Journal of University of Babylon

The contract is the most important type of legal action, which is based on the concurrence of two wills linked by mutual consent to have a legal effect. Once concluded, this contract proves its binding force that prevents one of the contracting parties from retracting it or amending it at his own will. With the concept of violation, the two contracting parties may withdraw from the contract by mutual consent under the dismissal; Which the Iraqi legislator stated in Article (183) of the Civil Code that it is an annulment against the contracting parties and a new contract against others, which raises the problem of annulment in determining the legal nature of the dismissal, as the termination of the contract is a penalty due to one of the contracting parties breaching his obligations, while the dismissal is an agreement. Between the two contracting parties to retract the contract without stipulating the breach of one of the contracting parties, and dismissal with this description is a contract based on the consent of the two parties, so it is necessary to clarify the legislator’s intention to include annulment in determining the legal nature of the dismissal and the extent to which it is considered a contract between them as well as for others.
Let us conclude from the review of the opinions of jurists and the legal texts regulating dismissal that the legislator’s intention to consider the dismissal as an annulment of the contracting parties, but meant by this in terms of effect without intending equality and unity between them in terms of truth and subjectivity of the great discrepancy between them, so that the nature of the dismissal between the two contracting parties becomes clear that it is a contract based on the mutual consent of both parties. affirmatively and accepted.

This research strives to create a practical vision towards promoting the need for a license to teach in Saudi Arabia. The research design combined a descriptive approach with a critical analysis of the literature to discuss licensing of the education profession and related international experiences. Several best practices emerged related to the basic features of the application of a teaching license: standards, conditions, and challenges in licensing teachers. Using these insights, a practical vision for implementing a teaching profession license in Saudi Arabia was proposed including the development of professional qualification programs. The need for quality requirements and performance standards is also highlighted.

Periphrasis is considered as a linguistic device in English and Arabic languages since it is associated with daily use of language. The speaker expresses meaning by using excessive language to convey a meaning which might be conveyed with shorter or fewer words. The aim of this study is to explore the notion of periphrasis in English as well as Arabic arrive at cases of similarities and dissimilarities between them.
The study consists of three sections which in turn have subsections. The first two deal with periphrasis and its uses. Related terminologies are also discussed with reference to distinct types of periphrasis and its morpho-syntactic construction in English as well as Arabic respectively. Differences and similarities between both languages in terms of the definition and uses, related terminologies, types and structures make the third section. Finally, the findings are summed up in the conclusion of the study which states that English and Arabic languages are not the same concerning the notion of periphrasis since each language has its own system and term.

The research tagged (geography and its representations in modern art) consists of four chapters. The first chapter poses a problem of research through the following questions: How was the modernist artist able to represent the geographical environment of his geographical environment? What are the artistic and aesthetic developments brought about by the modernist artist in his representation of the geography of his environment? As for the second chapter, it was divided into two sections: geography and its impact on man from the point of view of scientists, theorists, and geography in art, roots and representations. The third chapter was devoted to analyzing the research sample consisting of three models of modern art. The fourth chapter presented the results of the research, including: the artist represents The modernist impressionist is the geography of the natural environment in a spontaneous, intuitive and direct visual manner according to the variables of light, so you do not see the terrain except from behind the fluidity of color and the emotion of movement and highlighting the extent through climate and color.

The subject of this study is: " The reality of computational linguistics in academic institutions: King Fahd University as a model" ; Where computational linguistics monitors linguistic phenomena at their various levels: phonetic, morphological, grammatical, lexical, semantic, and prosodic, and studies them by computer; Analyze, generate, translate and teach.
The researcher highlighted the research efforts of the academic institutions in supporting Arabic computing studies through a university model on topics such as automatic recognition of Arabic writing, automatic formation of the Arabic text, building a speech analysis system and its synthesis, etc. He also introduced the most prominent researchers, their studies, and their role in adapting computer technologies to serve Arabic language research at its various levels: phonetic, morphological, grammatical, lexical, semantic, and prosodic; Such as: data analysis in the Arabic language, machine translation, grammatical analysis, morphological analysis, and others - using the descriptive approach -.
The results and recommendations of the study revealed the challenges that hinder researchers in the field of computational linguistics, and the investment of machine learning systems in advancing Arabic language studies, and facilitating its teaching and learning.

