Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

The first beginnings of foreign direct investment in Iraq were linked to the discovery of oil there in 1927, and the desire of the Iraqi government at that time to implement advanced development projects. Given the weakness of Iraqi capabilities during that period, it sought help from foreign companies, and this relationship deepened after 1950 when it signed a profit-sharing agreement with oil companies. Foreign Affairs in 1952. The Iraqi economy entered a new stage of development and development after the establishment of the Reconstruction Council pursuant to Law No. (33) of 1950, as it sought help from many foreign companies in implementing development projects in Iraq by concluding contracts and agreements with them, such as the German Zeppelin Company, which implemented the Tharthar project, and the Society Eutime Her Company. The French company SITE, which implemented the Habbaniyah project, the Italian companies George Wimpy and Comstra, which implemented the Baghdad-Basra road, the French company Domez, which established the Dukan project, the Emutia Casal company, which is responsible for the natural fertilizer project, and the Ibasco company, which is responsible for the natural gas pipeline project, as well as many other foreign companies that entered Iraq. At that time, a number of projects were implemented. However, after the political change in Iraq since the sixties of the last century, a new phase of dealing with foreign companies and investments began, as the Iraqi government began to confiscate and nationalize foreign companies present in Iraq, and a shift was made towards socialist countries in implementing development projects instead of Western countries. . Therefore, the distribution and granting of investment opportunities to foreign companies is now done according to a purely political perspective and not according to economic and technical considerations, which is what characterized the subsequent stage. Accordingly, we can describe that stage, which extended from the years 1963-2003, as a stage of complete rejection and prevention of any relationship between Iraq and foreign companies and investments. This can be inferred from the Iraqi laws that completely prohibited any foreign activity or participation in the Iraqi economy under the justifications of maintaining... Economic independence, disengagement from developed countries, protecting national wealth, and ensuring protection for the growth of an Iraqi national industry. Accordingly, many legislations were issued prohibiting any contribution of foreign investors to the sectors of the Iraqi economy, including the Iraqi Companies Law No. (36) issued in 1983, which prohibited any contribution by companies and foreign investors by investing money or owning shares in Iraqi companies, and also preventing the establishment or participation in Iraqi companies. Any Arab company with a percentage of foreign capital participation

The research aims to study the impact of the relationship between the organization’s life cycle (X) and the organizational structure (X) on performance (Y). In order to achieve this, the stages of the organization’s life cycle (birth, growth, maturity, and decline) were adopted based on the 1991 Hodge & Anthony (Jones 1999), defining the organizational structure with three types: organic, mixed and mechanistic) by measuring the three dimensions of the structure (formal, centralized and complex) based on (Hach 170:1997). As for the dependent variable, which is performance, it was measured according to the indicators that Determined by the (Kaplan Norton) model that was used in the research, which is (ROI, productivity, and individuals’ development ratio). The two independent variables, the organization’s life cycle and organizational structure, were measured using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, while the dependent variable was measured based on the final data and accounts for the years (1999 - 2002) and (2004). The research was conducted in the Iraqi banking sector and included a sample of (12) banks, including (4) government and (8) private banks, and the number of members of the sample was (78) managers occupying advanced administrative positions. The Spearman correlation coefficient and the t-test were used to measure the significance of the relationship between the study variables, and multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the F test were used to determine the significance of the regression equation. Also, (R) was used to interpret the amount of influence of the two variables. Independents in the derived variable. The research reached a set of conclusions, including: - The association of each stage of the organization’s life cycle with a type of organizational structure that is most appropriate to the requirements of that stage, and the effect of this association is reflected in performance indicators. 2 - The possibility of the organization adopting certain types of organizational structure in Each stage of its life cycle, but in a different order between one stage and another and according to the requirements of that stage, and this is evident through the difference in the impact of these connections on performance indicators. Then the research concluded with a set of recommendations related to its three variables, and others related to future research.

India is considered one of the main emerging markets in the continent of Asia in the field of activating sustainable economic development processes, adopting economic reform and restructuring policies in the components of the gross domestic product, and contributing to economic openness and interdependence with the rest of the countries of the Asian economic system and the global economic space, as the average annual per capita income reached ( 320 dollars in 1994, which rose to 450 dollars in 2000, with a growth rate of 40, or the economic growth rate of national income during the period - 1994 (1985) reached 3, and the life expectancy rate reached 62 in 1994, and the percentage of educated people (48) The inflation growth rate for the period (1984 - 1994) was (9.7%), and the percentage of workers in the agricultural and industrial sectors was (64-16) respectively in 1990, and the percentage of those enjoying health care and sanitary water was (5550) in 1980 respectively. 1993 Approximately (16) of the population lives in a clean environment, and the child mortality rate is (70) cases for every (1000) births in 1994 and during the period (1995-1989) approximately (63) of children under the age of (5) years suffer from diseases The maternal mortality rate also reached (437) deaths per year. (1000) These numbers and ratios reflect the state of great economic backwardness in India, inefficient economic policies, and the need for an effective and efficient strategy for sustainable economic development.

Religious tourism is one of the important economic resources for Iraq in general, and this importance is particularly embodied in the holy city of Karbala if it is planned in the required manner, especially after the departure of the regime hostile to Al-Bayt and the formation of an elected government that takes as its priority the development of this vital aspect. As it is known, religious tourism leads to the growth of national income if it is exploited rationally and reduces the deficit in the balance of payments through the entry of foreign currencies, which contribute to the reconstruction of religious tourism as well as its contribution to creating new job opportunities or raising the standard of living of the population and contributing to improving incomes. Religious tourism is a tool for getting to know the customs of peoples and bringing closer the bonds of love, and there are no fears of the influence of strange ideas and customs, as is the case in other types of tourism.

Banks in developed countries play a distinguished role in economic activity, as they provide a wide variety of services, making them one of the most important sectors of the national economy, especially after banks practice comprehensive banking. Accordingly, this research aims to clarify the concept of trust units provided by banks, as well as analyzing the investment portfolio that they constitute. Banking trust units and the impact of this portfolio on the dimensions of return and risk. At its conclusion, the research reached the conclusion that: Banking trust units can be established by relying on the scientific method in analyzing the characteristics of investment in them.

There is no doubt that economics deals with the future as long as the largest part of it deals with the future essentially, and in view of the desire to know or predict the future, traders in the financial markets need, before making important decisions regarding buying and selling operations, to feel the future and be familiar with the tools and conditions. Which governs it, and therefore there has emerged an urgent and important need to anticipate and predict the future of securities prices. This requires the availability of complete and accurate data about the past, in addition to relying on laws or theoretical hypotheses that explain the relationships between phenomena. The stock market is one of the prominent features that reflects the extent of the development of the financial system, as long as He was able to better exploit the available financial resources by pooling national and foreign savings and investing them in companies and projects with good economic feasibility. In addition, they are considered one of the important savings and investment devices in countries that enjoy economic freedom.