of internationally traded crude oil? In the era of the seventies of the last century, the answer to the question was simply “OPEC”. Thus, the interest that was prevalent in that The era was focused on the phenomenon of OPEC, and the price of oil was considered one of OPEC's affairs, but no one provided an answer to how OPEC determined oil prices, and this inability to answer may be partly due to a lack of knowledge of the institutional phenomenon, the study of which requires the ability to be familiar with academic fields. Specialized. During the period after the mid-eighties of the last century, the answer to the previous question became limited to one simple word, “the market.” However, this answer, like the previous one, does not have an accurate and complete explanatory meaning. In the seventies, OPEC was referred to as a cartel with the power to determine the price of oil, and now the market is referred to. Where supply and demand meet and interact to generate the price that achieves a balance between these forces, but these answers are not sufficient to draw the complete true picture, as OPEC did not work with economic pressure in the seventies, nor did it eliminate the role of the economic forces of supply and demand, nor did it protect the price of oil that it managed. The impact of the behavior of these forces. Therefore, there was always an action on the market, and the market, which has increased in depth and breadth since the 1980s until today, has not eliminated the role of OPEC, and its members remain active parties in the supply side of the global oil system, as a result of the nationalization in the OPEC region and in the world. Other producing countries in the Third World, the major oil companies lost many of the concession contracts that had granted them the right to produce oil, and the large flows of oil in the field of international trade no longer move directly from the major oil companies to their affiliated refining companies within the huge vertical integration system that was prevailing. As a result, the structure of the oil industry was divided into two parts. The first is the producing countries or their national oil companies, which have become sellers and marketers of crude oil and not just a tax collector. The second is the international oil companies, which have become buyers of crude oil and not taxpayers in exchange for royalties.

Contemporary management seeks to find appropriate means to integrate individuals working in the organization and to sustain and develop their performance. Among the most important means of achieving these goals is motivation, which represents an external means of satisfying needs or motives. Designing an effective system of incentives in general and cash or material incentives in particular has its basic requirements represented by the necessity of a balance between the efforts exerted by individual workers and the returns received, or a balance between performance according to scientific and objective standards and the returns received by individual workers (Porter & Lawder, 1967). From this standpoint, any imbalance or imbalance in these aspects will lead to the ineffectiveness of the incentive system, which will have an impact on the motivations of working individuals towards their work, as some studies have indicated that individuals who receive less than their efforts or performance often have negative feelings towards work. And the organization because they are rewarded at a level lower than their entitlement (under rewarded), while the working individuals who receive more than their efforts or performance will have a feeling of guilt because they took the share of others (Lock, E.A. 1928). From the above it is clear to us that the basis or starting points The idea behind designing an effective incentive system is as follows: 1 - Justice in the system (balancing between efforts - performance - return) 2 - The system’s ability to motivate working individuals to raise their performance at work. 3- The ability of working individuals to control performance. From these standpoints, the research will focus on the cash incentive system in the company and the general textile industries in Babylon.

Markets and financial institutions in various countries of the world play a “pioneering” role in the national economy by attracting savings and directing them towards investment in various economic activities. There was and still is a large gap between the reality and nature of markets and financial institutions and their level of performance in both developing countries and their counterparts in developed countries due to the lack of equal opportunities, material and technical capabilities, and the volume of activity in each of them. Globalization is based on the openness and integration of global markets, and money and information technology are its most important pillars and foundations, and multinational companies, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Bank for International Settlements, and the global trade system are its most important tools. The markets and financial institutions in developed countries enjoy high efficiency and great technical and material capabilities compared to their counterparts in developing countries. Therefore, the former dominated the overall economic activity in the world and it became necessary for those markets and financial institutions in developing countries, including Iraq, to ​​work hard to develop their work and raise the level of efficiency of their performance. Using advanced and appropriate financial methods, frameworks and strategies and enhancing its ability to innovate and innovate, which enhances its role in the national economy, leads to its survival and development, and strengthens its competitive position, which increases its ability to face the challenges of globalization imposed on it. The research was divided into an introduction and three sections. The first section dealt with the theoretical aspect of the research Which included both the research methodology, the concept of globalization and its nature, and efficient markets and financial institutions, while the second section was concerned with clarifying the reality of markets and financial institutions in the Arab world and Iraq.

There are many topics that touch on total quality management, and this philosophy has become a concern for all organizations, which must be recognized and achieved in order to give them the opportunity to survive and grow. Therefore, the problem of this study came between two main axes, which are the strategic role of quality management on the one hand and customer relationship management on the other hand. Therefore, the problem of the study lies in answering the following questions: 1- Does the principle of focusing on the customer have a role in managing customer relationships? 2 - Does the principle of continuous improvement play a role in managing customer relationships? 3- Does the principle of focusing on the process have a role in managing customer relationships? Our study has a set of axes and basic points of importance that have been divided into three basic axes: The first axis: Importance at the customer level 1 - Highlighting the strategic role that the customer occupies in the strategic plans for quality at the organization level. 2- Knowing and measuring final customer satisfaction. Determine the benefits achieved for the customer that will achieve the ultimate value for him. 4- Knowing the degree of customer loyalty to the product offered by the organization. The second axis: Importance at the organization level: 1 - Identifying appropriate ways to retain the customer through studying satisfaction, loyalty and value). 2 - Determine general strategies, especially in the field of total quality management

This research aims to reveal some of the factors that affect the control and control of costs, because of the importance this holds in the decisions of managers at all levels, and in evaluating the performance of departments and their managers. The research assumes that there is a problem that lies in the establishments’ lack of interest in the cost analysis process in terms of whether or not they are subject to the control and oversight of the administrative level and the study of factors that may affect the determination process, as this may lead to making unsuccessful decisions, and does not provide a good basis for evaluating performance. Therefore, the first axis addressed by the research is what relates to the analysis of costs in terms of the degree to which they are or are not subject to control and oversight and identifying the factors that may affect the control and oversight of costs, as well as the standards and guidelines that are inferred from the fact that costs are subject to the control and oversight of a manager at a specific administrative level. Finally, the importance of cost analysis was addressed according to the above tabulation in evaluating the performance of managers at administrative levels as well as in the decisions they make.

This study sought to determine the role of Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) Availability in improving the availability of production machines (an applied study in the sewing department/ready-made garments factory in Najaf Al-Ashraf. With the acceleration of the wheel of technical progress and crossing the limits of the unreasonable, failures of the machines used in The production process is a major source of concern in the production and operations sectors because of the high technology it possesses, as the failure of any simple part of these machines could have a significant impact on the decrease in reliability and availability, which in turn will be reflected in the production capacity due to a reduction in the amount of production and an increase in operating costs, which It affects the products provided to customers. Perhaps one of the most important treatments offered in this field is the reliability-based maintenance (RCM) approach, as it includes the procedures used to determine the maintenance requirements for any machine within its operating environment. These procedures depend mainly on: 1. What can be done to maintain continuity Operation of production machines. 2. When are maintenance activities carried out on production machines? How can functional failure of production machines be predicted and prevented? . The costs of performing maintenance activities, as these procedures lead to a decrease in potential failures, an increase in reliability, and an improvement in the availability of production machines. In order to achieve the goal of the study, a scientific methodology was developed to determine the nature of the influential relationships between maintenance requirements, increased reliability, and improved availability, and resulted in a set of main hypotheses. And the subcategories that reflect these relationships.
The study also relied on a set of indicators and statistical tests, and accordingly, a set of theoretical and field conclusions were indicated, and based on the conclusions reached by the study, a set of recommendations were presented that are consistent with these conclusions.