Terrorism is the painful and bloody reality that has become among the priorities of the national and international fight. Despite all the sporadic and individual attacks of terrorism here and there, state agencies have dealt with it as one of the phenomena that can be controlled and eliminated over time, until the world woke up to the attacks of September 11, 2001 by targeting Al-Qaeda The United States responded by launching its military campaign against the organization and its allies in its war on Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, and everyone imagined, through the reach of the United States, that this danger had been eradicated, but what was difficult to believe was that the perpetrators of terrorism focused on an idea that did not reach The extent of the reasonable perception of striking the countries of Syria in 2011 and Iraq in 2014 to overthrow the regimes and establish their Islamic state, according to what they promoted.
But from 2014 to the end of 2017, Iraq fought a fierce war against terrorism - ISIS - and announced the purification of Iraqi lands from the control of (ISIS and its sisters), but the terrorist elements had committed multiple crimes, including murder, torture by all means, pictures, displacement, crimes of rape, enslavement, and trafficking in stolen antiquities, oil and gold. And other inhumane and illegal acts, which caused huge human losses.
Hence, the roles of international actors play, and accordingly, the Security Council issued its Resolution No. 2379 of 2017, forming an investigative team to collect evidence, documents and testimonies on those crimes, which it described in its resolution that they may rise to the level of crimes (war, against humanity or genocide), which necessitated cooperation The organizer is between Iraq and international humanitarian organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross.

The Maronite Church in Mount Lebanon was not a great importance for politicians and statesmen before the end of the eighteenth century, and its interest in religious affairs was limited , and that its first political appearance was in 1799 when Patriarch Yusuf El-Tian received a message from Napoleon Bonaparte during his siege of Akka. Increasingly, it had a role to solution and contract. Especially in the second half of the nineteenth century, coinciding with the political and religious strife that Mount Lebanon witnessed, such as the Yusuf Karam movement, and it became impossible to ignore it and not take into account its views.
Although historians and researchers have addressed the study of the Maronite Church and its role in the developments that Mount Lebanon witnessed, it was devoid of a study that exposed the position of that church from the Yusuf Karam movement (1860-1867) and its opposition to the system that was established there in 1861, and for this the researcher saw the need to shed light On the position of the Maronite Church on this movement and the political fluctuations from supporters to opponents, and the results that this position led to.
The researcher employed the documents of the Maronite Church known as the Bkerke documents as well as the diplomatic and consular documents in the French language.

the poetry of music and influences and their functions in the contemporary Iraqi theater show، and the limits of the research were limited to the time limit (2010-2015) for theatrical performances presented on the National Theater in Baghdad. Then the chapter concluded by defining the terms.
The second chapter (theoretical framework), consists of three sections. The first section deals with conceptual poetry, and the second section deals with the poetry's poetic manner (Al-Sayyab and Al-Bayati) as a model. Then the chapter concluded with the indicators of the theoretical framework. The third topic: the poetry of music and its influences and their work in the theater internationally and in the Arab world. Then the chapter concluded with the indicators of the theoretical framework. The third chapter, included (research procedures), which are the research community, research samples and tools, and the research method. Several theatrical models were selected and analyzed.
The fourth chapter contains the results of the research that the researcher has reached، the most important of which are:-
1-The poetry of music and influences coincided with the idea of theatrical performance to play a complementary role following the course of the show and its desired goals, so the music and its influence came with a realistic sensual tendency connected harmonically with the horizon of aesthetic expectation restricted to the presence of taste and the system of collective awareness، as in the play (The Madness of Doves(.
This chapter also contains conclusions and a set of recommendations and proposals, then proves the sources and references.

This study included the coloring of alumina crystallization using transitional elements for the production of chromatic pigments، and for this purpose cobalt oxidation (CoO) and alumina crystallization (Al2O3) were identified. The spatial boundaries were within the boundaries of the province of Babylon. Three mixtures were prepared and the crystal was colored in the first mixture (10%) cobalt and the second by 5% and the third by 2.5%. Then، the mixture was placed in each of the bunkers individually and entered the oven to be discharged at a temperature of (1200C) and dryly removed from the oven to be grinded by an electric grinder and applied to the ceramic objects after adding them to the ready-made glass. At three temperatures (950C – 1000C - 1050C) in an electric oven. The results showed the possibility of coloration of the crystal and the production of chromatic pigments، and the possibility of using these pigments produced at different temperatures. The results also showed the suitability of these pigments for ready-made glass and their suitability for ceramic objects.

This research deals with the repeated poetic grammatical evidence of Ibn Jinni in its characteristics It deals with the knowledge of each witness and the occasion of linking it to the chapter in which it came. In it، Ibn Jinni repeated more than one hundred and forty-one witnesses in various cases: phonetic، morphological، grammatical and semantic، and the research dealt with a section of repeated grammatical evidence.

Reserve funds are sums that are deducted from the net profits achieved by the company, to be used for purposes specified by the law, the company’s articles of association or decisions issued by the general assembly. Given that these funds are undistributed profits to the shareholders from whom they were deducted, so they are exclusive rights to them. However, in the case of increasing the company’s capital by offering new shares, or in the event of a merger, which leads to the joining of new shareholders to the company who participate in the reserve funds that the old shareholders did not participate in in its formation, and this in itself leads to harm to the old shareholders. To avoid this, there are two means to protect the rights of the old shareholders in the reserve funds: the first is for the old shareholders to enjoy the preference right to subscribe to the shares of the capital increase, and the second is to impose the issue premium or the merger premium.