Journal of University of Babylon

The Roman civilization is one of the most important civilizations in the history of the ancient Near East; Because of its political, economic and social importance, as the Romans focused on working in agriculture until it became a basic profession for many of them and the mainstay of economic life, unlike industry, as they viewed workers in this field with contempt and contempt .In this regard, we dealt with industry in ancient Rome (753 BC - 426 AD) in a historical study The history of its development and to show the importance of this field and its important economic return in the history of ancient Rome. We will raise several questions and try to answer them during our study:
Was industry a respected and desirable profession or craft among the ancient Romans?
The reason why the Romans moved away from the industry? And other questions that we will try to clarify in the body of this study.

This research study aimed to highlight the misuse of indirect questions by Iraqi EFL learners. For the academic year 2021–2022, a test was administered to the English department 4th-year students in the University of Babylon's College of Basic Education. The test showed that many students made an error when they asked indirect questions.

Loans are one of the most mimportant cuneiform sources that helped to understand the nature of the economic and financial systems in the ancient Iraqi society. These loans gave us a clear picture of the nature of the borrowing system that prevailed in the ancient Babylonian society, which included two basic types of borrowing texts , the first one represented by interest loan contracts , and the second one is interest-free loan contracts ; As well as the legal and social consequences arising from it.
The Legitimate article problem is to know the real causes behind the common of the interest-free loan , and what the benefit that the lender will get it.
We have adopted in our study on tow unpublished loans from the Old Babylonian Period. And after highlighting the nature of these loans we concluded that probably these lenders may have been agents or tools of the ruling power that are used to create a kind of equilibrium for the lending system.

The narrative context - which the Noble Qur’an follows in presenting the news of the previous nations to take lessons from their experiences - requires a multiplicity of characters mentioned in it, so you find the man: the prophet, the righteous man, the unbeliever, the mighty and others, and you also find in it women of all kinds. According to its position in the story, and for this reason, the discourse is multiplied for each of them; And because the women’s discourse in the Holy Qur’an came little compared to the men’s discourse; We decided to address it by phonemic study in order to answer some of the questions that revolve in our minds: Does the passage have a role in the phonetic construction of the text? Does the passage in women’s speech in the Holy Qur’an differ from one woman to another according to her status and psychological and social status? And then revealing the syllabic aesthetics that characterizes each discourse, and revealing the syllabic differences between the discourses received by the 11 women mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, Taking the analytical statistical approach based on counting all the sample segments and then analyzing each sample separately to arrive at the difference between those speeches in terms of the rise and fall of a certain type of audio clips and the impact of that drop or rise on the atmosphere of the public discourse, and we concluded that the audio clip is of great importance In depicting the meaning, it is like the rest of the linguistic tools that shed on the texts to show its connotations.

Research Application of peer education in the teaching of fine arts as the quality of interactive learning] has highlighted the effective educational environment in the development of the art education system by employing the method of peer education with the aim of producing a growth-oriented environment in building the learner's artistic personality in a balanced way haunted The cognitive and psychological aspect is dynamic and emotional to make it able to visualize and realize the effective benefit of artistic positions in order to promote knowledge at a faster rate that can be achieved as the quality of interactive learning The problem was identified by the question: How effective is the application of peer education in the teaching of fine arts as quality in education? Followed by the importance and purpose of the terminology was defined and defined. In the intellectual framework he addressed ]peer learning between endoscopy and application] and then addressed ]quality attributes of performance in higher education] and the research reached a number of results including: The method of peer education has contributed to transferring the learning process from the usual method to a new learning method in terms of concentration of Students have not been transformed, leading to their self-confidence and the opportunity to take ownership of the learning elements of art and to increase understanding of the operational and applied practices in performance and this has led to the development of students ' ability in learning skills Key words: Peer education. Teaching of the arts. Quality of education.

The current research aims to identify the reality of the qualification of faculty members in the schools of the gifted through online training programs, and to identify the extent to which their objectives have been achieved, and the appropriateness of the training period, in addition to identifying some of the needs necessary to prepare a faculty member for inclusion in training programs, the improvements that can be made to future courses to increase the success and effectiveness of the courses). The research sample consisted of (20) participants in the questionnaire for the period from 1/4/2021 to 4/26/2021. We prepared a questionnaire that includes (15) paragraphs, three alternatives: (agree, hesitant, and disagree) and show the views of the trainees in the training program that participated in it.
In addition to (8) questions related to their suggestions regarding the content of the training program, training methods in it and the time duration it takes, the validity of the tool was found by presenting it to a group of experts and specialists in education and psychology, and extracting the stability of the tool, which amounted to (0.89). Pearson correlation, Spearman-Brown equation, weighted mean, and percentage). From our findings; The participants emphasized the importance of e-learning, (computer use, pedagogy, educational portfolio, linguistic errors, grammar, measurement and evaluation), and in light of the research results, the two researchers recommend the following:
1. The necessity of designing training programs for faculty members in the light of their training needs and teaching competencies.
2. Conducting an evaluation after the end of each training session to find out the positives to enhance and the negatives to avoid.
3. Reducing the theoretical aspect of the course content and focusing on the practical-applied aspects in facing the problems and situations facing the teaching staff in the field and ways to address them.
4. Providing modern computers and connecting them to the Internet, in addition to air-conditioning devices, training rooms containing training supplies, and booklets that include the content of the theoretical and practical training program.
5. The training courses include other subjects such as the scientific research curriculum and the English language.

