Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

Today's organizations face a great challenge, as they operate in a complex, volatile, and rapidly changing work environment, economically, politically, and socially. This environment is characterized by strong competition, openness, rapid developments, globalization, free market economics, and the emergence of competitive advantage based primarily on the effective administrative model. The basic feature that distinguishes today's environment is the stability of one variable. It is change (99:54, Eisenhardt) and if business organizations want to live in such an environment, they must possess the basic components that enable them to grow, continue, and survive, based on the fact that organizations do not live in a vacuum, but rather they form an integrated whole with their environment, and it influences Its members are each affected by each other, so organizations must be viewed in a comprehensive manner. The large size of organizations, the diversity and complexity of their work, the speed of change and lack of stability necessitate them to look with a sharp eye to the future, and by adopting unconventional management methods and making the most of the human resources available to them due to the resulting changes that occur in the environment of contemporary organizations, which are based in essence on the human element. Which has become the most important asset of organizations and represents its infrastructure (Halden, 222: 1999). Therefore, organizations that have developed in organization must tend to increase reliance on front-line workers and change their roles. Because technological development, comprehensive quality management, and organizational restructuring that accompanied contemporary organizations led to a change in the traditional view of workers, who now possessed a competitive advantage in many fields and activities as well. It also led to organizations being concerned with the necessity of working to increase the organizational effectiveness of workers and the necessity of their involvement and participation in formulating and developing strategies. Based on the above, the importance of the research comes from the fact that it will humbly contribute to providing scientific methods for implementing the empowerment strategy in Iraqi private banks and the importance of its approach and its impact on activating and developing intellectual capital.

The research aims to study the effect of the relationship between the organization’s life cycle (X) and organizational structure (X) on performance (Y). In order to achieve this, the stages of the organization’s life cycle (birth, growth, maturity, and decline) were adopted based on the division of Hodge & Anthony (Jones (1991), defining the organizational structure as three types: organic, mixed, and mechanistic) by measuring the three dimensions of the structure. (Formalism, centralization and complexity) based on (Hach 1997: 170). As for the dependent variable, which is performance, it was measured according to the indicators specified by the (& Kaplan Norton) model that were used in the research, which are (ROI), productivity, and the rate of development of individuals. . The two independent variables, the organization’s life cycle and organizational structure, were measured using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, while the dependent variable was measured based on the final data and accounts for the years (1999 - 2002) and (2004). The research was conducted in the Iraqi banking sector and included a sample of (12) banks, including (4) government and (8) private banks, and the number of members of the sample was (78) managers occupying advanced administrative positions. The Spearman correlation coefficient and the t test were used to measure the significance of the relationship between the study variables, and multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the F test were used to determine the significance of the regression equation. R was also used to interpret the amount of influence of the two independent variables. In the dependent variable. The research reached a set of conclusions, including: . Each stage of the organization's life cycle is linked to the type of organizational structure that is most appropriate to the requirements of that stage, and the effect of this link is reflected in performance indicators. The possibility of the organization adopting certain types of organizational structure at each stage of its life cycle, but in a different arrangement between one stage and another and according to the requirements of that stage, and this is evident through the difference in the impact of these relationships on performance indicators. Then the research concluded with a set of recommendations related to its three variables, and others related to future research.

It has become recognized that the educational process occupies the first place among the means and methods by which nations and human societies achieve their goals of development and advancement, thanks to the experiences and knowledge that this process provides that contribute to the growth and integration of the personalities of the members of society, with the aim of preparing them for good citizenship. And active in society. To ensure the implementation of the educational process in a directed and organized manner according to effective scientific and professional foundations, these societies established educational institutions that made educational science and education their primary function. Primary schools are one of the most important of these institutions, which serve as the basis for the organizational structure of the educational system in society. Its goal is to develop the personalities of students in its various aspects through their upbringing, education, and providing them with experiences that help them develop, integrate, and balance their personalities, since the educational process has its stages. The first is the focus and basis of the function of the primary school, but achieving its goals and activating its components does not happen automatically, but rather depends primarily on the role of the teacher in it, as one of its most important basic elements (the curriculum, the student teacher and its leader, because he is more capable than others to breathe life into the curriculum). And because it represents authority and direct and effective leadership for the students, since no matter how much teaching methods are developed, no matter how developed the curricula are, no matter how diverse the educational techniques are, and no matter what the style of school administration is, this remains useless unless the teacher is able to perform his work with the required efficiency and effectiveness and in the manner in which it is established. It enables him to achieve successful and productive education [14: p. 19]. This is what was confirmed by most studies that dealt with the importance of the teacher’s role in the educational process, such as the study of (Barr 1953), the study of Belick 1973, the study of (Dash 1994), and Which indicated that the teacher is the cornerstone of the educational process and without him it is not possible to perform its role successfully.