Bakarman region has many geomorphological phenomena which is one of the attractions of natural tourism, its importance is due to the fact that it possesses ingredients for natural tourism due to its connection with tourism due to the beauty of its natural landscape on the one hand, and its relation to entertainment and sports including climbing mountains on the other. where the current study aims to determine the role geomorphological to region Bakarman in the sustainability of tourism, which is characterized by Bakarman region diversity geomorphological of the mountains and the content of the peaks and slopes, and rocky hills with the spread of other geomorphological forms such as caves, gorges and islands of rivers and others. where This data helps geomorphological on tourism to the establishment of the attractions of tourist and tourist villages. A series of maps based on satellite visualization of modern mapping has been producing of the area by geomorphological ArcMap program. It has also been stood on the tourist attractions with a series of field visits to find out some points that determine the tourist sites. Based on the foregoing, the research concluded that this diversity in the geomorphological forms in the region helps to carry out many scientific and recreational activities, which have a great impact in attracting lovers of landscape photography and sports and adventure lovers, and this is what called us to take advantage of this spatial diversity of the region and present it as a study Integrated to decision makers that can be used to support tourism development in the Bakrman region.

During the period under study, armament was a vital matter in international relations, which was within the framework of the Cold War between the two western camps led by the United States of America and its allies, and the eastern led by the Soviet Union and its allied countries. Ethiopia’s important location in the Horn of Africa is of strategic importance to the states. The United States of America, pushed it to forge a strong alliance with Ethiopia, by using the method of military aid to obtain privileges that serve its interests. Ethiopia, on its part, also sought to obtain American weapons for the purpose of creating a strong army to confront external threats and achieve its expansionist goals.

Undoubtedly, water resources constitute one of the most important variables that direct the economic, social and military policies of the Zionist entity, given the lack and limitations of these water resources and their failure to meet the expansionist requirements of the Zionist entity and in line with the fact that water is an integral part of the land, which constitute a main focus in the strategy of the Zionist entity Therefore, this research sheds light on one of the most important colonial projects after it was adopted by America to divert the course of the Jordan River to serve the interest of the Zionist entity without paying attention to the rest of the Arab countries benefiting from the Jordan River.

This research dealt with the issue of making chains of narrations according to Abu Naim al-Asbahani in his book Hilyat al-Awliyaa, which is a very important issue. The first: the isnad and its importance, and I divided it into two demands: the first requirement: the definition of the chain of narrators and the isnad linguistically and idiomatically, and the second requirement: the importance of the isnad. He presented his chains of transmission in his book Hilyat al-Awliya through five demands: the first requirement is to single out a single chain of narrators for the text, the second: the context of a chain of transmission or some common chain of transmission for two variants, and the third: the presentation of chains of transmission through the methods of carrying the hadith and its performance, and the fourth: combining the chains of one hadith, and the fifth: Referring to the different methods of hadith and its isnads, then the research concluded with the most important results: namely, that Hafiz Abu Naim arranged the hadiths of his book Hilyat al-Awliya’ with its various chains of isnad according to the method of the hadith scholars. Qin of the Sufis and their imams, and the arrangement of their layers of the hermits, and their pilgrimage, from the century of the Companions and the followers and their followers and after them, and after the introduction about the saints and mysticism, he began with the translation of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, then the completion of the ten missionaries of Paradise, then the asceticism of the Companions and the people of character, then the followers and their followers, then those who follow them to His era, and prolonged mentioning the chains, and the repetition of many tales, and the most important conclusions of this research were that Abu Naim did not list these chains of transmission and put them in his book as agreed, but was mastered in presenting them according to their causes or content, a presentation in which his modern work stands out, as Imam Muslim and Al-Bukhari did. In their true.

Studying the Noble Qur’an and clarifying what it contains of connotations and stations represents one of the many aspects through which the Qur’anic style flows.
The research problem is centered around the explicit Muhammadan shrines in the Holy Qur’an and their statement.
In terms of its aim to explain the concept of the Muhammadiyah Maqamat in the Holy Qur’an and its types, including the explicit ones that can be known through the pronunciation directly.
The most important benefits that societies derive from these shrines and their active role in changing the movement of society
The approach followed in this research is the analytical method by presenting and interpreting the Qur’anic verses and clarifying the views of the commentators in that in order to understand all the views of the commentators and reach the desired meaning..
The approach followed in this research is the analytical method by presenting and interpreting the Qur’anic verses and clarifying the views of the commentators in that in order to understand all the views of the commentators and reach the desired meaning.
As for the conclusions, they are the explicit maqamat, the house of many aspects of the personality of the Noble Messenger, and the house of the Qur’anic verses that are specific to the explicit maqamat. Excluding the prophets and messengers, and this is what indicates the status of the Messenger (peace be upon him) and what he carries of human and ideological values and other lofty principles that God Almighty has honored with them.
This status can be extrapolated from the Qur’anic texts, as the Prophet [peace be upon him] achieved virtues that were presented in the form of positions, including functional and devotional or honorable ones