Recently, there has been a lot of interest in free zones, which are considered centers of attraction for foreign investments, as well as their ability to create forward and backward links within the national economy and to address crises that can occur within the economy, especially the problem of unemployment, by providing additional job opportunities for the unemployed, thus increasing income and enhancing the competitiveness of goods. Local trends in foreign goods, as well as enhancing the positive balance of payments and providing foreign currencies to achieve the economic development process in the country according to economic foundations that serve the country. Research problem: Free economic zones, including the Arab region, face several obstacles and obstacles represented by the inability to activate their role within the national economy. Importance of research: Free zones have positive and negative effects that can arise through the establishment of these zones.
Research objective: - Identifying the concept of free zones, the obstacles they face, the economic effects resulting from their establishment, and presenting specific proposals for the purpose of reducing their negative effects.
Research hypothesis: Free zones can contribute to strengthening the national economy by attracting foreign investments when they are established according to sound economic foundations.

Marketing was only known on the basis that it is a set of procedures and methods that work to increase the quantity of units produced and services sold or provided, and to obtain the largest possible amount of profits, and this is known as the stage of targeted selling (Gee, 1999: (14). This, of course, was due to the pressure resulting from the accumulation of produced units in the producers’ warehouses as a result of the focus on the quantitative aspects of the production process during the Industrial Revolution, and the subsequent developments, procedures and theories in economics and management that extended from the studies of Frederick (Tyler, the pioneer of the scientific school of management), to university studies. (Ohio), and the theories of the humanistic school that followed, which were entirely focused on increasing production to meet the growing demand at that time (Kotler 2000, 17), without considering the needs and desires of consumers as first priority, until the market reached a state of saturation, which resulted in an increase in the quantity supplied. On demand in terms of quantity and quality, alert those concerned with production affairs to the importance of marketing aspects related to the need to take into account the needs, desires and tastes of consumers before commencing the production process. This was known as the consumer-oriented stage (1999: (14). This was accompanied by the emergence of many scholars of administration, sociology, economics, politics, law, and others, as well as parties, mass organizations, consumer associations and movements that called for the necessity of meeting a set of rights and demands of consumers, such as: Security, the right to obtain information, the right to choose, and the right to hear one’s opinion (Al-Duheji, 1999: 419). Hence, these associations are the first to hold production and marketing entities directly responsible for social and ethical matters and called for the necessity of providing a free, dignified, and comfortable life for the consumer with a small amount of money. Problems, and some producing companies responded to these humanitarian calls and marketing began to be defined as: “Knowing and satisfying the needs, desires, and interests of consumers in the target market, achieving consumer satisfaction efficiently and effectively, and bringing him and society to a state of well-being (Roller, 10; 1000).”

This research sought to analyze the relationship between information technology and intellectual capital in the General Company for Southern Cement, so the field of application focused on it and on a problem that can be defined in the following question (Is there a relationship between information technology and intellectual capital?), and more specifically, it attempts to answer the questions The following represents the essence of the research problem: (1) Does adopting information technology and intellectual capital contribute to achieving the organization’s goals? (2) Do individuals in the researched organization have a clear perception of information technology and intellectual capital? (3) Is there a correlation between information technology and intellectual capital? The research also sought to achieve a number of objectives, namely identifying the nature of the variables investigated in the company, as well as identifying relationships. The relationship between the components of information technology and the elements of intellectual capital. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a hypothetical model was built that determines the nature of the relationship between the independent variable (components of information technology) (computer, software, communication network) and the dependent variable (elements of intellectual capital (human resources, intellectual assets, intellectual property). Choosing the General Company for Southern Cement as a research community, one of the most important companies in the industrial sector in Iraq, as the research sample consisted of (32) questionnaire forms distributed among the decision makers in the company, the management team, which consists of the general manager and his assistants, members of the board of directors, and department managers who are members of the board of directors. A set of statistical methods were also used to analyze the data, based on a five-point Likert scale in designing the questionnaire form, and a correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between the research variables, and the results were obtained using the computer program (SPSS, 10.10). Thus, a set of conclusions were reached The analytical aspect and acceptance of research hypotheses concern the existence of a correlation between information technology and intellectual capital, and based on the conclusions reached by the research, a set of recommendations have been developed that are consistent with the reality of the research.